Vocal Nodules Research Articles

3D reconstruction of vocal fold dynamics with laser high-speed videoendoscopy in children.

The objective of this study is to evaluate three-dimensional vertical motion of the superior surface of the vocal folds in vivo in (a) typically developing children as a function of vocal frequency variations and (b) a child with vocal nodules. A custom developed laser endoscope coupled with high-speed videoendoscopy was used to obtain 3D parameters from 2 healthy children, one child with vocal nodules, and 23 vocally healthy adults (females = 11, males = 12). Parameters of amplitude (mm), maximum opening/closing velocity (mm/s), and mean opening/closing velocity (mm/s) were computed for the lateral and vertical vibratory motion along the anterior, middle, and posterior sections of the vocal folds were computed. We provide for the first time, absolute measurements of vertical amplitude and maximum/ mean velocity during the opening and closing phases, in vivo in children. Overall, the vertical motion was larger in vocally normal children compared with the lateral motion, especially along the visible posterior section of the vocal folds and during low pitch phonation. The opening phase dynamics were consistently large along the posterior section in the child with vocal nodules. The study findings establish the feasibility of capturing 3D motion in a clinical setting and provide proof of concept for the application of the proposed 3D laser in the pediatric population. Future large sample size studies are needed to establish the diagnostic potential of examining the closing phase vertical motion to evaluate vibratory development in children with normal voice and investigating the opening phase vertical motion in children with nodules. N/A.

Accuracy of Diagnosis of Benign Vocal Fold Lesions among Ear, Nose, and Throat Residents.

Introduction Benign vocal fold lesions (BVFLs) disrupt the superficial lamina propria, impacting vocal fold pliability. Investigating the diagnostic competency of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) residents in identifying BVFLs, we hypothesize that factors such as residency year, subspecialty focus, and training center influence diagnostic accuracy. Objectives To assess the accuracy of diagnosis of BVFLs among ENT residents and to correlate diagnostic accuracy with the year of residency. Methods An observational cross-sectional study included all ENT residents in Saudi Arabia. It was performed in August and September 2021 using a self-administered online questionnaire that assessed demographic variables and included three images with open-ended questions on diagnosing vocal fold lesions. Results A total of 61 ENT residents (62.3% male) were included in this study. The images of vocal fold cyst, vocal fold polyp, and vocal fold nodule were correctly diagnosed by 60.7%, 88.5%, and 91.8% of residents, respectively. There was a correlation between the year of residency and the accuracy of diagnosing a vocal fold cyst ( p = 0.029). Residents interested in laryngology correctly diagnosed all three lesions more frequently than other residents. Conclusion The ability of residents to diagnose vocal fold cysts was moderate. In particular, the senior residents were able to diagnose polyps and nodules with excellent accuracy.

Anesthetic management of a rare case of mobile vocal cord polyp causing dynamic airway obstruction: A case report

We report the anesthetic management of a patient presenting with a mobile vocal cord lesion in combination with restricted mouth opening. Fiber-optic laryngoscopy revealed a highly mobile vocal cord lesion, moving in and out of the vocal cords with respiration. A very small tracheal lumen was visible posteriorly during expiration. ASA difficult airway algorithm was applied, and the patient was successfully intubated awake with a # 5 microlaryngeal tube loaded over a pediatric bronchoscope. We aim to highlight the importance of detailed preoperative evaluation, adopting difficult airway algorithms and utilization of devices, with which we have maximum expertise with some modification as the key to avoid airway-related adverse events in such patients.

Large vocal polyp causing dyspnea to young patient

The vocal cords are primarily responsible for voice production and the risk factor for non-neoplastic vocal fold lesions is usually multifactorial, laryngeal trauma (endotracheal intubation), hypothyroidism, cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) and also including phonotrauma etc. we report a 30-year-old female presented with the complaint of dyspnea and hoarseness of voice. endoscopic examination showing, the very large vocal cord polyp was seen to be arising from the left vocal cord, partially blocking the glottic chink, with minimal residual airway. ML Scopy excision of the polyp was done and size was approximately 1.5 cm.

Vocal dysfunction following thyroid surgery: a multidimensional subjective and objective study

Background and objectiveFollowing thyroid surgery, vocal changes are a common complication and well-known morbidity that may be linked to neuronal and non-neuronal voice breakdown. Nevertheless, their effects on different voice characteristics are not fully understood, and their bases are still poorly characterized. In order to determine the diagnostic indicators that address the nature of such post-thyroidectomy voice alternations, this study was designed to provide a multidimensional assessment of vocal function after thyroid surgery.MethodsThis research was a 1-year prospective cohort study conducted on 100 adult patients aged 40.19 (± 12.82) years who were recruited from the outpatient clinic of Phoniatric Unit, Assiut University Hospital, and scheduled to undergo thyroid surgery during the period from November 2020 to November 2021. All subjects underwent vocal assessment preoperatively and 15 days, 1 month, and 2 months postoperatively by filled in subjective evaluation of voice complaints via voice handicap index (VHI-30), auditory perceptual assessment (APA) of the voice, and videolaryngoscopy in addition to acoustic analysis using computerized speech lab (CSL). Statistical analysis was performed to compare multi-parameter voice assessment tools across different assessment time points.ResultsThe voice changes were significantly decreased from 51.0% after 15 days postoperatively to 33.0% after 2 months of follow-up. Among these cases, 35.0% cases developed vocal fold paralysis and complained of a breathy voice (27% developed unilateral vocal fold paralysis, and 8% developed bilateral focal fold lesions), and the remaining 16.0% cases had no paralytic manifestations. Also, only one case developed gross lesion “bilateral vocal fold nodules.” The subjective evaluation of voice outcome after thyroidectomy showed significant improvement in VHI subscales and total score from 15 days postoperatively to 2 months of follow-up (P < 0.001). All of the acoustic parameters except HNR showed a significant difference across the different assessment settings (P < 0.001).ConclusionThyroidectomy can result in significant vocal alterations, even in cases where the laryngeal nerve is unharmed. These changes should be taken into consideration in patient having thyroid surgery, especially a total thyroidectomy because of malignant lesions. More efforts are needed in order to determine the extent and pathophysiological reasons for the vocal alterations following thyroid surgery in order to reduce the morbidity associated with one of the most popular surgical procedures performed globally.

Temperament and Voice Quality in Patients With Vocal Fold Nodules

BackgroundVocal fold nodules are most common in women and patients with vocal fold nodules represent the largest group in voice clinics. The prevalence of vocal fold nodules is particularly high in professions where the voice is used on a regular basis. The quality of the voice is influenced by a number of factors, including temperament, stress, and emotional state. These factors can influence the physiological conditions of phonation.The objective of this study was to assess the acoustic parameters of voice in patients with vocal nodules in comparison to healthy controls, and to determine whether voice quality is influenced by emotional state and coping with stress. MethodsA total of 32 patients admitted to the ENT Department of the University Medical School with voice disorders between March and June 2007 constituted the study group. All patients were found to have a vocal nodules on physical and stroboscopic examination. The control group consisted of 30 healthy individuals who did not report any voice disorders. All subjects underwent voice recordings in the voice laboratory. Following the completion of the voice evaluation form, anaerodynamic assessment (a, s, s/z-time), an index of vocal impairment, the Rosenbaum Schedule of Learned Resourcefulness (RLRS) and the Temperament and Characteristics Inventory (TEMPS-A), all subjects underwent further assessment. Acoustic analysis was conducted using the CSL program in MDVP and the Vocal Assessment component of Dr. Speech. ResultsThe decrease in MPT in the study group was statistically significant. There were statistically significant differences in the parameters MFo, Jitt, RAP, PPQ, SHdB, Shim, APQ, NHR, SPI from the MDVP, Jitter, Shim% from the voice assessment, and the perceptual rating (H, R, B) from Dr. Speech’s voice assessment analysis. The differences in the dimensions of anxious temperament and the examination of stress problem-solving strategies were significant between the study group and the control subjects. Differences in aerodynamic and acoustic parameters were found between disordered and healthy groups, as well as between individuals with different personalities. Overall, those with nodules were less likely to manage stress well than those without nodules. ConclusionThe study group and the control subjects showed significant differences in anxious temperament dimensions and stress problem-solving strategies. There were also differences in aerodynamic and acoustic parameters between the disordered and healthy groups, as well as between the groups with and without personality temperament differences. Overall, those with nodules were less likely to manage stress well than those without nodules. This finding indicates that stress management options are not effectively utilized in patients with vocal fold nodules. So, it might be a good idea to look into some kind of therapeutic approach and patient education for stress management.

The efficacy of voice therapy for Bangladeshi patients with vocal fold nodules

Voice therapy in improving the voice quality of vocal fold nodule patientshas evidentiary support. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of voicetherapy for Bangladeshi patients (N=30) with vocal fold nodules, as well as thefactors (therapy practice and maintenance of vocal hygiene) that influence theeffectiveness or outcome of voice therapy in treating vocal fold nodules. This studywas an observational cohort study of 30 Bangladeshi adult patients with vocalfold nodules (mean age=41; SD= 8.78). Before and after voice therapy, Phonationexercises and narrative-telling tasks were used to elicit voice features, and the sizeof vocal fold nodules was observed through Fiber Optic Laryngoscopy (FOL). Thedata was statistically analyzed using the percentage/proportion test and Fisher’sexact test to demonstrate the success of voice therapy and the factors impactingthe therapy’s efficacy. The findings indicated that voice therapy was successfulfor most participants (87%). Practicing therapy regularly and maintaining vocalhygiene had an impact on therapy success.

Analysis of 1782 Pediatric Hoarseness Cases: A Clinical Retrospect Study

ObjectiveThis study aims to clarify the clinical characteristics of pediatric voice disorders. MethodsThe clinical data of 1,782 pediatric patients presenting with voice disorders were retrospectively analyzed. These cases were categorized into four age-based cohorts: 0–3 years, 4–7 years, 8–11 years, and 12–15 years. Variables such as gender disparities, laryngoscopic manifestation, disease types, and acoustic parameters were thoroughly examined. ResultsA total of 1,782 children with acoustic hoarseness were included in this study, comprising 1,325 males and 457 females. When the sex ratio among the children in each group was compared, males were found to outnumber females. A notable male predominance was observed across all age groups.Laryngoscopic results revealed that the most prevalent condition was vocal cord nodules (1,363 cases, 76.48%), followed by vocal cord polyps (271 cases, 15.20%). Other diseases included laryngeal papillomas, vocal fold movement impairment, vocal cord cysts, functional dysphonia, leukoplakia of the vocal cords, and benign laryngeal tumors such as laryngeal amyloidosis and subglottic granular cell tumors. Among these, adenoid hypertrophy was presented in 382 children (21.44%). Additionally, the Reflux Finding Score (RFS) was conducted, and 799 cases (44.83%) were found to have a score above 7.The distribution of various diseases across different age groups indicated that children with vocal cord nodules (637 cases, 46.74%), vocal cord polyps (109 cases, 40.22%), and laryngeal papillomas (35, 36.84%) were predominantly found in the 4–7 years age group. Pediatric acute laryngitis (3 cases, 75%) and vocal fold movement impairment (8 cases, 36.36%) were more common in the 0–3 years age group. Functional dysphonia (4 cases, 66.67%) and vocal cord leukoplakia (4 cases, 80%) were mainly observed in the 12–15 years age group, while vocal cord cysts were predominantly seen in the 8–11 years age group (4 cases, 57.14%).A comparative analysis of acoustic parameters among 153 children showed statistically significant differences in jitter, fundamental frequency (F0), voice handicap index (VHI), reflux symptom index (RSI), and reflux finding score (RFS) across different pathologies. ConclusionThis study highlighted that vocal cord nodules, vocal cord polyps, and laryngeal papillomas were the primary causes of pediatric hoarseness, although the possibility of tumors and rare diseases cannot be disregarded. There was a noticeable gender bias towards males, and functional dysphonia was significantly more prevalent in older children.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Voice Therapy Techniques in Treating Dysphonia: An Otolaryngological Review.

Dysphonia is a prevalent condition that can impact individuals across all age groups. It occurs when normal voice quality is altered, caused by structural and/or functional issues. Evaluation and assessment from clinicians are warranted if dysphonia persists for more than four weeks and/or is coupled with risk factors or other concerning clinical manifestations. Additionally, voice disorders can increase the risk of depression and anxiety disorders, as well as raise stress levels and lower self-reported health indicators. Dysphonia can have a substantial influence on interpersonal interactions and lower overall quality of life since effective communication relies significantly on spoken language. Hence, managing dysphonia is essential for enhancing communication abilities, improving quality of life, maintaining vocational functioning, promoting psychological well-being, and addressing underlying health concerns. Speech and language therapy, medical management, surgery, or a combination of the aforementioned are all possible treatments for dysphonia. Speech and language therapy is often the first-line treatment option for dysphonia patients who do not meet the criteria for surgical intervention. Voice therapy is often beneficial and remains the first line of treatment, even when patients approach with benign vocal fold nodules. A well-designed voice therapy program improves both the quality of life and vocal performance. The majority of the studies in the existing literature advocate for and report beneficial outcomes associated with voice therapy; however, more research is needed to provide evidence-based findings to guide clinical practice and achieve optimal outcomes. This comprehensive review elaborately highlights the utilization and efficacy of various voice therapeutic modalities utilized for the management of dysphonia in light of current literature.

Seven Days of Voice Rest Post-phonosurgery Is Not Better than 3 days: A Prospective Randomized Short-term Outcome Study.

The aim of the study is to compare the short-term effect of 7 versus 3 days of voice rest (VR) on objective vocal (acoustic) parameters following phonosurgery. A prospective randomized study conducted at a tertiary referral medical center. Patients with vocal fold nodules, polyps, or cysts and scheduled for phonosurgery were recruited from the Voice Clinic. They were randomized into groups of 7- or 3-day postoperative VR periods and their voices were recorded preoperatively and at 4-week postoperatively. A mixed linear model statistical analysis (MLMSA) was used to compare pre- and postoperative jitter, shimmer, harmonic-to-noise ratio, and maximum phonation time between the two groups. Sixty-five patients were recruited, but only 34 fully complied with the study protocol, and their data were included in the final analysis (19 males, 20 females; mean age: 40.6 years; 17 patients in the 7-day VR group and 16 in the 3-day VR group). The groups were comparable in age, sex, and type of vocal lesion distribution. The preoperative MLMSA showed no significant group differences in the tested vocal parameters. Both groups exhibited significant (p < 0.05) and comparable improvement in all vocal parameters at postoperative week 4. A VR duration of 7 days showed no greater benefit on the examined vocal parameters than the 3-day protocol 4-week postoperatively. Our results suggest that a 3-day VR regimen can be followed by patients who undergo phonosurgery without compromising the vocal results. Larger-scale and longer-duration studies are needed to confirm our findings. 2 Laryngoscope, 134:4661-4666, 2024.

Vocal cord nodules caused by Mycobacterium avium infection.

Vocal cord nodules caused by Mycobacterium avium infection.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Glottal Function Index

ObjectivesA comprehensive evaluation is necessary for voice-related complaints, as it can benefit both the patient and physician in busy clinical settings. This study aimed to examine the Turkish adaptation of the Glottal Function Index (GFI-T), which can be quickly administered. Study DesignsPhase 1 methodological, phase 2 prospective cohort. MethodsThis study was conducted in two phases. Firstly, the GFI was translated into Turkish, and its content validity were examined. The GFI-T was administered to 40 participants with voice disorders (M=41.3, SD=10) in the study group and 40 participants without voice disorders (M=37.5, SD=11.3) in the control group. Then GFI-T was re-administered two weeks later. The collected data were used for structural and convergent validity [correlation with Turkish version of the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10)], internal consistency, and test-retest reliability analyses. Secondly, 24 participants with vocal nodules were recruited separately from the first phase and were randomly divided into three groups. The first group underwent lax-vox therapy+vocal hygiene, the second group underwent resonance therapy+vocal hygiene, and the third group was provided only with vocal hygiene recommendations. The discriminative ability and construct validity of the GFI-T were examined by comparing pre-and post-assessments. ResultsThe results indicated that the content validity indexes were 0.98 in the experts and 0.99 in the participants. Confirmatory factor analysis of the scale confirmed that a single-factor structure and goodness-of-fit indices were suitable. The GFI-T correlated 0.92 with the Turkish version of the VHI-10. The internal consistency was 0.96, and the test-retest value was 0.99. Significant differences (p<0.001) and correlations with the Turkish version of VHI-10 were found in intragroup comparisons. ConclusionsThe GFI-T is a reliable and valid tool for the self-assessment of voice disorders. The adaptation of this study to the pediatric population is recommended.

Does Vocal Fold Pathology Play a Role in Determining the Timeline of Presentation to an Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgeon?

Abstract Background: The primary objective is to study the average time duration between the onset of vocal symptoms and presentation to an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeon, in different vocal pathologies. Our second objective is to study gender distribution among various pathologies. Methods: Our voice clinic records were retrospectively reviewed for 1 year, from August 2022, for details regarding gender, and the average time taken for presentation (ATTFP) in months, to an ENT surgeon. Disorders were grouped into vocal fold nodules, polyps, cysts, paralysis/paresis, sulcus, spasmodic dysphonia (SD), and premalignant and malignant conditions. Results: A total of 17 patients of vocal fold nodules (15 females), 47 vocal fold polyp patients (45 males), 40 vocal fold cyst patients (24 females), 64 paralysis/paresis patients (44 males), 41 sulcus patients (31 males), 35 SD patients (22 females), and 65 premalignant and malignant condition patients (51 males) presented to us. The ATTFP for nodules was 8.1 months, 6.8 months for polyps, 10.2 months for cysts, 22.8 months for idiopathic and 6 months for other causes of paralysis/paresis, 32.4 months for sulcus, 26.1 months for SD, and 10.2 months for premalignant and malignant conditions. Conclusion: Sulcus patients took the longest time to present to an ENT surgeon, followed by SD patients, both groups averaging over 2 years. Vocal fold paralysis/paresis patients with a nonidiopathic diagnosis were the earliest to present. A high male preponderance in vocal fold polyps (96%) as opposed to a high female preponderance in vocal fold nodules (88%), both considered phonotraumatic lesions, warrants further research into possible varying etiopathogenesis.

Paediatric voice disorder: who to refer and how to assess? A summary of recent literature.

The purpose of this review is to update the reader with recent advances and current opinion on the assessment and management of paediatric voice disorders. Access to advanced multidisciplinary paediatric voice clinics has increased over the last decade. Often the assessment is combined between speech therapy/pathology and ENT surgery. Vocal fold nodules remain the most prevalent diagnosis at a paediatric voice clinic, but significant diseases will also present, for example laryngeal papilloma. Recently, more consideration of the psychosocial aspect of voice disorders and evaluation of auditory processing disorders have shown how these can have a negative impact. There also appears to be a lack of parental and teacher awareness of paediatric voice disorders and their significance. We would recommend multiparametric assessment and analysis of all children with a voice disorder. Most paediatric voice conditions will respond to skilled voice therapy. However, the exact techniques and dosage requires further evaluation and research. Paediatric voice conditions are common and should not be dismissed, as they may represent significant disease, for example papilloma, vagal palsy or have a significant psychosocial impact on the child.

Voice treatment of school-aged children with vocal nodules with ABCLOVE rehabilitation

BackgroundThis study was to explore the effectiveness of the ABCLOVE exercise on school-aged children with vocal nodules after the treatment of budesonide. MethodsEighty-six school-aged children with vocal nodules were divided into control and ABCLOVE therapy groups. Subjective voice assessment and dysphonia severity index (DSI) assessment were performed before and after the 3-month of therapy. ResultsA significant improvement was observed in the ABCLOVE therapy group as compared with the control group (p = 0.035). ABCLOVE therapy significantly reduced the hoarseness and roughness scores in school-aged children with vocal nodules. Additionally, a significant reduction in functional score, physical score, emotional score, and total pVHI score was observed in the ABCLOVE therapy group. Moreover, acoustic parameters including jitter (%) and shimmer (%) were significantly reduced, whereas MPT and DSI were increased in school-aged children with vocal nodules who received 3 months of ABCLOVE treatment. ConclusionABCLOVE therapy displayed effectiveness on school-aged children with vocal nodules after the treatment of budesonide.

Role of flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and indirect laryngoscopy in the diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal pathologies

Background: Visualization of the larynx and pharynx is essential to diagnose and treat pathologies, and to prognosticate. This can be done by using indirect laryngoscopy, rigid and flexible endoscopy, and direct laryngoscopy. The main purpose of the article was to assess the profile of laryngopharyngeal pathologies diagnosed by flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and indirect laryngoscopy in patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms and to estimate the level of agreement between flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy and indirect laryngoscopy for selected laryngopharyngeal conditions like vocal nodule, vocal cord polyp, Reinke’s edema, hypopharyngeal growth, vocal cord palsy, vocal cord growth. An Independent t-test and chi-square test were used to analyze the results. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for statistical analysis. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 101 patients with laryngopharyngeal symptoms were subjected to both indirect laryngoscopy and flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. The structures visualized, pathologies detected, time taken and discomfort levels were statistically analyzed. Results: In our study, we found that laryngopharyngeal symptoms were more common among the 61 to 70 years age group. The majority of them were males. The majority of them were retired employees. The most common presenting complaint was difficulty in swallowing, followed by globus sensation and voice change. All structures were visualized by flexible fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. Whereas, in indirect laryngoscopy, some structures were visualized and some were not. Pyriform fossa apex and post-cricoid region were not visualized for all patients with indirect laryngoscopy. Laryngopharyngeal reflux was the most common pathology detected. There is no significant difference between IDL and FOL in site, subsite, and clinical appearance of the pathology detected. There is a significant difference between IDL and FOL in time taken (FOL has a higher mean) and discomfort levels (IDL has a higher mean). Conclusions: Though indirect laryngoscopy is cost-effective in terms of investment, the time taken for the procedure is also less, flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy is considered superior because it can visualize all structures and can detect pathologies early in their stage so that the patient gets treatment early which can alter the prognosis.

Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Treatment in Recalcitrant, Bilateral Phono-traumatic Lesions

ObjectiveMature vocal fold nodules and fibrous phono-traumatic lesions that have failed standard voice therapy can be challenging. Autologous Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is rich in growth factors and easily obtained from a simple blood draw. Growth factor injection into the vocal folds may reverse the scar and inflammation in recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions such as mature vocal fold nodules. This study reports the short-term (3 months) voice results after PRP injection in 11 subjects with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions that have failed voice therapy. Materials and MethodsSerial autologous PRP injections were used to treat eleven patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions in an office setting. All had prior conservative voice therapy or surgery and were deemed failures. Pre and post-treatment video stroboscopy, Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10), and Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) before and after treatment (3 months) were tabulated and compared. An expert rater blinded to the treatment condition rated the stroboscopy and voice results. ResultsAt three months post injection, nine of the eleven patients reported improved VHI-10 and noted sustained voice improvement after PRP injections. Median VHI-10 changed from 20 to 13 (p<.05 paired t-test). The CSID scores changed from 17 to 5 (NS p>.05, paired t-test). Nine of eleven patients reported improved vocal effort and stamina. Stroboscopy ratings were better after treatment than before treatment in 7 of the 11 subjects. ConclusionShort-term improvements in voice may occur in patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions following PRP injection. PRP injections into the vocal folds may be a new treatment for non-surgical intervention in patients with recalcitrant, bilateral phono-traumatic lesions. Level of EvidenceII

Utilization and Findings of Flexible Naso-Pharyngo-Laryngoscopy in Upper Airway Disorders: A Clinic Audit.

Flexible naso-pharyngo-laryngoscopy (NPL) has become an essential clinic tool for evaluating patients with upper airway disorders in otorhinolaryngology. It has been established to be a simple, cost-effective, and minimally invasive technique with good diagnostic yields. This study aimed to audit the procedure of flexible NPL done in our clinic over 2 years and analyse the technique, indications, and findings of the procedure. A retrospective cross-sectional study among all the patients who presented to our ENT clinic in ABUTH Zaria, from July 2021 to June 2023 with upper airway symptoms or neck swelling who had flexible NPL done in the clinic. The records of these patients were reviewed, and information extracted including age, sex, use of anaesthesia, indications and findings of the procedure were entered in SPSS and analysed. Flexible NPL was done in 266 patients aged 4 months to 85 years. Only 3% of the patients required local anaesthesia. The commonest indications were for preoperative evaluation of goitre (26.7%), suspected adenoid hypertrophy (18.4%), complaints of hoarseness (18.8%), and foreign body sensation (12%). The commonest diagnoses made were adenoid hypertrophy (19.9%), laryngeal tumour (5.3%), nasopharyngeal tumour (4.9%), vocal cord palsy (4.9%), rhinitis (4.5%) and pharyngitis (4.1%), laryngitis (3.0%), laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (3.0%) and vocal cord nodule (2.3%). Office flexible NPL was done commonly for preoperative evaluation of goitre, suspected adenoid hypertrophy, hoarseness, and foreign body sensation. The commonest pathologies were adenoid hypertrophy, laryngeal tumour, nasopharyngeal tumour, vocal cord palsy, rhinitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis.

The Application of I-Scan Imaging for Evaluating Benign Vocal Lesions

Current standard methods for evaluating benign vocal lesions, including white light laryngoscopy and video laryngostroboscopy, may struggle to identify smaller lesions. While histopathological results obtained from laryngeal microsurgery provide definitive results, their invasiveness can lead to scarring and impaired phonological outcomes. Intralesional steroid injection has recently gained acceptance, but it lacks pathological diagnostic capabilities. Therefore, there is a growing need for a simple examination that can enhance the diagnosis of benign vocal lesions. NBI, from Olympus Corporation, has shown promising outcomes in detecting and characterizing laryngeal lesions. The i-scan technology by PENTAX, while providing the ability to improve visual clarity during endoscopic procedures, has been addressed less in this field. Our study aims to further investigate the application of i-scan imaging in benign vocal lesions, enrolling patients diagnosed with vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules. We conducted i-scan imaging prior to office-based intralesional steroid injection, assessing the possibility of its providing additional diagnostic information for benign vocal lesions without additional burden.

Empirical Distribution of Glottal Edges (EDGE): A Statistical Assessment of Vocal Fold Kinematics Using High-Speed Videoendoscopy.

Although laryngeal high-speed videoendoscopy (HSV) is crucial for studying vocal fold vibrations, its translation to clinical practice has been hindered by the large volume of data it produces and the difficulty in interpreting current analysis methods. Although image processing techniques have been developed to map spatial-temporal data into two-dimensional representations, they alter the geometrical construction of the glottis and do not provide standard quantitative features, thus challenging clinical interpretation. In response, we propose a new visualization and analysis framework for assessing the dynamics of vocal folds based on the empirical distribution of the glottal edge using HSV. This procedure analyzes vocal fold oscillations by preserving the shape of the glottis and quantifying the asymmetry between right and left vocal fold displacements along the anterior-posterior axis. This method was evaluated on four groups of participants: ten with normal voices, ten with vocal fold nodules, ten with muscle tension dysphonia, and two with unilateral vocal fold paralysis. The proposed method produces distinct representations for normal and pathological vocal fold vibratory behaviors and derived features based on amplitude and phase asymmetry metrics that show statistically significant differences between normal and pathological groups. Comparative analysis with state-of-the-art techniques indicates that our proposed method can complement the assessment of vocal fold vibration and enhance the clinical translation of HSV.