Voiding Problems Research Articles

Virtual Position based Olsr Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks usually taken in routing void problem in geographical routing in high control overhead and transmission delay .The routing void protocol is proposed in this paper is efficient bypassing void routing protocol. This protocol based on virtual co-ordinates is to transform a structure of random process in virtual circle .The circle are composed by void edge in to by mapping of edge nodes. In this paper to used the greedy forwarding algorithm. This algorithm can be process on virtual circle. The virtual circle greedy forwarding failing on routing void process. There are forwarding process are source to destination. The proposed protocol as find the shortest path, long transmission and High quality link maintenance.

Numerical analysis of spatial discretization schemes in ARES transport code for shielding calculation

The discrete ordinates method (SN) is one of the mainstream methods for radiation shielding calculation of nuclear systems. The accuracy of spatial discretization in the SN equations has a significant effect on the accuracy of the shielding calculations. This work numerically examines the error behavior of various spatial discretization schemes implemented in the ARES transport code for shielding calculations. The numerical diffusion effect, encountered when the uncollided flux component is significant, such as in fast neutron groups or multi-dimensional void regions, is studied by investigating the ray propagation problem and glancing void problem. Positivity is investigated in optically thick cells and multi-dimensional void regions using spatial discretization schemes that cannot preserve non-negativity. In addition, the local accuracy is examined through a series of one-cell problems with various exact flux smoothness conditions in the cell. The results indicate that local accuracy depends not only on the spatial discretization but also the smoothness of the exact flux. Globally, severe unphysical flux representations arise in the diamond difference (DD) scheme. Other zero-order schemes inhibit oscillation but present significant numerical diffusion, whereas finite element methods damp the oscillation quickly near the flux discontinuity and present better resilience against negativity than DD. All these results can provide guidelines on selection of spatial discretization in realistic applications.

Molding Recipe Study for MUF Solder Crack Improvement

Abstract In recent years, flip chip technology becomes more and more important with benefits of thin package profile, reduction of package outline, and excellent electrical and thermal performance by connection of copper pillar bumps (CuP) or C4 solder bumps. In order to fill the die gap to prevent voids problem, two encapsulated solutions could be applied: capillary underfill (CUF) and molded underfill (MUF). In general comparison, CUF means to dispense underfill first to fill in die gap then proceed over-molding afterward; and MUF is directly fill under and above die by mold compound. The advantages of MUF solution are low cost and high throughput, however, it will suffer other assembly issues such as solder extrusion and solder crack, and might result in potential function failure. To form these kinds of defects, we suspected that solder will plastically deform under thermal stress treatment, which comes from unbalance mold transfer pressure and material expansion stress during thermal process. In this article, we have tried to investigate the mechanism of solder crack through molding recipe DOE (Design of Experiment) and mold flow simulation. The test vehicle is 12 × 12 mm2 FCCSP, with 6 × 5 mm2 die size. The bump type is copper pillar bump and pitch/size are 126 um and 35 × 60 um2, respectively. The molding recipe has been evaluated by cross section, and it revealed that molding transfer time and molding temperature are directions toward improvement of solder crack issue.

Social Network Analysis Facilitates Cognition in Large Wireless Networks: Clustering Coefficient Aided Geographical Routing

As large wireless networks for Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems emerge, they face challenges with new technology, scalability, and consequently effective cognition to execute networking functions. Beyond conventional sensing, researchers recently note the potential of social network analysis and inference to comprehend the networking status, but straightforwardly focus on the first-order statistics such as connectivity, degree, and centrality. Instead, we reveal a new alternative to equip network nodes with topological cognition by estimating the clustering coefficient. We further exploit such new cognitive capability to enable more efficient routing algorithms. Starting from random geometric graph to treat the communication range of a node as a disc, which is equivalent to examining the outage probability of links under stochastic geometry analysis of interference, the impacts of density and traffic of nodes on the connectivity can be analytically understood. Similar to the structural holes in social networks, the ad hoc networks suffer from the void region problem in the geographical routing, which is even more harmful in dense environments. Discarding the global routing table that demands non-scalable communication overhead, the clustering coefficient estimation of nodes as a new cognitive functionality can significantly alleviate the void problem to result in more effective ad hoc networking.

A 3-D Energy-Harvesting-Aware Routing Scheme for Space Nanosatellite Networks

Space wireless networks composed of a large number of low-cost miniaturized nanosatellites enable many promising astronautical applications such as the distributed and cooperative sensing. Data collection via multihop relay is critical for nanosatellite networks. However, due to the small size of onboard solar panels and limited attitude control, energy harvesting (EH) capability of nanosatellites is quite low and unstable. In addition, the space networks have 3-D topologies due to various orbit altitudes. In this paper, we propose a novel 3-D EH-aware routing (3DEHR) scheme for nanosatellite networks. The main idea is to establish the 3-D artificial potential field (APF) based on the EH capabilities and geographic positions of neighboring nanosatellites. A nanosatellite node determines the next hop among its neighbors based on the composite force direction obtained from the APF for data forwarding. We also design the methods in 3DEHR to solve the routing void problem and to circumvent sensitive nodes such as malicious satellites. Simulation results show that 3DEHR outperforms the existing routing schemes in hop stretch and packet delivery rate. Since the routing paths are planned based on the EH capabilities of nanosatellites, the harvested energy in the network is fully utilized and the network lifetime is extended. 3DEHR is suitable for nanosatellite networks in space and other 3-D ad hoc networks with dynamic EH capabilities and topologies.

Utility of Urodynamics in Children with Dysfunctional Voiding

This review will allow the reader to understand the rationale for urodynamic testing in a child who is neurologically intact and is suspected of having dysfunctional voiding. We will look to define criteria that will prevent the overuse and unnecessary use of this invasive test in children. The literature does not support the routine use of invasive urodynamics for children with urge syndrome but does support its use for elucidation of dysfunctional voiding abnormalities in neurologically intact children. The child with functional voiding issues presents itself with factors that are different from the child with neurogenic causes of incontinence. The role of the brain cannot be taken out of the equation in the normal sensate child and its impact can be quite significant leading to results that may not be what is actually occurring in day to day life. It is also critical that the person ordering VUD understand that there is limited value in ordering these tests for urge incontinence and frequency since the diagnosis of DO can be made for the most part from the history. Judicious use of the VUD study can be quiet valuable in allowing the user to pinpoint in complex cases the cause of the incontinence or poor voiding dynamics that are present. VUD should be a final choice in the workup of the sensate child with functional voiding problems and rarely used as a first line evaluation.

Probabilistic void detection using FEA

Shaft is the important mechanical component used to transmit power and torque. Manufacturing of shafts by various manufacturing processes specially casting may induce imperfections like voids or porosity in the shaft. Detection of such imperfections becomes necessary in crucial components like shaft to avoid its adverse effects. The voids can vary in size and shape and could be present at various locations.The imperfections can be compensated in condition where shaft is not exposed to extremity. However voids can have adverse effect on shaft being exposed to operating conditions or environment of vibrations. This can also occur when a shaft is exposed to environment for longer duration of time. This condition also fosters the growth of voids. Ultimately the crack is formed being followed by void nucleation, void growth and void coalescence. If this condition continues the crack propagation accelerate resulting in failure of shaft. Therefore, it is necessary to address the problem of voids. The presence of void, size and location of void affects the natural frequency or total deformation of shaft.By using concept of natural frequency or total deformation presence of void can be detected. This can be done by comparing the natural frequency or total deformation of shaft without void with that having voids. The same study can be done to know the size and location of void for shaft geometries with different diameters. It has been found that the presence of voids gives a significant change on the natural frequency and the total deformation of the shaft.

Incidence and Management of De Novo Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms After Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a significant problem with many options for surgical correction. Following prolapse surgery, de novo lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are not uncommon. We review the current literature on de novo lower urinary tract symptoms following POP repair and discuss the role of urodynamics in the evaluation of the prolapse patient. Patients with occult stress urinary incontinence (SUI) appear to be at higher risk of developing de novo SUI after POP repair. Prolapse reduction in patients undergoing urodynamic evaluation is important. Different types of POP repair influence rates of de novo SUI. Also, prophylactic anti-incontinence procedures at time of POP repair appear to lower the incidence of de novo SUI, but at the cost of increased risk of complications and morbidity. Pre-existing overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms may either improve or persist, and de novo OAB can develop. The specific role of urodynamic study testing for POP is still being determined. Increasingly, women are seeking surgical treatment for POP. Aside from complications related to surgery in general, proper patient counseling is important regarding the risk of development of de novo voiding problems following surgery. Despite a growing body of literature looking at de novo voiding symptoms after prolapse repair, more studies are still needed.

The body of evidence to consider the Retzius-sparing approach favors early urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy is increasing

Radical prostatectomy is arguably the most frequently offered treatment patients with low or intermediate risk cancer of the prostate. Its main objective is complete cancer removal without sequelae, but results are sometimes darkened by the functional impairment posed by the emergence of urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction or other voiding and vowel problems that negatively impact patient satisfaction. With the attempt to overcome these drawbacks, radical prostatectomy has undergoing a remarkable transformation in the last decades, determined by the tendency to favor minimally invasive approaches and high-volume therapeutic units because surgeon experience with the technique offers the best results.

Void handling using Geo-Opportunistic Routing in underwater wireless sensor networks

Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) consist of a group of acoustic sensor nodes that report the sensed information to the sink nodes at the surface level. The factors like multipath fading, path loss, Doppler spread, limited battery power, and high mobility void region cause UWSNs to become spatially variable. In this paper, the idea of Geography-based Opportunistic Routing (GOR) is applied to advance the packet towards the destination and to handle the void problem. The proposed design is termed as Void Handling using Geo-Opportunistic Routing (VHGOR). In executing so, a heuristic algorithm comprising two metrics, namely OREPP and NCD for optimal forwarder selection is proposed. Additionally, a void handling mechanism is also proposed that handles void in two ways. Quick hull algorithm that makes a convex hull assists to identify whether the void is convex or concave. When the node approaches a convex void, reconstruction of convex hull helps to determine an alternative way to resume the greedy forwarding if the node has neighbors within its proximity. Failure of convex void handling during communication void makes VHGOR switch to concave void handling (or) recovery mode to recover the packet from local maximum node and to route the packet to the destination. At the end of simulation, the proposed VHGOR results considerably improve the network performance when compared with the existing solutions, both in sparse and very dense networks.

SMEs Export Performance: African Business Groups

How do African SMEs overcome the problem of persistent institutional voids to access foreign markets? In some Sub-Saharan African economies, domestically owned SMEs address institutional voids in factor markets. These firms create private governance systems in the form of long-term business relationships in ethnically-based groups in order to respond the noted voids. We examined SMEs of 40 African countries from the World Bank's Enterprise Survey. The results of our study indicate the export performance of SMEs affiliated with business groups is superior to freestanding firms such that BG can be instrumental in mediating resources to affiliated SMEs.

Assessing the Readjustable Sling Procedure (Remeex System) for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence With Detrusor Underactivity.

PurposeMany surgeons worry about postoperative voiding problems in patients with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and detrusor underactivity (DU). This study hypothesized that adjusting the tension after surgery would benefit patients with DU, and therefore researchers evaluated the outcomes and quality of life of women with SUI and DU who underwent the readjustable sling procedure (Remeex). MethodsThe medical records of 27 patients who were treated with the Remeex system for SUI and DU between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. The incontinence visual analogue scale (I-VAS), incontinence quality of life questionnaire (I-QOL) and the Sandvik incontinence severity index (ISI) were used to evaluate the efficacy of the Remeex system both prior to surgery and at the last visit after surgery. The treatment was considered successful if there was no urine leakage based on the Sandvik questionnaire. ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 38.0 months (range, 1–75 months), and the treatment success rate was 81.5%. Despite no urine leakage, 7 patients wanted the Remeex system to be removed due to persistent postoperative urinary retention within a year of surgery. One patient underwent a long-term adjustment under local anesthesia 6 years after the initial surgery. The I-VAS, ISI and all domains of the I-QOL scores improved significantly postoperatively and the maximum flow rate decreased significantly after the procedure. However, the postvoid residual did not change significantly. ConclusionsThe Remeex system provided a good cure rate and improved the quality of life of women with SUI and DU. Therefore, the Remeex system should be considered as a treatment option for female patients with concomitant SUI and DU.

Ultrasonic defect characterization using parametric-manifold mapping.

The aim of ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation includes the detection and characterization of defects, and an understanding of the nature of defects is essential for the assessment of structural integrity in safety critical systems. In general, the defect characterization challenge involves an estimation of defect parameters from measured data. In this paper, we explore the extent to which defects can be characterized by their ultrasonic scattering behaviour. Given a number of ultrasonic measurements, we show that characterization information can be extracted by projecting the measurement onto a parametric manifold in principal component space. We show that this manifold represents the entirety of the characterization information available from far-field harmonic ultrasound. We seek to understand the nature of this information and hence provide definitive statements on the defect characterization performance that is, in principle, extractable from typical measurement scenarios. In experiments, the characterization problem of surface-breaking cracks and the more general problem of elliptical voids are studied, and a good agreement is achieved between the actual parameter values and the characterization results. The nature of the parametric manifold enables us to explain and quantify why some defects are relatively easy to characterize, whereas others are inherently challenging.

Reliable and Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Under Water Sensor Networks

The authors proposed a Reliable and energy efficient Routing Protocol (RRP) for underwater sensor network, integrating the desired features of the Directional Flooding based Routing (DFR) and Vector Based Void Avoidance (VBVA) protocols. The new algorithm considers reliability and takes into consideration the residual energy for each node before choosing the forwarding node. RRP relies on a packet flooding technique to increase reliability. However, to prevent a packet from flooding to the whole network, they control the number of nodes forwarding a packet by measuring a link quality between nodes in a hop by hop. To mitigate the effect of the inherent void problem, the authors consider residual energy, link quality, and distance from destination node to choose a reliable path to forward packet to destination. The authors observe that RRP protocol has better performance in terms of the packet delivery ratio than the DFR protocol due to the void avoidance technique.

AREP: An asymmetric link-based reverse routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks

Routing protocol design is one of the fundamental requirements of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks (UASNs). However, traditional underwater routing protocols focus on the particularities of underwater environment, while ignoring the features of underwater nodes that influence route establishment. In this study, the impact of the directional beam width of underwater nodes on communication links was fully explored. The presented case studies indicate that for fixed beam width of directional antennas, the relative position change of two geographically adjacent nodes is prone to generate asymmetric links. To ensure bidirectional data communication between source nodes and destination nodes, an asymmetric link-based reverse routing (AREP) is proposed. In AREP, each node maintains a neighbor table in which items are used to analyze the link state. Routing paths are established by prioritizing the utilization of symmetric links. When an asymmetric link is required to be introduced into a routing path, a three-hop-constrained circuitous route will be established for ease of reverse routing search. The routing void problem is addressed in AREP through eliminating void nodes. A routing update is periodically conducted to dynamically adjust previous routing paths to the change of network topology caused by node mobility. Simulation results demonstrated that AREP improves network performance in terms of transmission delay, packet delivery ratio, as well as energy consumption.

Void-Handling Techniques for Routing Protocols in Underwater Sensor Networks: Survey and Challenges

From the view of routing protocols in underwater sensor networks (UWSNs), the presence of communication void, where the packet cannot be forwarded further using the greedy mode, is perhaps the most challenging issue. In this paper, we review the state of the art of void-handling techniques proposed by underwater geographic greedy routing protocols. To this, we first review the void problem and its negative impact on the category of the geographic greedy routing protocols, which does not entail any void recovery technique. It is followed by a discussion about the constraints, challenges, and features associated with the design of void-handling techniques in UWSNs. Afterward, currently available void-handling techniques in UWSNs are classified and investigated. They can be classified into two main categories: 1) location-based and 2) depth-based techniques. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique along with the recent advances are then presented. Finally, we present a qualitative comparison of these techniques and also discuss some possible future directions.

Prolonged Second Stage of Labor, Maternal Infectious Disease, Urinary Retention and Other Complications in the Early Postpartum Period

(BJOG 2016;123:608–616) A prolonged second stage of labor is known to be associated with increased risk of certain maternal complications, such as infection, urinary retention, hematoma, and ruptured sutures in the early postpartum period. Urinary retention can lead to other adverse consequences for the affected woman, including bladder denervation, detrusor atony, and long-term voiding problems. This current population-based cohort study was undertaken to study the association between prolonged second stage of labor and these early postpartum complications.

The effectiveness of biofeedback therapy in children with monosymptomatic enuresis resistant to desmopressin treatment.

To investigate the effect of biofeedback therapy on children with desmopressin- resistant primary monosymptomatic enuresis (MsE). The study comprised both retrospective and prospective sections. A total of 262 medical files of patients who were diagnosed as enuresis between November 2012 and January 2015 were retrospectively screened. Patients with neuropathic bladder, daytime voiding problems, anatomical pathology and enuresis-related diseases were excluded from the study. The demographic data and family characteristics of 29 children with desmopressin- resistantprimary MsE were recorded. After biofeedback treatment patients whose frequency of enuretic episodes decrease by more than 50% were included in the successful biofeedback treatment group (SBTG), while other patients were categorized in the unsuccessful biofeedback treatment group (USGBT). The outcomes of uroflowmetry, voided volume, postvoiding residue (PVR) and total bladder volume/age-adjusted normal bladder capacity (TBV/NBC) were recorded before and at the sixth month of the treatment. The mean age of 29 patients included in the study was 9.14±3.07 (6-15) years. Of patients, 16 were male (55.2%) and 13 were female (44.8%). Before biofeedback treatment the frequency of enuresis was 25.1±5.76 days/month, while after treatment this was calculated as 8.52±10.07 days/month. After treatment 8 patients (28.6%) achieved complete dryness. Twenty patients (69%), benefited from biofeedback (SBTG), while there were 9 patients (31%) in the USBTG group. There was no significant difference between the SBTG and USBTG groups in terms of age, body mass index and sex. The average bladder capacity of the patients increased from 215 mL to 257 mL after biofeedback treatment (p<0.001). The TBV/NBC value before treatment was 0.66, while after treatment it was 0.77 (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between the SBTG and USBTG groups in terms of presence of MsE in mother, and both parents (p=0.001, p=0.016, respectively). Biofeedback therapy is a safe, simple, and minimally invasive treatment modality in children with MsE resistant to desmopressin treatment. This treatment, which was found to increase total bladder capacity, may be recommended for children with MsE when conventional desmopressin treatment fails.

Design leaps: business model adaptation in emerging economies

PurposeFirms take design leaps when they imitate an established business model developed either by another firm or in another market to create business opportunities. While recent research has suggested the use of contextual intelligence for imitation, the exact process of adaptation of a business model is not fully understood. The purpose of this paper is to outline the process through which an emerging market firm adapts a developed market business model for creating business opportunities in the local market.Design/methodology/approachThis paper investigates the journey of Air Deccan, the pioneer low-cost airline in India, from its founding until its successful adaptation of a (Western) business model and eventual failure. The authors use a qualitative case-based approach to study business model adaptation.FindingsThe authors find that adaptation involves the incorporation of following design features: novelty to overcome problem of institutional voids, elasticity to exploit unexpected increase in demand and efficiency to serve large volumes. Based on the evidence, the authors suggest the introduction of global efficiency measures as the boundary conditions of business model adaptation in emerging markets.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper contributes to the literature on business models by suggesting elasticity as a unique design feature relevant for emerging markets. This paper provides granular understanding of business model toxicity.Practical implicationsEntrepreneurs and managers – looking to enter emerging markets through opportunity creation – should focus on providing contextually novel design features in the adapted business model. The authors also caution practitioners against the perils of toxicity arising out of combining contextual novelty with efficiency.Originality/valueRecent literature suggests that multinationals need contextual intelligence to successfully monetize their investment in emerging economies. This paper provides rich description of the challenges faced by entrepreneurs in emerging markets, local innovations used to overcome them and boundary conditions.

Foreskin Morbidity in Uncircumcised Males.

As a consequence of the discussion on whether the health benefits of newborn male circumcision outweigh the risks and the discrepancies in reported figures of complications, we evaluated the incidence and morbidity of foreskin surgery due to medical indications in boys from the Capital Region of Denmark in 2014. Medical records from all boys operated on the foreskin due to medical reasons in the Capital Region in 2014 were reviewed. Patients with hypospadias, ritual circumcision, and redo-surgery because of complications to nontherapeutic circumcision were excluded. A total of 181 patients were included. The cumulative risk of undergoing foreskin operation before 18 years of age was 1.7%. Forty patients had histologic verified balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) corresponding to a total risk of 0.37% of developing BXO. Mean age at surgery was 10.1 years (range 1-17). Phimosis was the most frequently reported indication (95.0%). The remaining 5.0% underwent surgery because of frenulum breve causing problems during erection. Before surgery, 27.1% had foreskin-related voiding problems and 17.1% had at least 1 episode of balanitis. Circumcision was initially performed in 44 cases. The remaining 137 patients had a foreskin-preserving operation performed. Nine boys had secondary circumcision after initially having foreskin-preserving operation. Fifty patients initially had preputial histology performed. BXO was verified in 37 patients. Of the 9 patients with redo-surgery due to recurrent phimosis, a further 3 had histologically verified BXO. Childhood foreskin-related problems in a region with no tradition of newborn male circumcision should not be neglected.