Volatile Constituents Of Essential Oils Research Articles

Antimicrobial Activity of Individual Volatile Compounds from Various Essential Oils.

Interest in natural remedies has grown recently due to a variety of public health concerns such as microbial antibiotic resistance. This global health concern necessitates innovative approaches to combat bacterial infections. Building upon established therapeutic uses of essential oils, this research focused on the volatile constituents of essential oils. The volatile antimicrobial activity of these constituents was studied by employing a derivative of a modified disk diffusion assay for quantitative comparisons. This study emphasizes the significance and value of exploring natural compounds as alternatives to traditional antibiotics and provides insights into their mechanisms and applications in contending with bacterial pathogens.

Chemical Composition and In Vitro and In Silico Antileishmanial Evaluation of the Essential Oil from Croton linearis Jacq. Stems.

Croton linearis Jacq. is an aromatic shrub that has been utilized in traditional medicine in the Bahamas, Jamaica, and Cuba. Recent studies have revealed the antiprotozoal potential of its leaves. The present work is aimed to identify the volatile constituents of essential oil from the stems of C. linearis (CLS-EO) and evaluate its in vitro antileishmanial activity. In addition, an in silico study of the molecular interactions was performed using molecular docking. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of CLS-EO identified 1,8-cineole (27.8%), α-pinene (11.1%), cis-sabinene (8.1%), p-cymene (5.7%), α-terpineol (4.4%), epi-γ-eudesmol (4.2%), linalool (3.9%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.6%) as major constituents. The evaluation of antileishmanial activity showed that CLS-EO has good activity on both parasite forms (IC50Promastigote = 21.4 ± 0.1 μg/mL; IC50Amastigote = 18.9 ± 0.3 μg/mL), with a CC50 of 49.0 ± 5.0 μg/mL on peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice (selectivity index = 2 and 3 using the promastigote and amastigote results). Molecular docking showed good binding of epi-γ-eudesmol with different target enzymes of Leishmania. This study is the first report of the chemical composition and anti-Leishmania evaluation of CLS-EO. These findings provide support for further studies of the antileishmanial effect of this product.

Comprehensive GC-MS and FT-IR Profiling of Coleus zeylanicus essential oil and investigation of its anti-fungal and anti - oxidant activities

To evaluate the leaf volatile constituents of essential oil of Coleus zeylanicus and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-fungal activity. The Chemical composition of Coleus zeylanicus essential oil was determined using GC-MS and FT-IR analytical techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH scavenging assay. The anti-fungal effect was tested against two potential pathogenic fungal strains - Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur using agar well diffusion method. The essential oil was profiled by the presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons 90.67% of their total composition followed by oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons as 5.3% and 2.1% respectively. The GC-MS results showed 14 compounds from Coleus zeylanicus leaf EO representing 98.07% of the total oil composition. The major component was identified as a-Gurjunene (35.94%), a-bisabolol (10.82%) and G-selinene (4.26%). EO showed remarkable antioxidant activity values of IC50 = 59.78± 3.21µg/ml by DPPH scavenging assay. The essential oil showed interesting anti-fungal effects against two pathogenic fungal strains. The most sensible strains to Coleus zeylanicus EO was Malassezia furfur (32.00±0.50mm) compared to that of Candida albicans (15.00±1.25mm). Hence, Coleus zeylanicus EO has potential application against fungal infection and oxidative stress-related diseases. However, further investigations are necessary to isolate and investigate the action mechanism of these bioactive compounds.

Evaluation of drying effect on the composition of the essential oil isolated from aerial parts of Pituranthos chloranthus from southern Algeria and their biological activities

Abstract To evaluate the influence of the drying on the content and quality of essential oils extracted from aerial parts of Pituranthos chloranthus cultivated in Zelfana (Algeria). The chemical composition of hydro-distilled oil samples was investigated by GC/MS and GC-FID. The antimicrobial activities were assessed against four pathogenic bacteria including (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus feacium, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium); and one yeast (Candida albicans) by using the disk diffusion method while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Eighteen constituents were identified, representing 99.49% of fresh plants oil and 89.74% of dry parts. The essential oil of fresh herb was characterized principally by cis-β-ocimene, myristicin, a-phellandrene, limonene and sabinene, the principal constituents of dry herb was the myristicin, limonene, sabinene, terpinen-4-ol, butylidene dihydro-phthalid and cis-β-ocimene. This Minor changes might be attributed to the effect of drying in the volatile constituents of essential oils. Our results clearly exhibit that this essential oils have a weak antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms strains tested but it showed a strong Antifungal activity against C. albicans. Also, the tests confirmed the significant antioxidative capacity of this essential oil.

Phytocytotoxicity of volatile constituents of essential oils from Sparattanthelium Mart. species (Hernandiaceae)

The intensive application of agrochemicals in crops has negatively impacted the environment and other organisms. The use of naturally occurring compounds may be an alternative to mitigate these effects. Plants are secondary metabolite reservoirs and may present allelopathic activity, which is potentially interesting to be used in bioherbicide formulations. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the phytotoxic and cytotoxic effects of essential oils extracted from leaves of Sparattanthelium botocudorum and Sparattanthelium tupiniquinorum in bioassays with the plant models Lactuca sativa L. and Sorghum bicolor L. Moench. The essential oils were applied at concentrations of 3,000, 1,500, 750, 375 and 187.5 ppm. Chemical characterization of the oils was performed, and their impact on the percentage of germinated seeds, initial development of L. sativa and S. bicolor seedlings, and changes in the mitotic cycle of meristematic cells from L. sativa roots was evaluated. The major compound of the essential oils was germacrene D, followed by bicyclogermacrene, β-elemene and germacrene A. The phytotoxicity assay showed that the essential oils of both species reduced the root and shoot growth in L. sativa and decreased the germination and shoot growth in S. bicolor. Inhibition was dependent on the tested oil concentration. In the cytotoxicity assay, a decrease in mitotic index and chromosomal and nuclear alterations were observed, which resulted from aneugenic and clastogenic action.

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Cream and Lotion for the Treatment of Psoriasis-Induced Secondary Infections.

Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases in humans and affects a major population worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of selected polyherbal formulations against psoriasis-induced secondary infections. Psoriasis is one of the most common skin diseases in humans and affects a major population worldwide. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of selected polyherbal formulations against psoriasis-induced secondary infections. Samples were collected from the scalp, behind the ears, chest and back of the patients. The microscopic examination of fungal and bacterial growth was carried out with lactophenol cotton blue stain and gram stain, respectively. Volatile constituents of essential oils were identified by GC-MS analysis, in order to investigate the relation between chemical composition and biological activity. Nutrient agar media was used for antibacterial activity whereas Sabourauds dextrose agar media was used for antifungal activity. A total of 24 isolates were obtained from 2 patients of scalp psoriasis. Anti-oxidant activity of the samples was determined using DPPH radical scavenging method. In the present study, EOs showed a good antifungal action against Malassezia pachydermatis and other microbial strains. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eugenol, linalool, citral, neral, limonene, terpenes, eucalyptol and thymol in the essential oils. The formulated retention lotion 1 (L4), 2 (L5), 3 (L6) and Cream 1 (C1) showed DPPH radical scavenging activity by 23.52%, 24.48%, 28% and 5.08%, respectively. The present study concluded that most of the formulated lotions and creams showed good antimicrobial activity and may be applied topically against scalp psoriasis.

Anticancerous and Immunomodulatory Activities of Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt

The anticancerous and immunomodulatory activities of Alpinia nigra essential oils and extracts were evaluated in the present study. Besides, volatile constituents of essential oils were also analysed by GC/MS. β-pinene (56.27±2.5%), α-Humulene (13.70±1.55%) were found to be the major constituents in the leaf oil whereas rhizome oil contained β-pinene (38.03± 0.25%), myrtenol (9.35±0.3%) as the main compounds. MCF-7 and HeLa human cancer cell lines were used for evaluation of anticancerous activity. The immunomodulatory activities were examined using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) emphasizing on Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Our results showed that the oil significantly inhibited proliferation of cancer cells in dose-dependent manner. Rhizome oil of Alpinia nigra showed highest percent of inhibition (79 % ± 2.6 for HeLa and 70.9% ± 5.34 for MCF7) at 20 μg/ml concentration. Human PBMC treated with leaf oil showed highest secretion of IFN-γ (102.39 pg/ml) at 40 μg/ml concentration as compared to control (64.56 pg/ ml). The study implies the potential use of oil and extract of A. nigra as potent immunomodulating agent and a therapeutic supplement for breast and cervical cancer treatment. The anti-cancerous and immunomodulatory activities of both oil and extract of A. nigra were shown for the first time in this report.

Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils Isolated from Fresh and Dried Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. Two Lamiaceae from North-West Iran

In this study, hydro-distilled volatile oils isolated from fresh and dried Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. were analyzed by using GC-FID and GC-MS method. About 44 constituents were identified in the four samples, exhibiting 96.9–99.7 % of total essential oils. The oil obtained from dried and fresh samples of S. lavandulifolia were characterized by a predominant amounts of α-pinene (42.4 % and 35.4 %), β-phellandrene (17.3 % and 19.3 %), β-myrcene (11.0 % and 7.9 %) and cis-β-ocimene (5.0 % and 6.2 %), respectively. Germacrene-B (3.4 %), α -bisabolol (2.5 %), α-copaene (2.3 %) and β-elemene (2.1 %) among the 33 components of the total oil were identified in dried sample of S. lavandulifolia and β-cubebene (3.1 %), α-amorphene (2.5 %) and β-bisabolene (2.1 %) were predominated in the oil obtained from its fresh sample. Thirty seven compounds were detected representing 97.1 % of total components identified in the oil obtained from dried S. byzantina. p-cymene (13.3 %), α-copaene (9.5 %), valeranone (8.2 %), β-cubebene (7.2 %) and germacrene-D (6.4 %) were the major compounds detected in this oil. Germacrene-D (14.4 %), valeranone (12.5 %), β-cubebene (12.1 %), cedrene-13-ol-8 (11.1 %) and β-elemene (7.8 %) among the 30 constituents (96.9 %) were identified in fresh sample of this herb. The essential oils from dried and fresh of S. lavandulifolia consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons (79.0 % and 77.9 %, respectively) as main fraction. But, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.8 % and 44.6 %) were predominated in the oils from S. byzantina, respectively.

Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils from the Leaves, Stems, Roots and Fruits of Vietnamese Species of Alpinia malaccencis

The essential oils obtained from different parts of Alpinia malaccencis (Burm f.) (Zingiberaceae) collected from Kỳ Sơn Districts, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam, has been studied. Determination of essential oil components from the leaves, stems, roots and fruits of A. malaccencis was performed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). β-Pinene (leaf: 56.%; stem: 46.0%; root: 31.7% and fruit: 18.5%) and αpinene (leaf: 10.3%; stem: 9.8%; root: 6.3% and fruit: 5.9%) were the major constituents of the oils. In addition, β-phellandrene was present in the amount of 12.1%, 12.9% and 12.9% in the stem, root and fruit oils but absent in the leaf. Methyl cinnamate (27.8%) was identified in higher quantity only in the fruit oil but absent in the leaf while α-phellandrene (5.7%) was present in the stem and α-selina-6-en-4-ol (5.5%) was a significant compound of the root oil. The compositions of the root and fruit essential oils were reported for the first time. Original Research Article Huong et al.; EJMP, 7(3): 118-124, 2015; Article no.EJMP.2015.074 119 Aims: The aim of the research is to investigate for the first time the volatile constituents from A. malaccencis collected from Kỳ Sơn Districts, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam. Study Design: Extraction of essential oils from the air-dried leaves, stems, roots and fruits samples of A. malaccencis and investigation of their chemical constituents. Place and Duration of Study: Leaves, stems, roots and fruits of A. malaccaencis were collected from plants growing in Kỳ Sơn Districts, Nghệ An Province, Vietnam, in May 2014. Methodology: Air-dried and pulverized samples were hydrodistilled in a Clevenger-type apparatus according to Vietnamese Pharmacopoeia to obtained volatile oils whose chemical constituents were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Results: Monoterpene hydrocarbons were the dominant class of compound in the leaf oil (74.0%) and stem oil (81.3%) of A. malaccencis. Sesquiterpene compounds (21.5%) were identified in appreciable quantity in the roots oil, although monoterpene hydrocarbons (59.3%) are abundant. Oxygenated monoterpenes (31.1%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (46.7%) constituted the main classes of compounds identified in the fruit oil. Conclusion: The literature about the oils of A. malaccencis indicates a high variability in the chemical composition of the essential oils.

Comprehensive GC–FID, GC–MS and FT-IR spectroscopic analysis of the volatile aroma constituents of Artemisia indica and Artemisia vestita essential oils

In the current study, the leaf volatile constituents of the essential oils of Artemisia indica Willd. and Artemisia vestita Wall were studied using a combination of capillary GC–FID, GC–MS and FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infra-Red) analytical techniques. The analysis led to the identification of 42 compounds in the essential oil of A. indica, representing 96.6% of the essential oil and the major components were found to be artemisia ketone (42.1%), germacrene D (8.6%), borneol (6.1%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (4.8%). The essential oil was dominated by the presence of oxygenated monoterpenes constituting 65.2% of the total oil composition followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpene hydrocarbons constituting 15.7% and 10.7%, respectively of the total oil composition. The essential oil composition of A. vestita was found to contain a total of 18 components representing 94.2% of the total oil composition. The principal components were found to be 1,8-cineole (46.8%), (E)-citral (13.7%), limonene (9.8%), α-phellandrene (6.4%), camphor (5.0%), (Z) and (E)-thujones (3.0% each). Oxygenated monoterpenes were the dominant group of terpenes in the essential oil constituting 73.1% of the total oil composition followed by monoterpene hydrocarbons (17.3%). The results of the current study reveal remarkable differences in the essential oil compositions of these two Artemisia species already reported in the literature from other parts of the globe.

Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from Alpinia galanga Willd. (L.) and A. officinarum Hance rhizomes from North East India

Chemical profiles of essential oils isolated from the rhizomes of two Alpinia species, Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. and Alpinia officinarum Hance from North East India, were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Major compounds identified in the oils of A. galanga and A. officinarum were 1,8-cineole (63.4 and 44.2%), α-terpineol (2.8 and 6.3%), α-pinene (1.9 and 2.0%), β-pinene (0.8 and 5.7%), and terpinen-4-ol (2.8 and 4.5%), respectively. Some additional compounds identified in A. officinarum oil were camphor (4.0%) and α-fenchyl acetate (8.9%), while chavicol (0.9%), (E)-β-farnesene (8.4%), β-sesquiphellandrene (2.6%), β-bisabolene (0.3%), and eugenol acetate (3.3%) were present in A. galanga oil. 1,8-Cineole is an important aromatic chemical reported to possess expectorant, antiseptic, and anesthetic properties and is used widely in pharmaceutical preparations. Therefore, there is a promising possibility to utilize these plant species for industrial purpose.

Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from leaf and inflorescences of Piper longum Linn.

Essential oil compositions of the inflorescences and leaf of Piper longum Linn. were investigated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). P. longum oils were found to contain few monoterpene hydrocarbons, a moderate content of sesquiterpenes and high content of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The inflorescences oil rich in eugenol (33.11%), caryophyllene (9.29%), cinnamyl acetate (5.91%) and b-pinene (4.74%), whereas leaf oil rich in trans-nerolidol (19.08%), caryophyllene (12.25%), 3-heptene, 7-phenyl- (3.71%), benzyl benzoate (3.68%), caryophyllene oxide (3.62%) and ?-elemene (3.28%). The compositions of both oils varied qualitatively and quantitatively. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v3i1.13408 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 3(1&2):77-85, 2008

English

  Rose-scented geranium, the cultivar Rose, is a cross between Pelargonium capitatum and Pelargoniumradens. They are all belonging to the Geraniaceae family. The essential oil from this plant is commercially viable. The Rose-scented geranium was planted in three sites within the Amathole region of the Eastern Cape. These sites were Auckland, Lushington and Cathcartvale. The essential oil from this plant was obtained by steam distillation in all the sites on seasonal basis. A high amount of essential oil was obtained during the autumn season for Auckland and Lushington sites and in spring for the Cathcartvale site. The gas chromatography mass-spectroscopy (GC-MS) reveals that the chemical composition differed with harvesting time. The main characteristic volatile constituents of essential oil, citronellol, geraniol, linalool, cyclohexanone, trans-rose-oxide and β-caryophyllene was found in the seasons.   Key words: Rose-scented geranium, essential oil, composition, Eastern Cape, South Africa.

Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils Extracted from Two Varieties of Chamaecyparis pisifera in Korea

Essential oils extracted from the leaves of Chamaecyparis pisifera Endl. and C. pisifera var. filifera in the Korea were separately obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The yield of C. pisifera Endl. and C. pisifera var. filifera oils was 1.18 and 1.16 %, respectively. The main constituents of each essential oil were (I) C. pisifera Endl.: α-pinene (34.4 %), (-)-bornyl acetate (30.3 %), myrcene (9.5 %), limonene (5.1 %), and 3-carene (4.8 %); (II) C. pisifera var. filifera: 3-carene (35.0 %), (-)-bornyl acetate (19.8 %), α-pinene (13.0 %), myrcene (9.2 %), terpinolene (4.9 %), and limonene (3.9 %).

Volatile constituents of essential oils isolated from different parts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc

The essential oils isolated from different parts of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. growing in Chittagong, Bangladesh, were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The leaf oil contained 1,8-cineole (28.48%) and camphor (21.40%) as the major constituents. The stem sheath oil had fenchyl acetate (19.16%) and carotol (16.77%) as the major compounds. On the other hand, the root oil showed fenchyl acetate (51.34%) and borneol (11.44%) as the main constituents. Key words: Alpinia calcarata, essential oil composition, 1,8-cineole, fenchyl acetate.

Volatile constituents of essential oil and rose water of damask rose (Rosa damascena Mill.) cultivars from North Indian hills

Rosa damascena Mill. is an important aromatic plant for commercial production of rose oil, water, concrete and absolute. The rose water and rose oil produced under the mountainous conditions of Uttarakhand were investigated for their chemical composition. The major components of rose water volatiles obtained from the bud, half bloom and full bloom stages of cultivar ‘Ranisahiba’ were phenyl ethyl alcohol (66.2–79.0%), geraniol (3.3–6.6%) and citronellol (1.8–5.5%). The rose water volatiles of cultivar ‘Noorjahan’ and ‘Kannouj’ also possessed phenyl ethyl alcohol (80.7% and 76.7%, respectively) as a major component at full bloom stage. The essential oil of cultivar ‘Noorjahan’ obtained from two different growing sites was also compared. The major components of these oils were citronellol (15.9–35.3%), geraniol (8.3–30.2%), nerol (4.0–9.6%), nonadecane (4.5–16.0%), heneicosane (2.6–7.9%) and linalool (0.7–2.8%). This study clearly showed that the flower ontogeny and growing site affect the composition of rose volatiles. The rose oil produced in this region was comparable with ISO standards. Thus, it was concluded that the climatic conditions of Uttarakhand are suitable for the production of rose oil of international standards.

Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils from Roots and Rhizomes of Valeriana fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge from Changbai Mountain

The components of the essential oil from roots and rhizomes of Valeriana fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Plants of V. fauriei Briq. (sample A) and V. alternifolia Bunge (sample B) were harvested in August 2009 on the Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, China. 44 and 39 compounds were identified in V. fauriei Briq. and V. alternifolia Bunge, respectively. α-Selinene (16.7 %) and Bornyl acetate (10.8 %) were the major constituents of the essential oil from V. fauriei Briq.. The oil from V. alternifolia Bunge was also rich in Bornyl acetate (39.1 %) and Borneol (14.6 %).

Andmicrobial Activity and Volatile Constituents of Essential Oils from Leaf and Stem of Stachys byzantina C.Koch.

Hydrodistillation of leaves and stems of Stachys byzantina C.Koch. (Lamiaceae) yielded 0.1 %and 0.08 %( v/w) essential oils, respectively. GC-MS analysis allowed identification of 15 components, which made up 94.6 % of the total oil from the leaves, while only 10 compounds (95.6 %) were identified in the stems. The main components of the leaf oil were germacrene- D (37.0 %), valeranone (11.9 %), n- nonadecane(6.8 %), 2-pentadecanone-6,10,14-trimethyl (6.5 %), β-elemene (6.4 %) and α-bisabolol (4.8 %). In the stem oil, the main constituents were nerolidol (57.8 %), thymol (19.0 %) and n-nonadecane (4.8 %). The antimicrobial activity was tested on six bacterial strains and two fungal strains, using the agar diffusion method. Diameters of growth inhibition zones were measured. The most sensitive microorganisms were, in order: Enterococcus faecalis > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Klebsiella pneumoniae > Bacillus subtilis > Candida albicans (ATCC 10259) > Candida albicans (ATCC 24433) > Staphylococcus aureus > Escherichia coli.

Comparative essential oil composition of different vegetative parts of Hedychium spicatum Smith. from Uttarakhand, India

The volatile essential oil constituents of leaves, rhizomes and roots of Hedychium spicatum Smith. from Uttarakhand, India, were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). A total of 39 constituents accounting for 78.7–96.4% of the oils were identified. The essential oils of the roots and rhizomes were marked by the presence of high amount of oxygenated monoterpenoids (60.9% and 65.9%, respectively). The most abundant oxygenated monoterpenoid of these oils was 1,8 cineole (48.7% and 64.0%, respectively). However, leaf oils obtained from two distinct locations, viz. “Song” and “Bhowali” were rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (β-pinene 40.9%, α-pinene 9.6%) and oxygenated monoterpenoids (1,8 cineole 34.2%), respectively. Key words: β-Pinene, 1,8-cineole, composition, essential oil, Hedychium spicatum

GC MS Analysis of the Volatile Constituents of Essential Oil and Aromatic Waters of Artemisia Annua L. at Different Developmental Stages

Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) still represents the only source of artemisinin, considered as one of the most important drugs for the treatment of malaria and which, more recently, has been shown to be effective against numerous types of tumors. The foliage and inflorescence of A. annua also yield an essential oil upon hydrodistillation. This oil has been evaluated at different development stages (pre-flowering and flowering) by GC/MS. The volatile oil from plants at full blooming showed numerous constituents, with germacrene D (21.2%), camphor (17.6%), β-farnesene (10.2%), β-caryophyllene (9%), and bicyclogermacrene (4.2%) among the main ones. Aromatic waters, after extraction with n-hexane, showed the presence, among others, of camphor (27.7%), 1,8-cineole (14%), artemisia ketone (10.1%), α-terpineol (6.1%), trans-pinocarveol (5.4%), and artemisia alcohol (2%). From plants at the pre-flowering stage, aromatic waters were obtained with camphor (30.7%), 1,8-cineole (12.8%), artemisia alcohol (11.4%), artemisia ketone (9.5%), alpha-terpineol (5.8%), and trans-pinocarveol (3.0%) as the main constituents. The qualitative and quantitative profiles of the two aromatic waters were similar. These results permitted the conclusion to be made that A. annua could be harvested a long time before the onset of flowering to obtain higher yields of artemisinin or could be allowed to attain maturity to obtain valuable yields of volatiles.