This study aims to explore the path of improving the quality of mathematics education in vocational colleges in order to meet the growing demand for high-quality applied talents in society and industry. It analyses the need to improve the quality of mathematics education and points out that mathematics education should not only focus on imparting theoretical knowledge, but also enhance students' practical application skills. To this end, six main paths were proposed, including clear career-oriented teaching objectives, innovative practice-oriented teaching models, flexible adaptation of course content, use of modern educational technology, diversified evaluation mechanisms and teacher training. Finally, it is recommended that vocational universities strengthen teacher training, increase investment in teaching resources, and deepen cooperation between schools and enterprises during the reform process, so as to ensure that mathematics education keeps pace with the needs of the economy, thereby cultivating applied talents with both a solid mathematical foundation and good professional qualities.