Volcanic Activity Research Articles

Monitoring volcanic activity with distributed acoustic sensing using the Tongan seafloor telecommunications cable

AbstractThe devastation caused by the January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano (HTHH) in the Tongan archipelago reminded us of the importance of monitoring shallow-sea volcanic activity. Seismic observations are essential for such monitoring, but there were no operational seismic stations in Tonga at the time of the eruption. There are only a few islands near Tongan volcanoes, and installation and maintenance of seismic stations on remote islands are expensive. Seismic observations based on distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) using a seafloor cable may provide a more practical and economical solution. To investigate the potential of this approach, we made preliminary DAS observations for 1 week using the seafloor domestic broadband telecommunications cable in Tonga. DAS equipment was installed at the landing station of the seafloor cable at Nuku’alofa on Tongatapu, the main island of Tonga. To provide reference data, we installed several seismometers on Tongatapu. The DAS data we obtained showed high noise levels in areas of shallow coral reef, but noise levels decreased greatly in deeper water areas, indicating that DAS is suitable for seismic observations of the deep seafloor. We detected many local and regional earthquakes during our week of observation and determined 17 earthquake hypocenters by picking P- and S-wave arrival times from the DAS and onshore seismic data. Although most of these were tectonic events related to the subduction of the Pacific plate along the Tonga trench, several events were detected around the volcanic chain of the Tongan archipelago including one event beneath the HTHH crater, implying that activity at HTHH has continued since the 2022 eruption. The much lower cost of installation of DAS equipment compared to that for pop-up type ocean-bottom seismometers and the ability of DAS systems to monitor seismic activity in real-time make it an attractive option for monitoring the activity of HTHH and other volcanoes near seafloor cables in the Tongan archipelago. Graphical Abstract

The Role of Peritectic Biotite for the Chemical and Mechanical Differentiation of Felsic Plutonic Rocks (Western Adamello, Italy)

Abstract The volcanic–plutonic connection plays a fundamental role for magmatic systems, linking crystallising plutons, volcanic activity, volatile exsolution and ore deposits. Nonetheless, our understanding of the nature of these links is limited by the scarcity of continuous outcrops exhibiting clear relationships between the plutonic roots that feed its volcanic counterpart. One way to better characterise the volcanic–plutonic connection is to quantify the amount of melt segregation within crystallising tonalitic to granodioritic plutonic rocks, and to compare those with recent silicic eruptions. Here we investigate the processes of interstitial melt segregation in the calc-alkaline Western Adamello pluton (Italy). The Western Adamello tonalite exhibits a coarse-grained, equigranular texture and is mainly composed of hornblende partially replaced by biotite, plagioclase, quartz and alkali feldspar. Within the tonalites, several types of schlieren textures, crystal accumulation zones and dikes are found, comprising: (i) hornblende-biotite-gabbros, spatially related to (ii) plagioclase- and quartz-rich leucotonalites; and (iii) quartz-, albite- and alkali-feldspar-rich domains forming aplitic to pegmatitic dikes indicative of melt segregation and extraction. Hornblende, biotite and plagioclase phenocrysts have essentially the same compositional range in the tonalites, gabbros and leucotonalites. Together with field observations, this indicates that deformation-driven crystal–melt segregation controls the modal variation within the host tonalite. The calculated melt in equilibrium with the primitive amphiboles has the same trace element composition as the host tonalite to within 5% to 10%, indicating that the tonalite did not experience substantial melt loss. Quantitative modal compositions and crystallisation–differentiation calculations suggest that the evolution of the tonalite is controlled by plagioclase and hornblende crystallisation followed by a biotite-forming peritectic reaction. This peritectic reaction can be written as melt1 + amphibole = melt2 + biotite + quartz + plagioclase and decreases the remaining interstitial melt fraction from 40% to 15% in a small temperature interval (~50°C), therefore, reducing the temperature window for large-scale melt segregation. The biotite-forming reaction initiates in weakly corundum-normative compositions in low to intermediate K calc-alkaline differentiation (e.g. Western Adamello and Peninsular Ranges Batholith, California), whereas it seems absent in intermediate to high K, clinopyroxene-normative melts (e.g. Tuolumne Intrusive Suite, California). This difference is likely controlled by the initial aluminium saturation index and the differentiation path of the parental melt within the middle to lower crust. Textural observations and mass balance models indicate that 75% to 88% plagioclase and quartz and 30% to 70% interstitial melt was mechanically removed from the Western Adamello tonalite to form hornblende-biotite-gabbros, whereas the leucotonalites result from the accumulation of 40% to 80% plagioclase and quartz. Of the emplaced 300 to 400 km3 of Western Adamello tonalite, only about 0.8 to 2.4 km3 represent rock types related to physical segregation processes, indicating limited melt extraction. Such crystal–melt segregation processes in tonalitic to granodioritic plutons are observed worldwide and facilitate the extraction of granitic liquids. This mechanism as observed in the Western Adamello tonalite potentially contributes to the accumulation of crystal-poor rhyolites and the segregation of metal-rich brines.

Enrichment of Smectite in the REY‐Rich Mud of the Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone in the Eastern Pacific and Its Geological Significance

AbstractREY‐rich mud, consisting of deep‐sea sediments with high concentrations of rare‐earth elements and yttrium (REY), holds significant economic potential. Many studies have been conducted on biogenic apatite, ferromanganese micronodule, and phillipsite within these deposits to ascertain the REY enrichment mechanisms. However, the knowledge of clay minerals in REY‐rich mud, which is the predominant component of pelagic sediments, is still limited. In this study, two adjacent gravity cores (core GC02: REY‐rich mud; core GC03: typical sediments of equatorial Pacific) were collected from the Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) of the Eastern Pacific to study the role of different clay minerals in REY enrichment. The clay minerals in core GC03 and core GC02 are primarily illite (averaging 60%) and smectite (averaging 63%), respectively, and the smectite in core GC02 was mainly Fe‐rich, which was probably formed via the reaction between opal and FeOOH. Moreover, multiple studies have reported similar smectite enrichment in REY‐rich mud, suggesting that it is a common characteristic. The presumed hydrothermal or volcanic origination of smectite in REY‐rich layers of core GC02 indicates the essential role of hydrothermal and volcanic activities in REY‐rich mud formation during the Oligocene in the western CCFZ.

Zircon U–Pb ages of the Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata in the Junggar Basin, NW China

Abstract A large set of Paleozoic volcaniclastic rocks is exposed in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin from the southern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. The Carboniferous volcaniclastic strata in this area have been studied in depth, and an accurate chronostratigraphic framework of these strata has been established. However, there is a lack of sufficient geochronological data for the deposition times of the other Paleozoic volcaniclastic strata. In this study, zircon U–Pb dating of the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian volcaniclastic strata in the area reveals that the youngest age of the tuffite sample collected from the originally defined Ordovician strata is 398 ± 11 Ma, which represents the age of volcanic activity during the period of tuffite deposition. Based on this finding, the originally defined Ordovician strata are redefined as the Lower Devonian. The youngest ages of the silty tuff samples collected from the originally defined Silurian strata peak are 445–418 Ma, so its age is Upper Silurian. The youngest ages of the tuffaceous sandstone samples collected from the originally defined Devonian strata peak are 346–342 Ma, so these Devonian are redefined as the Early Carboniferous strata. Two Archean ages (2,501 ± 12 and 3,193 ± 8 Ma) were obtained in Silurian strata, thus confirming the existence of metamorphic rock basement in the provenance areas from which the sediments were derived.

Preface

Preface: Proceedings of the First International Conference on Tropical Agroforestry in Indonesia (ICTAFI)Welcome to the proceedings of the First International Conference on Tropical Agroforestry in Indonesia (ICTAFI). We are delighted to present this collection of papers that were presented at the conference held on 29th to 31st August 2023, in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The conference aims to bring together researchers, practitioners, scholars, and policy makers from around the world to share their insights and innovations in Tropical Agroforestry.The papers in this volume cover a wide range of Agroforestry research and development topics, including negotiation support for landscape multifunctionality and water security, resilience to shocks of volcanic activity, climate change, covid-19, and changing market demand, food security and human health, and transforming landscapes from delivery of products to a service-based economy, adapting education processes. We received about 30 abstract submissions for the presentations and 17 full papers. Following the deliberate review by a panel of experts, 13 papers were selected for inclusion in the proceedings.We sincerely thank all authors who submitted their work for consideration, the members of the organizing committee for their tireless efforts, and the reviewers who dedicated their time and expertise to ensure the quality of the distributions.We hope that the papers presented in this proceeding will be source of inspiration, a reference for future endeavor, and contributing to the advancement of knowledge in Tropical Agroforestry.Sincerely,Syahrul Kurniawan, S.P., M.P., Ph.DConference ChairList of Editorial & Committee, Organizing Committee are available in this Pdf.

PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP SISWA TERHADAP BENCANA GUNUNG BERAPI

Calling upon the potential for disasters in Indonesia, disaster education in early childhood education seems very crucial. Disaster education is an effort to create good knowledge, good conditions, and a strong attitude in dealing with disasters. Disaster education can be carried out at all levels of education, both formal and informal. The purpose of this study was to determine knowledge and attitudes towards the risk of volcanic disaster in Aceh Besar SAIBAS students. The method used in this research is a descriptive statistical approach with a quasi-experimental research design. The quasi-experiment used in this study is Quasi-Experiment: One-Group Pretest-Posttest. The research was conducted at the Bukit Pedas Islamic Kindergarten (SAIBAS) Aceh The sampling procedure employed in this study involved the utilization of purposive sampling, specifically targeting a cohort of 30 students. The data collection instruments encompassed Likert attitude scales, interviews, and test results. Test analysis techniques were employed for the subsequent data analysis. The findings of the intervention revealed a notable enhancement in both knowledge and attitudes, registering an initial increase of 53 and subsequently escalating to 87. Moreover, the participants demonstrated an 85 capacity in disaster preparedness, underscoring their adeptness in comprehending the risks associated with volcanic activity. This discernible improvement in student capabilities underscores a heightened awareness and understanding of volcanic hazards. There are changes in attitude and knowledge after gaining knowledge about disaster mitigation

Rule-Based Natural Language Processing in Volcanic Ash Data Searching System

Indonesia is a country with a unique geography. The confluence of three tectonic plates located in the country results in frequent natural disasters, from earthquakes to volcanic activity. BMKG is a monitoring agency tasked with providing information related to these natural disasters. However, one type of natural disaster data, the SIGMET data (Significant Meteorological Information) used to provide information on volcanic ash, has a complicated format that is difficult for ordinary people to understand. Therefore, this research seeks to make finding information related to volcanic ash and volcanic eruptions in Indonesia easier in terms of access and comprehension. In this research, an application design will be carried out that can search SIGMET data by implementing natural language processing with a production rule base. The research results have an accuracy rate of 84% using 25 test sample sentences that combine sentences and words contained in the important words section.

Efektivitas Eksperimen Sederhana “Gunung Meletus’’ Untuk Meningkatkan Minat Belajar Dan Sikap Sains Anak Di Tk Nu Al-Madani

Literally science can be called the science that studies events that occur in nature. Meanwhile, conceptually science is defined as a conceptual scheme that is related to each other by a series of experiments and observations and can be tested further. Science for early childhood is science whose target is aimed at early childhood and how to understand science from a child's perspective. Currently, it is important to introduce science to young children. This is because science can encourage children to think critically, and with science, children do not simply accept or reject something. Educating children to have scientific abilities can help parents and children to actively build self-defense against information attacks from around them. Science games are science learning activities that are fun and familiar to children, so that children actively look for solutions. Providing science learning from an early age can train children to use their thoughts, strength and honesty so that children are ready to move towards a higher level of education. The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of the volcano eruption game in increasing students' interest in learning about science. Research activities or scientific discoveries where children can understand their world through simple observations, investigations and experiments. This research was conducted at the NU AL-MADANI Kindergarten. The research method used is classroom action research, which is a type of classroom action research that aims to explore educators' actions in implementing an experimental approach in science learning for early childhood. Data collection in this research uses several techniques, namely observation is used to collect data about students' activity levels during the learning process and experimental methods. The experiment carried out was a simple volcano eruption experiment using simple ingredients, namely baking soda, food coloring, vinegar and sand. The results of research on the influence of experimental methods in growing the scientific competence of group A children at the Nu Al-Madani Ngabean Kindergarten, show that children's scientific competence can increase through volcanic eruption experimental activities when children observe all the tools and materials, as well as the process in the volcanic eruption experimental activity.

Past volcanic activity predisposes an endemic threatened seabird to negative anthropogenic impacts

Humans are regularly cited as the main driver of current biodiversity extinction, but the impact of historic volcanic activity is often overlooked. Pre-human evidence of wildlife abundance and diversity are essential for disentangling anthropogenic impacts from natural events. Réunion Island, with its intense and well-documented volcanic activity, endemic biodiversity, long history of isolation and recent human colonization, provides an opportunity to disentangle these processes. We track past demographic changes of a critically endangered seabird, the Mascarene petrel Pseudobulweria aterrima, using genome-wide SNPs. Coalescent modeling suggested that a large ancestral population underwent a substantial population decline in two distinct phases, ca. 125,000 and 37,000 years ago, coinciding with periods of major eruptions of Piton des Neiges. Subsequently, the ancestral population was fragmented into the two known colonies, ca. 1500 years ago, following eruptions of Piton de la Fournaise. In the last century, both colonies declined significantly due to anthropogenic activities, and although the species was initially considered extinct, it was rediscovered in the 1970s. Our findings suggest that the current conservation status of wildlife on volcanic islands should be firstly assessed as a legacy of historic volcanic activity, and thereafter by the increasing anthropogenic impacts, which may ultimately drive species towards extinction.

A late Carboniferous transition from subduction to collision: Tectono-sedimentary evidence from southern Junggar, NW China

The Carboniferous to Permian tectono-sedimentary evolution of the southern Junggar area brings new insights into understanding the subduction-collision processes in the northern Tianshan region. Integrating geophysics, geochemistry, and geochronology approaches, this study investigates the Carboniferous–Permian strata in the southern Junggar Basin. The results have revealed three distinct tectono-stratigraphic evolutionary stages, each marked by a distinctive volcano-sedimentary sequence. The Early Carboniferous strata suggest intense volcanic activities in the southern Junggar area. During the Late Carboniferous, the southern Junggar Basin was controlled by normal faulting in an extensional setting, receiving sedimentary inputs from the Junggar terrane. The Lower Permian, unconformably overlying the Upper Carboniferous, was shaped by an extensional regime and is comprised by volcano-clastic sequences that received detritus from the Yili-Central Tianshan block. These findings indicate that a Late Carboniferous forearc basin developed in the southern Junggar area, and it evolved into a post-collisional rift in the Early Permian. This period marked a dynamic shift from bidirectional subduction (rollback) to the detachment of the North Tianshan oceanic slab. We propose that the collision between the Yili-Central Tianshan block and the Junggar terrane, along with the closure of the North Tianshan Ocean, likely occurred in the Late Carboniferous (ca.306–303 Ma).

Evolution of the Júcar-Cabriel fluvial system on the Mediterranean watershed of the Iberian Peninsula (Valencia, eastern Spain)

This study presents the characterization and chronology of the Quaternary terrace sequence developed in the confluence zone of the Júcar and Cabriel river valleys. The study area covers a radius of 10 km from the confluence of the two valleys near the locality of Cofrentes (Valencia). It is located in the northern zone of the Ayora-Cofrentes Graben in the northeastern sector of the External Prebetic Zone adjacent to southern Iberian Chain. This N-S graben is an inherited tectonic feature with an axial salt wall subject to different periods of fluvial dissection and refilling since at least the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). Regional isostatic uplift and local uplift and subsidence processes related to salt flow and dissolution during the Quaternary period, favored by fluvial entrenchment and terrace development. The terrace system and the previous pre-incision erosional and depositional surfaces are analyzed from a geomorphological point of view. The terrace system only develops within the soft Mio-Pliocene sedimentary fill of the graben, whilst upstream and downstream this zone the studied valleys develop important gorges (canyons) carved in the Cretaceous tablelands (Caroch Massif) and Mio-Pliocene deposits (Llanura Manchega). The geochronological control is established from 20 numerical ages obtained by different dating methods, such us Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) in detrital sequences and Th/U series in calcareous tufa deposits. Additionally, four K/Ar dates available for volcanic materials disrupting the upper and oldest terrace have been considered. A total of 14 terrace levels were identified between +130–135 m (T1) and +3–4 m (T14) of relative height above the river thalwegs. The T1 has an approximate age of c. 1.6–2.0 M.a. as indicate the age of the volcanic materials from the Agras Volcano intruded in the terrace, marking the onset of Quaternary fluvial dissection in the zone. The obtained geochronological data indicate that the Lower-Middle Pleistocene boundary is slightly above T6 (+60–65 m), which has an ESR age of 577 ± 43 ka. This terrace also documents the onset of the most important period of rise of the salt within the graben interfering drainage development. The geochronological data indicate the occurrence of a second eruptive event during the second half of the Middle Pleistocene related to the terraces T7 (+50 m) and T8 (+35–40 m), updating the volcanic activity in the zone. The beginning of the Upper Pleistocene is recorded by the top sequences of the T9 terrace (+25–30 m) where numerous OSL and Th/U data have been obtained with ages between ca. 105 and 81 ka (MIS 5). However, these young terraces (T8 to T13) are thickened (8–10 m) recording Middle Pleistocene sediments in their basal sequences with ages between ca. 193 and 137 ka (MIS 6). The study provides important data on valley evolution under the interference of volcanic activity, salt –related deformation (diapirism, solution subsidence) and fluvial incision fostered by the rise of the axial diapir (salt wall) protruding the graben since at least the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary. The analyzed fluvial evolution documents interesting cases of river capture, drainage antecedence and tectonic adaptation of the drainage throughout the Quaternary Period. The paper also poses interesting geochronological data on the long-term Quaternary evolution of Mediterranean valleys in the Iberian Peninsula, poorly explored to the date.

Heat flow of the Mozambique channel: New data and predicted surface heat flow map

The Mozambique Channel, a complex domain composed of passive margins and oceanic crust affected by younger strike-slip and volcanic activity, is still poorly studied for surface heat flow. We present 33 new marine-type heat flow estimations acquired offshore in 2014–2015 during the MOZ cruises, completed with 4 new heat flow values derived from reappraised old well sites (PAMELA project). Offshore heat flow is generally low to normal and does not display strong variations. As poor data coverage persists in large parts of the area, we performed a heat flow prediction mapping using the similarity method. Based on an extrapolation of old and new data guided by 14 geological and geophysical proxies, we obtain on a 0.1° × 0.1° grid a predicted heat flow and its uncertainty from the statistics of all values at global grid points with similar proxies. We succeeded to obtain good predictability on 70% of pixels and an RMS error <2.3 mW/m2. The proxies selected for the prediction include a map of genetic domains, sediment thickness, topography and bathymetry, crustal ages, Curie point depth, Free air anomaly, distances to volcanoes, tectonic structures and continent-ocean boundaries. The new Mozambique heat flow map shows a predominantly low offshore heat flow of around 50 mW/m2, associated with the Jurassic and early Cretaceous age of the oceanic crust. Several heat flow anomalies standoff to this background heat flow with two main orientations: low heat flow anomalies with a N–S orientation and high anomalies with a mostly NE-SW orientation, which are linked mainly to tectonic structures.

Geochemistry and geochronology of early Triassic tephra from SW China: implications for biological evolution and tectonics

ABSTRACT Late Permian to middle Triassic volcanic activities were very strong, however, volcanic records in the early Triassic strata are less reported than those of the Permo-Triassic boundary and the Triassic Olenekian-Anisian boundary in the Yangtze plate, especially within the Sichuan basin. We conduct zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical analysis of the tephra which was first found in the early Triassic Jialingjiang Formation from the Maliuping section, Hechuan, Chongqing. The volcanic ash in the paper yields the new 248.5 ± 0.7 Ma U-Pb age consistent with those of volcanic ashes in these contemporaneous strata in the Yangtze plate. Geochemical characters of whole-rock samples show lower contents in SiO2, K2O and higher components in Al2O3, CaO, MgO, relatively enriched LREE and depleted HREE with distinct negative Eu anomaly, and conspicuous Ba, Nb, Ta, Sr, P, Ti depletion and Th, U, K, Nd enrichment, which is similar to those of the Mung Bean rock of the Triassic Olenekian-Anisian boundary, and those of acidic volcanics from the Sanjiang orogenic belt and Shiwandashan-Qiangfang suture zone during the Early-Middle Triassic. Trace elements of whole rock and analysed zircons of the tuff imply its primary magma derived from Rhyodacite/Dacite and its tectonic setting of volcanic arc granite with continental crust affinity. The early Triassic volcanism during the syn-collision stage of the Paleo-Tethys evolution was less active than those of the Permo-Triassic boundary and the Triassic Olenekian-Anisian boundary, while the volcanic event may have a crucial effect on prolonging fully biotic recovery and entirely ecosystem turnover soon after the Permian-Triassic mass extinction.

Biosediment assemblages reveal disrupted silica cycling and redox conditions throughout the Rhaetian Stage: Evidence for a precursor event to the end-Triassic mass extinction

The Norian–Rhaetian boundary (Late Triassic) represents an important precursor extinction event to the end-Triassic mass extinction, but the biotic and geochemical shifts are not well-understood due to poor stratigraphic constraints. Here we examine the microfossil record for metazoans and protists on a Panthalassan carbonate ramp (Gabbs Formation, Nevada, U.S.A.) during the late Norian to mid-Rhaetian, and correlate changes in these assemblages with macrofossil shifts and geochemical data (strontium and carbon isotopes). In the latest Norian, demosponge spicules represent a small proportion of shallow marine biosediments. Demosponges are joined in the earliest Rhaetian by increasingly abundant hypersilicified sponge spicules and silica-limited hexactinellid sponge spicules synchronous with a negative strontium isotope excursion indicating increased hydrothermal or volcanic activity. Common carbonate microfossils such as echinoderm ossicles and ostracods are typically silicified in these deposits as well, suggesting increased silicic porewater. The source for increased dissolved silica in shallow marine systems is suggested to be hydrothermal vent degassing, likely associated with increased tectonic rifting activity. Mid-Rhaetian microfossil assemblages exhibit evidence for intermitted anoxia in reducing conditions, supporting a scenario in which environmental stress was a prolonged feature of much of the Rhaetian Stage, rather than a short-term event in the terminal Rhaetian. While there is no marine sedimentary record of volcanism recognized for this interval, biosedimentary assemblages may serve as proxies for geochemical conditions associated with rifting.

Cement-Stabilized Granular Volcanic Ash Materials for Construction of Low-Traffic Roads in Yemen

Granular volcanic ash (GVA) is a volcanic activity material with low density, high porosity, and other undesirable properties that must be improved prior to use in any construction. This material can be considered an alternative for use in road building, given its availability in many locations and in large quantities in Yemen. This article aims to investigate the potential use of GVA for the construction of roads in Yemen when treated with cement stabilizer. Two types of GVA materials with different colors were selected and referred to as red and black GVA materials. Tests performed included the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), compaction, indirect tensile strength (ITS), wetting–drying durability test, and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test for samples curried for 7 and 28 days. For each GVA–cement mixture, the cement content varied as 2%, 5%, and 8% by dry weight of GVA. Test results revealed that the compaction energy applied during sample preparation led to a significant reduction in the finesse modulus for red and black coarse GVA materials, with reductions of 10% and 23%, respectively. In addition, the cement content and curing period had a significant effect on UCS, ITS, and UPV for cement-treated GVA. The applicable quantity of cement required stabilizing GVA and achieving the base course specification for strength and durability criteria in flexible pavement with low traffic is 8% cement.

Approaching the challenge of multi-phase, multi-hazard volcanic impact assessment through the lens of systemic risk: application to Taranaki Mounga

Effective volcanic impact and risk assessment underpins effective volcanic disaster risk management. Yet contemporary volcanic risk assessments face a number of challenges, including delineating hazard and impact sequences, and identifying and quantifying systemic risks. A more holistic approach to impact assessment is required, which incorporates the complex, multi-hazard nature of volcanic eruptions and the dynamic nature of vulnerability before, during and after a volcanic event. Addressing this need requires a multidisciplinary, integrated approach, involving scientists and stakeholders to co-develop decision-support tools that are scientifically credible and operationally relevant to provide a foundation for robust, evidence-based risk reduction decisions. This study presents a dynamic, longitudinal impact assessment framework for multi-phase, multi-hazard volcanic events and applies the framework to interdependent critical infrastructure networks in the Taranaki region of Aotearoa New Zealand, where Taranaki Mounga volcano has a high likelihood of producing a multi-phase explosive eruption within the next 50 years. In the framework, multi-phase scenarios temporally alternate multi-hazard footprints with risk reduction opportunities. Thus, direct and cascading impacts and any risk management actions carry through to the next phase of activity. The framework forms a testbed for more targeted mitigation and response planning and allows the investigation of optimal intervention timing for mitigation strategies during an evolving eruption. Using ‘risk management’ scenarios, we find the timing of mitigation intervention to be crucial in reducing disaster losses associated with volcanic activity. This is particularly apparent in indirect, systemic losses that cascade from direct damage to infrastructure assets. This novel, dynamic impact assessment approach addresses the increasing end-user need for impact-based decision-support tools that inform robust response and resilience planning.

Short-Term Observations of Rainfall Chemistry Composition in Bellsund (SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard)

Global warming results in increasingly widespread wildfires, mostly in Siberia, but also in North America and Europe, which are responsible for the uncontrollable emission of pollutants, also to the High Arctic region. This study examines 11 samples of rainfall collected in August in a coastal area of southern Bellsund (Svalbard, Norway). It covers detailed analysis of major ions (i.e., Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) and elements (i.e., Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn) to Hybrid Single-Particle Langrarian Integrated Trajectory( HYSPLIT) backward air mass trajectories. The research of wildfires, volcanic activities, and dust storms in the Northern Hemisphere has permitted the assessment of their relations to the fluctuations and origins of elements. We distinguished at least 2 days (27 and 28 August) with evident influence of volcanic activity in the Aleutian and Kuril–Kamchatka trenches. Volcanic activity was also observed in the case of the Siberian wildfires, as confirmed by air mass trajectories. Based on the presence of non-sea K (nsK), non-sea sulphates (nss), and Ca (the soil factor of burned areas), the continuous influence of wildfires on rainfall chemistry was also found. Moreover, dust storms in Eurasia were mainly responsible for the transport of Zn, Pb, and Cd to Svalbard. Global warming may lead to the increased deposition of mixed-origin pollutants in the summer season in the Arctic.

Temporal change of potential toxic element contamination, ecological and toxicological risk in holocene in Southern Black Sea coasts (Türkiye)

This study was carried out to evaluate the temporal variation of the potential toxic element concentration and ecological risk level during the Holocene along the Southern Black Sea coasts. Ecological and ecotoxicological indices such as enrichment factor (EF), modified ecological risk index (mRI), modified potential ecological risk index (mPER) and toxic risk index (TRI) were used in the study. Anthropogenic effects were determined to be more dominant in the western and middle parts of the Southern Black Sea Region. As, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ni enrichments were observed in the last 200 – 300 years and the potential risk index values related to them increased. Source of enrichment detected in the cores was found to be related to the volcanic activities that occurred in different geological periods. It was determined that the increases in PTE concentration observed specifically in the middle parts of the cores coincided with the dates of the volcanic activities observed in Anatolia.

Mount Etna as a terrestrial laboratory to investigate recent volcanic activity on Venus by future missions: A comparison with Idunn Mons, Venus

The recently selected missions to Venus have opened a new era for the exploration of this planet. These missions will provide information about the chemistry of the atmosphere, the geomorphology, local-to-regional surface composition, and the rheology of the interior. One key scientific question to be addressed by these future missions is whether Venus remains volcanically active, and if so, how its volcanism is currently evolving. Hence, it is fundamental to analyze appropriate terrestrial analog sites for the study of possibly active volcanism on Venus. To this regard, we propose Mount Etna - one of the most active and monitored volcanoes on Earth - as a suitable terrestrial laboratory for remote and in-situ investigations to be performed by future missions to Venus. Being characterized by both effusive and explosive volcanic products, Mount Etna offers the opportunity to analyze multiple eruptive styles, both monitoring active volcanism and identifying the possible occurrence of pyroclastic activity on Venus. We directly compare Mount Etna with Idunn Mons, one of the most promising potentially active volcanoes of Venus. Despite the two structures show a different topography, they also show some interesting points of comparison, and in particular: a) comparable morpho-structural setting, since both volcanoes interact with a rift zone, and b) morphologically similar volcanic fields around both Mount Etna and Idunn Mons. Given its ease of access, we also propose Mount Etna as an analog site for laboratory spectroscopic studies to identify the signatures of unaltered volcanic deposits on Venus.

Curie Point Depth from Spectral Analysis of Magnetic Data in Potiskum and Environs, Yobe State, Nigeria

The area under investigation, is part of Chad basin of northeastern Nigeria, located between latitudes 11o00´ to 12o00´N and Longitudes 11o30´ to 12o30´E, with the objective to discover more about the thermal structure of the crust in the area, a research was carried out over Potiskum and surrounding regions in Yobe State, Nigeria to estimate the curie point depth, geothermal gradient, and heat flow using spectrum analysis and empirical formula of aeromagnetic data. To acquire the regional and residual data, polynomial fitting was applied to the high-resolution digital aeromagnetic data. In order to calculate the depth to the centroid and the depth to the top boundary, the upward continued residual data was processed to produce the upward continued data, that was subjected to spectral analysis. The depth to the centroid is between 10.50 and 11.50 kilometers, the depth to the top boundary is between 5.90 and 7.16 kilometers, the depth to the Curie point is between 14.84 and 16.83 kilometers, the geothermal gradient is between 34.462 and 39.083 oCkm-1, and the heat flow is between 86.135 and 97.707 mWm-2. The Curie point depth inferred from the study indicates that the crust is thinning due to thermal upwhirling of magma and is moderately decreasing toward areas of volcanic activity that occurred in the area during the Tertiary Period. The Geothermal gradient shows that the area is a moderate temperature zone, which could likely result in partial thermal maturation of sediments and hence probable oil generation as time goes on with an increase in temperature. In the research area, the geothermal gradient is proportional to the heat flow, whereas the connection between curie depth and heat flow is inversely linear. These findings are in line with the geotectonic regime that is now in effect in the research area. However, this analysis shows that the heat flow that was obtained from the study is sufficient to be utilized as a geothermal energy source.