Voids In Mix Research Articles

Pengaruh Penambahan Asbuton LGA 50/30 pada Campuran AC-WC dengan Inovasi Limbah Styrofoam

Indonesia’s road infrastructure requires 1.2 million tons of asphalt annually, but Pertamina can only supply 600,000 tons. This deficit compels the government and related stakeholders to seek alternatives to meet national asphalt needs and maintain road quality. This study aims to analyze the effects of adding Asbuton LGA 50/30 to Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) with an innovative use of styrofoam waste. Experimental research was conducted to evaluate Marshall characteristics, including VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate), VIM (Void in Mix), stability, VFA (Void Filled with Asphalt), and Marshall Quotient (MQ). Five styrofoam waste mix variations were tested at 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% levels. For the 8% Asbuton mix, the highest stability was observed with 10% styrofoam, yielding a stability value of 2032.16 kg, VMA of 16.63%, VFA of 78.28%, VIM of 3.61%, flow of 2.45 mm, and MQ of 830.33 kg/mm. For the 9% Asbuton mix, the highest stability was achieved with 2% styrofoam, resulting in a stability value of 1882.35 kg, VMA of 16.21%, VFA of 80.17%, VIM of 3.24%, flow of 2.57 mm, and MQ of 735.72 kg/mm. The 10% and 2% styrofoam variations proved to be the most effective for AC-WC asphalt mixtures, as their Marshall values met the 2018 Bina Marga General Specifications, indicating that these styrofoam waste additions are optimal for AC-WC asphalt mixtures.

Pengaruh Penambahan Cacahan Limbah Plastik HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) Sebagai Bahan Tambah Campuran Laston AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course) Terhadap Karakteristik Marshall

In increase quality vulnerable roads in Indonesia damaged Because influenced by weather, water, load vehicle excess, and construction insufficient pavement​ fulfil requirements, required material add as much as you can increase strength and help repair construction road asphalt the Utilization material waste plastic in construction pavement become good alternative​ in in increase quality pavement road. Objective study This is For know How influence addition waste plastic type High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) against Marshall Laston AC-WC characteristics with variation rate HDPE plastic at 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. Marshall characteristics reviewed is mark density (density), VIM (void in mix), VMA (void mineral aggregate), VFA (void filled with asp halt), melting (flow), and stability. Method research used​ with method experiments in the laboratory and refers to Specification General Highways​ 2018. Research results shows the Marshall test on the mixture Laston AC-WC with addition rate HDPE plastic 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% can be raise mark density (density), stability , VFA ( Void Filled with Asphalt), whereas For VIM (void in mix), VMA (Void Mineral Aggregate) and melt (flow) values experienced decline . Marshall parameter values obtained​​ fulfil standard Specification General Highways​ 2018. Percentage​ rate optimum asphalt (KAO) obtained is 6.0%, Marshall test of variation material plus waste plastic best value​ For density, melting (flow), stability, VIM , VMA, and VFA, namely at levels waste plastic 2%.

Analisis Pengaruh Serbuk Besi Sebagai Substitusi Agregat Halus pada Lataston Lapis Aus (HRS-WC) Terhadap Kinerja Jalan Beraspal

Damage to flexible pavements is still commonly found in Indonesia. As technology develops, there is some research regarding using iron powder as an alternative replacement material for asphalt mixtures. This research used iron powder waste as a substitute for fine aggregate in Hot Rolled Sheet–Wearing Course with levels of 0%,15%,30%, and 45%. The purpose of this research to determine the Optimum Asphalt Content (OAC) and optimum percentage of iron powder waste addition as a substitute for fine aggregate to the indicator of Marshall test based on The General Specification of Bina Marga 2018 (Revision 2). Based on Marshall testing that has been carried out, the OAC values are 7,5% with an average of stability 2040,46 kg, flow 3,40 mm, MQ 600,24 kg/mm, voids in mix 4,69%, voids in mineral aggregate 18,30%, and voids filled with asphalt 74,39%. While the optimum percentage of iron powder value is 13% with an average of stability 2091,90 kg, flow 3,17 mm, MQ 662,79 kg/mm, voids in mix 3,92%, voids in mineral aggregate 17,59%, and voids filled with asphalt 77,72%. The result met the General Specification of Bina Marga 2018 (Revision 2). The addition of iron powder as a substitute for fine aggregate in HRS-WC is can increase stability but reduce air voids in the asphalt mixture. This result makes the asphalt mixture more impermeable and plastic.

Hubungan Antara Rasio Agregat dan Volumetrik dalam Menentukan Kualitas Perkerasan Jalan

Road pavement quality is a critical factor in supporting a country's mobility and economy. Around 40% of the road length in Indonesia suffers damage, including permanent deformation and early cracking. To overcome road damage, it is important to know the pavement quality parameters such as Voids in Mineral Aggregate (VMA), Voids in Mix (VIM), and Voids Filled with Bitumen (VFB), along with the factors that influence them, such as material characteristics. This study aims to determine the effect of the fine and coarse aggregate ratio on volumetric parameters in asphalt mixtures, including VIM, VMA, and VFB. The experimental method was carried out on four samples. Aggregate characteristic tests were carried out, including gradation tests. Volumetric tests were carried out on each sample with asphalt content of 4%, 4.5%, and 5%. The research results show that the smaller fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio would increase the VMA and VIM values and decrease the VFB value. Aggregate ratio significantly affects volumetric parameters, which shows the importance of selecting aggregate with the right size distribution and determining the right ratio to achieve optimal pavement performance. The results of this study can be used as a practical guide for optimizing asphalt mix design with better quality and durability.

Full extraction of asbuton bitumen for binder replacement in warm mix asphalt

Abstract Asbuton can be utilized as an optional binder in asphalt mixture by semi-extraction or full extraction. Full extraction of asbuton by using solvent can maximize the content of bitumen while discarding the mineral. However, different solvent content influenced the asbuton bitumen properties. Thus, this study evaluated the effect of different percentages of toluene solvent on the full extraction. Four different percentages of solvent content 1 to 4 % of toluene were used in this study. The asbuton bitumen was then tested for penetration, softening point, flash point, specific gravity, and thin film oven test. The asbuton bitumen was then used to design warm mix asphalt (WMA). Based on the Marshall mix design, the optimum bitumen content (OBC) is 6.25 %. The WMA with full extraction asbuton bitumen fulfilled the Marshall requirement by stability of 1374 kg, and 96.97% retained stability. It also produced 3.57 mm flow with 3.46 % void in mix, 15.08 % void mineral aggregatte, and 76.41 of void filled bitumen. As a result, it is discovered that full extraction asbuton can serving as the WMA binder replacement.

The effect of using Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) on the AC-WC Marshall performance

The increasing population in Indonesia has resulted in the volume of vehicle traffic increasing. This condition causes problems with the quality of road pavement which is influenced by vehicle traffic loads. The Asphalt Concrete - Wearing Course (AC-WC) layer is the second wear layer on asphalt concrete and the top layer on flexible pavement. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of adding Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste on the crack value, durability and resistance of AC WC Penetration 60/70 asphalt from Marshall characteristic analysis. This research was carried out using LDPE plastic waste additives with LDPE variations of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% with a planned asphalt (Pb) content of 5% and a total test object weight of 1200 grams. This research uses experimental and trial and error methods. From the research results, it is known that the LDPE plastic content that meets the standards is 4% plastic content with a Void In Mix (VIM) of 5%, Void in The Minerale Aggregate (VMA) 15.2%, Void Filled with Asphalt (VFA) 67.1%, Marshall stability 1036.6 Kg, flow 3 mm, and Marshall Quotient 345.5 Kg /mm. With 4% LDPE plastic content, it can increase the minimize asphalt cracking.

Effect of Latex Dry Rubber Content (DRC) 30 on Marshall Parameters of Asphalt Concrete

Indonesia is one of the world’s largest latex producers. Latex can be used as an asphalt modifier on road pavements. The level of road damage in Indonesia is high. The purpose of this research was to describe the effect of using DRC-30 latex on Asphalt Concrete in terms of Marshall parameters. The test specimens are made using two kinds of asphalt concrete (AC) gradations, namely the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (ACWC) gradation, and the AC-Base gradation. Test data were analyzed using Marshall parameters, namely stability, flow, void in mix (VIM), and void filled with asphalt (VFA). The test results showed that latex increased the stability value in all types of gradations. Latex increased the value of Flow AC-Base, but decreased the value of flow at ACWC. The addition of latex to AC decreased the VIM value of AC-Base and ACWC. Meanwhile, the addition of latex to AC-Base and ACWC increased the value of VFA, the highest increase was for AC-Base. Based on Marshall parameters, the best performance of AC due to the addition of latex is in the AC-Base gradation.

PENAMBAHAN FLY ASH BATU BARA PLTU SEBAGAI FILLER ASPAL AC WC

The increasing population growth, the more vehicle users. This makes the government also have toimprove transportation services. One way is to improve the quality of asphalt in order to meet its servicelife. But the problem that is happening at this time is the difficulty of getting rock ash filler where in therules it is stated that fine aggregate (fly ash) must pass sieve no. 200 under 10%. This research mixed flyash as much as 1%, 2%, and 3%. The results of the study are the addition of fly ash from burning coalash as a filler for combustion residue from the Tanjung Enim PLTU for Asphalt Concrete WearingCourse (AC WC) asphalt mixture, the best results were obtained on a 2% mixture with the followingvalues: Stability value of 1240, 253 kg, VIM (Void In Mix) Value of 4.233%, VMA (Void in MineralAggregate) Value of 16.139%, VFB (Void Filled Bitumen) Value of 73.782%, Flow (melting) Value of3.63 mm and Marshall Quotient obtained at 329.280 kg/mm.

The used of rubber material as additive in testing characteristics ac-wc using Nanggala river stone.

The use of rubber in asphalt mixtures is a new thing nowadays, but in practice its use has not been fully implemented throughout Indonesia. The approach using local materials has made many researchers perform various combinations, in this study one of the combinations used rubber material in testing the characteristics of asphalt on the AC-WC (Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course) layer. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of AC-WC from the variation of mixing asphalt with used tires with a composition of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The method used in this study is to use secondary data on the composition of mixing AC-WC with added rubber tires, which are varied from 1% to 4% by weight of asphalt, based on the conventional Marshall test. The results of this study indicate that the stability value in testing the characteristics of the asphalt mixture with an average value of 1532 kg (minimum requirement of 800 kg), VIM (Void in Mix) test with an average value of 3.7% (minimum requirement of 3%), flow testing with a value of 3.7% an average of 2.3mm (minimum requirement of 2mm), VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate) content with an average value of 16 (15 percent requirement), Marshall stability value of the remaining 94% AC-WC mixture meets the general specifications of Bina Marga 2018.

Use of Shells Waste Filler in Pavement Layer Using Lapen (Macadam Penetration Layer)

Damage to asphalt construction has made several attempts to increase the strength of asphalt construction, one of which is by utilizing shell waste as an asphalt mixture (filler) which is expected to increase the strength and durability of the pavement. The addition of filler shell waste with varying levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% is taken from the percentage of fine aggregate. Based on the results of the research conducted, the results of the Marshall Test for asphalt mixtures with the best variations of shell waste filler material and meeting the requirements of the General Specifications of Highways were found at a filler content of 0% with an immersion time of 30 minutes, with a VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate) value. ) 66.07%, VFA (Void Filled with Aggregate) value 66.35%, VIM (Void in Mix) value 21.49%, stability value 1097.15 kg, Flow value 3.04 mm and MQ (Marshall Quotient) value 360.62 kg/mm.

Pemanfaatan Batu Gunung Osu Lombebua Kabupaen Konawe Selatan Untuk Campuran Laston Lapisan Aus

The utilization of Osu Lombebua mountain rock aggregate, South Konawe Regency has not been optimally utilized as a material in road pavement, especially in the Aus Layer Laston, starting from a problem, it is necessary to conduct research by conducting a series of characteristic tests with reference to the 2018 Highways Specification Standard. The characteristics of the Aus Layer Laston mixture by utilizing the rock aggregates of Mount Osu Lombebua, by knowing the characteristics of the aggregate, asphalt, and filler, then designing the composition of the mixture and making a test object in the form of Aus Layer Laston and the test Marshall Conventional for determining KAO after that making KAO test objects for Stability Marshall Time (SMS). The results of the study indicate that the characteristics of the pavement material in the form of rock aggregates of Mount Osu Lombebua, South Konawe Regency have met the General specifications of the Directorate General of Highways 2018. Based on the test of the characteristics of the mixture, Marshall Conventionalthe values ​​of Stability, flow, Void In Mix (VIM), Void In Mix Aggregate (VMA), and Foid Filled Bitumen (VFB) all meet the General Specifications of Highways 2018. Marshall Immersion test (Stability Marshall Remaining) on a mixture of meets the General Specifications of Highways 2018, where the value of Stability Marshall Remaining is 96,78 ≥ 90%.

THE STUDY ON UTILIZATION WASTE TIRE SEEDS AS AMIXTURE OF AC-WC ASPHALT ON ROAD PAVEMENT

The purpose of this study are to find out the process of making AC-WC asphalt by using waste tire ore as an additives to hot mix asphalt and also to find out the general effect of waste tire ore as additives in the asphalt mixture to the characteristics of AC-WC asphalt. [2].In this study, the variation of the mixture added with tire ore starting from 0%, 3%, 6% and 8% addition of tire ore waste for the highest variation value is 3%, stability value is 494.99 kg, Voids Filled With Asphalt’s value is 68,40%, value of Voids in Mix is 3.65%, flow value is 3,21 %, value of Marshall Quotient is 154,61 kg/mm, Density’s value is 2,29 gr/cc. Finally, it was concluded that the addition of waste tire ore is not in accordance with SNI 06-2489-1991 because the higher percentage value in the mixture will decrease the value of Marshall Stability.

Substitution of Fly Ash as Mineral Filler in Wearing Course of Hot Mix Asphalt

Fly Ash (FA) is one of the sustainable materials to substitute Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was found commercialized in construction field but the usage in HMA pavement is limited. Thus, this study is important to promote FA as a sustainable filler instead of using OPC to reduce greenhouse gases. The primary aim is to investigate the Marshall Stability of HMA that incorporating of OPC and FA as filler. In addition, Optimum Bitumen Content (OBC) determination also conducted in this study. Marshall Stability test was conducted based on ASTM 2006 for both mixtures. The parameters gained from the test are the stability, flow, air void in mix (VIM), void filled bitumen (VFB) and stiffness being used to OBC. The OBC for HMA with OPC filler obtained is 5.06% meanwhile for HMA with FA is 4.79%. All Marshall Parameters was complied with of Malaysia Public Work Department (PWD) Standard for both mixtures. The HMA with FA filler give better results for all parameters. Based on OBC percentage, usage of asphalt binder was reduced at 0.29%. Thus, it was more economical if using FA compared with OPC as a filler. Furthermore, HMA with FA filler have better stability and strength as well as lesser deformation with HMA with OPC filler. For the overall, FA have huge potential in substituting other mineral filler to produce better quality of asphalt pavement.

Utilization of Maros Regency Pucak River Aggregate for Aus Layer Laston Mixture

The purpose of this test is to determine the aggregate characteristics of the Pucak river as Aus Layer Laston Mixture. So, several series of studies were used, starting from testing aggregates (coarse and fine), asphalt and filler, then making compositions to making samples of Laston Wear Layer. The results of this study are to determine the characteristics of the pavement material using aggregate from the Pucak River Maros Regency to meet the requirements of the 2018 General Bina Marga specification, to be used in road layers. Based on the Conventional Marshall test, the Stability, Meltability (flow), Void In Mix (VIM), Void In Mix Aggregate (VMA), and Foid Filled With Bitumen (FVB) all values obtained meet the General Specifications of Highways 2018. And testing Marshall Immersion in the Aus Layer Laston mixture meets the 2018 Highways General Specifications, where the value of the Marshall Remaining Stability is 94.50 ≥ 90%.

The characteristics of stability test using Bantak as the main aggregate

This study aims to determine the characteristics of the stability test using Bantak as the main material. Fundamental studies in terms of the characteristics of Stability values include Density (Density), Flow (melting), VIM (Void in Mix), VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate), VFB (Void Filled Bitumen), and Marshall Quotient (MQ). This study uses an experimental test method consisting of different bitumen content variants, respectively, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, and 7%. Each variant consists of three samples of the test object. The research was carried out at the building materials laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. The implementation stages include inspection of AC 60/70, an inspection of aggregates (fine aggregate and coarse aggregate), an inspection of fillers, and manufacturing mixed specimens and stability tests with various characteristics. The results of the research showed that the average value of stability, density, flow, void in the mix, void mineral aggregate, void filled bitumen, and Marshall quotient was 1156.44 kg, 2.33 gr/cc, 3.07 mm, 5.20 %, 13.92% 60.10% and 377.28 kg/mm. Finally, Bantak aggregate can be used as an alternative in the manufacture of hot asphalt mixtures because the research performance data meet the requirements for accepting Indonesian national standards. Its abundant availability makes Bantak a solution in exploiting Merapi material, which is very influential on the environmental impact and improves residents' economy in the quarry area.

The Performance Modeling of Modified Asbuton and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Mixture Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

We often use the plastics daily, containing of polyethylene plastic polymers which recently can be utilized as additional material for road pavements. Several studies have attempted to find the optimum proportion of an asphalt mixture using modified Asbuton which is local bitumen abundantly deposited in Buton Island Indonesia, added with plastic waste. The optimum proportion of the asphalt mixture is influenced by many factors, such as the interactions of the material component in the asphalt mixture. To obtain the optimum proportion based a single factor, many studies employ statistical methods. This study aims to determine the optimum proportion for the asphalt mixture of the modified Asbuton with PET plastic waste by using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The employed RSM is the Expert Version 12 design (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2020), in which the statistical modeling based on Box Behnken Design (BBD) and three factorial levels. The results obtained in this study show that the RSM optimization could achieve the asphalt mixtures characteristics including the stability, Marshall Quotient (MQ), Void in MIX (VIM), Void Mineral Aggregate (VMA) and density, in the level of satisfying the specification requirements of Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia. The optimum stability is at 2002.72 kg, fulfilled the minimum density of 800 kg. For the MQ, the optimal point of MQ is 500.68 kg/mm, satisfied the minimum the MQ standard minimum of 250 kg/mm. In addition, the optimal VIM is at 3.40%, satisfying the VIM specifications in the range of 3–5%. The optimal VMA response is at 21.65%, which is also satisfied the VMA specification, 15%.

Study Of The Effect Of Addition Of Butone Granular Asphalt 5/20 On Marshall Characteristics Of Hot Mix Asphalt AC-WC

As buton product that is currently being developed is Asbuton type BGA or called Buton Granular Asphalt which has bitumen content between 20-25% (Puslitbang Prasarana Transport Dep.PU, 2005). BGA has been used in several locations but its use is considered not optimal, therefore the authors want to examine how the effect of variations in the level of addition of asbuton material on the performance of asphalt mixtures. In this study, testing was carried out in stages, starting with material testing consisting of aggregate testing (coarse, fine, filler), as well as asphalt property testing and BGA material testing. Then a mixture of Marshall test objects will be made to be tested. The mixed test method used is the Marshall method which will then produce parameter values ​​in the form of VFB (Void Filled Bitumen), Stability, Residual Stability, VIM (Void in Mix), VMA (Void Mineral Aggregate), flow, and MQ (Marshall Quotionent). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding variations in the use of BGA type 5/20 materials, namely 0%, 3% and 5% on Marshall characteristics of AC-WC hot asphalt mixture using the 2010 Binamarga Specification Revision 3. The results showed that the addition of Asbuton Item 5/20 significantly increased the value of stability, residual stability and MQ along with increasing levels of asbuton used, but did not significantly affect the value of VMA, VFB and Flow and concluded that the use of Asbuton BGA with a level of 3% has produced optimal results.

Modeling and design optimization of reclaimed asphalt pavement containing crude palm oil using response surface methodology

This study discusses the influence of using crude palm oil in hot mix asphalt incorporating recycled asphalt pavement materials. The effect of different percentages of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and crude palm oil (CPO) on stability, flow, stiffness, voids in mix (VIM), voids filled with asphalt (VFA), and Indirect Tensile Strength (IDT) were assessed. In addition, for the statistical analysis an analytical tool response surface methodology (RSM) was used for designing and statistically analyzing the experimental results. A microstructure level investigation on the virgin binder (60/70) and RAP binder incorporating crude palm oil was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Experimental results showed that stability and indirect tensile strength increases with an increase in recycled asphalt pavement material up till 80%. However, 100% RAP with crude palm oil resulted in reduction in these strength parameters. The microstructural analysis shows that the incorporation of CPO in virgin and RAP aged binder change the structure of aged and virgin binder by new and unique phase formations. The statistical models were found significant and well fitted on bases of R2 value (>0.80), high adequate precision value (>4), low p-value and insignificant lack-of-fit. Furthermore, ANOVA model theoretical results by the RSM analysis were validated by experiments with <5% of error that represent a good agreement between experimental and theoretical results. Crude palm oil inclusion in HMA-RAP showed good improvement in performance parameters indicating a potential source of rejuvenating agent as bio binder material for the pavement construction industry.

The performance of stability test using Bantak aggregate and AC50/70 as polymer on Marshall characteristic

This study aims to determine Marshall's characteristics using asphalt binder modified polymer AC 50/70 (Starbit E-55) using local Bantak material. The test method used is a hot mix asphalt (Hot Mix) with the Marshall method. The asphalt content used was 5% successively; 5.5%; 6%; 6.5%; and 7% consisting of 3 specimens for each variant. The research was carried out at the Material Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering and Planning, Faculty of Engineering, Yogyakarta State University. The results of the Marshall characteristic performance test at the Optimum Asphalt Level (KAO) 6.5% are as follows: Marshall stability mean value is 1197.6 kg, Density mean value is 2.34 gr/cc, the mean value of melt (Flow) is 3, 1 mm, the mean value of VIM (Void in Mix) was 4.83%, the mean value of VMA (Void in Mineral Aggregate) was 13.40%, the mean value of VFB (Void Filled Bitumen) was 60.61%, and the mean value of MQ (Marshall Quotient) 391.08 kg/mm.

Characteristics of Porous Asphalt Mixture by Using a Bottom Ash Boiler as a Filler

Porous asphalt is asphalt mixture using open gradation dominated by coarse aggregate to produce a large enough cavity. Bottom ash waste produced by a boiler used in the extraction process of palm oil into crude palm oil. Shells and pulps that has been burned at high temperature between 500°C to 700°C will later become of boiler bottom ash. The aim of this study was to inspect the performance of Porous Asphalt Mixture characteristics which combining bottom ash boiler and cement as filler using Retona Blend 55 as a binder. The specimen preparation were designed by the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) method by parameter of Cantabro Loss (CL), Asphalt Flow Down (AFD), Voids In Mix (VIM), Stability and Marshall Quotient (MQ). The Optimum Asphalt Contain (OAC) obtain was used to prepare specimens within OAC with variation 50 % bottom ash boiler and 50 % cement as filler. The result of study showed that the OAC obtained 6%. Almost all parameter values were meet to the required specification of AAPA (2004). The value of CL is 9.25 %, AFD value is 0.19%, Stability 573.27 kg, flow 4.7 mm and VIM 12.29%. The value of VIM not meet to required specification (18%-25%).