Vocabulary Composition Research Articles

Zootropes in V.I. Dal

INTRODUCTION. The article examines human nominations formed using animal names (zootropes) included by V.I. Dal in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”. This aspect of the analysis of the work, unique in its composition and volume of vocabulary, has not previously been the subject of research. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that Dal’s dictionary presents a real, living language used in a vast territory of Russia. The purpose of the study is an analytical description of the animal names used to designate and characterize, evaluate a person in Dal’s dictionary (19th century), as well as identifying nominations preserved in the modern language, according to the lexicography of the 21st century.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research material is zootropes contained in the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dal: in the heading of the article, in the text and illustrations, as well as the latest version of the “Large Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” of 2014. Semantic, comparative, word-formation and pragmatic methods were used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. About 90 units naming animals (beasts, birds, fish, insects, snakes and reptiles) were identified, which native speakers in the 19th century used to designate humans. 80 % of them are included in the corpus of zootropes of the modern Russian language and are recorded in modern lexicography of the 21st century. As the analysis shows, the names of animals are used to characterize a person’s appearance, internal qualities and behavior, to express a positive, sharp negative assessment and abuse.CONCLUSION. Zootropes of the modern Russian language constitute a significant layer of vocabulary that has absorbed traditional Russian ideas about their values. The most important condemned human qualities that are designated with the help of zootropes in the 19th and 21st centuries are greed, anger, untidiness and sloppiness, immodesty, and uncommunicativeness.

Comparing the productive vocabularies of grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) and young children

Due to their outstanding ability of vocal imitation, parrots are often kept as pets. Research has shown that they do not just repeat human words. They can use words purposefully to label objects, persons, and animals, and they can even use conversational phrases in appropriate contexts. So far, the structure of pet parrots’ vocabularies and the difference between them and human vocabulary acquisition has been studied only in one individual. This study quantitatively analyses parrot and child vocabularies in a larger sample using a vocabulary coding method suitable for assessing the vocabulary structure in both species. We have explored the composition of word-like sounds produced by 21 grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) kept as pets in Czech- or Slovak-speaking homes, and compared it to the composition of early productive vocabularies of 21 children acquiring Czech (aged 8–18 months), who were matched to the parrots by vocabulary size. The results show that the ‘vocabularies’ of talking grey parrots and children differ: children use significantly more object labels, activity and situation labels, and emotional expressions, while parrots produce significantly more conversational expressions, greetings, and multiword utterances in general. These differences could reflect a strong link between learning spoken words and understanding the underlying concepts, an ability seemingly unique to human children (and absent in parrots), but also different communicative goals of the two species.

ON THE LEXICAL COMPOSITION OF KAZAKH WORDS FROM THE DICTIONARY OF V.V. RADLOV

The article is devoted to the study of the lexical composition of Kazakh words in V.V. Radlov's dictionary "The experience of the dictionary of Turkic dialects". The most optimal way to achieve this goal is to analyze words by thematic groups. The main feature of this method of research is that only in this way is a high-quality and scientifically complete study of the structure and composition of the Kazakh vocabulary in the general Turkic dictionary achieved. Considering the vocabulary of the Kazakh language of the XIX century by preliminary distribution into thematic groups and further analysis of the composition of these words, it is possible to reveal the full picture of the life of the people during the historical period. The article uses scientific methods of decomposition and systematization by semantic groups, synchronous and diachronic analysis, methods of comparative and comparative analysis. During the thematic analysis of words, it becomes possible to determine the level of linguistic competence of the author, the compiler of the dictionary. This article can serve as an example of the study of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language from a historical-lexicological and historical-lexicographic point of view. As a result, by conducting a thematic analysis of Kazakh words in Radlov's dictionary, it becomes possible to determine the structure and composition of the historical vocabulary of the Kazakh language of the XIX century.

Sources and Updating of French Vocabulary

Phonology, vocabulary and grammar are the three main elements of language, and compared with phonology and grammar, vocabulary is the most rapidly changing part of language, in which social development, scientific and technological progress, and changes in human thoughts and customs are all reflected. This paper summarizes the origin and composition of French vocabulary and introduces the updating situation and problems in vocabulary of contemporary French, analyzes and generalizes the cause and effect of these changes and their laws, aiming at helping learners to understand the development of French vocabulary in a more profound way and the course of its development, and then make clear the significance of grasping the new features of French vocabulary.

Состав общественно-политической лексики ингушского языка

The aim of the research is to group the socio-political vocabulary of the Ingush language according to the spheres of its usage. The article is dedicated to the classification of socio-political vocabulary, identifying thematic groups within it. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the classification of lexemes of the socio-political vocabulary of the Ingush language based on the fields of activity in which this lexical layer is used. Such systematization will allow tracking quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the socio-political vocabulary of the Ingush language. The research results have shown that lexemes in the socio-political sphere of the Ingush language can be categorized into four groups: administrative-political, socio-economic, military-legal, and religious. It has been established that the socio-political vocabulary of the Ingush language is updated along with changes in the social, political, economic, military, and religious life of society, leading to an expansion of the lexical composition in all the aforementioned spheres. The study revealed that adoption is the primary way for the emergence of new words. Religious lexemes are predominantly borrowed from the Arabic language. Additionally, new words that have appeared in the language in the last decade are borrowed from the Russian language.

Concept of «Mystery» and its Realization in the Works of J. Lippard and N. Buntline

Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic means expressing the concept of «mystery» in the fictional works of J. Lippard and N. Buntline, the allocation of its socio-cultural component and the field model construction of lexical units representing this concept. The relevance of the research is due to the interest of modern linguistics in the study of the conceptual sphere of artistic works of the «urban mysteries» genre by American authors.Methodology and sources. The study was conducted within the framework of a linguistic and cultural approach using methods of description, comparison, interpretative analysis, conceptual analysis, the method of dictionary definitions analyzing, structural and semantic analysis, and the method of quantitative calculations. The illustrative material of the study consisted of more than 74 lexical units representing the «mystery» concept in the language, 45 of which were found in the analyzed works. The material was obtained by the method of directed sampling from the fictional works of American authors of the 19th century.Results and discussion. This article discusses and analyzes various interpretations of the concept of «mystery» by domestic and foreign scientists; defines the role of the concept in the work of fiction as a whole and in the analyzed novels of two authors J. lippard and N. Buntline; identifies the features of the linguistic implementation of the «mystery» concept; classifies the linguistic units of the concept according to their parts of speech, semantics and stylistic coloring; analyzes the writers’ linguistic pictures of the world and the conceptual sphere of their works, the illustrative zone of which reveals the reasons for the similarity not only of the storylines of the works, but also of their lexical content.Conclusion. The study made it possible to describe and illustrate the individual style of American authors of the 19th century through a system of expressive means that correlates the inner world of the writer with the artistic reality, the artistic world of the text created by the «poetic» language. The mental world can be interpreted in cognitive terminology as an individual poetic conceptual sphere, or the conceptual system of the author, consisting of a conceptual, objective, associative, figurative and symbolic layer of the concept. The study showed that the learning of the writer's linguistic picture of the world and the conceptual sphere of the work can be carried out using a field model, analyzing the LSF forming the «mystery» concept. The analyzed LSF is distinguished by a more specific vocabulary composition, the complication of the seme structure of words, the seme expansion and the restructuring of their hierarchy, which together form the artistic worldview of the authors.

Stable organization of the early lexical-semantic network in 18- and 24-month-old preterm and full-term infants: an eye-tracker study.

An organized mental lexicon determines new information acquisition by orienting attention during language processing. Adult-like lexical-semantic knowledge organization has already been demonstrated in 24-month-olds. However, the outcomes of earlier studies have been contradictory in terms of the organizational capacities of 18-month-olds, thus our aim was to examine lexical-semantic organization in this younger age group. In prematurely born infants, audiovisual integration deficits have been found alongside disruptions in language perception. By including late preterm infants with corrected ages in our study, we aimed to test whether maturational differences influence lexical-semantic organization when vocabulary is growing rapidly. We tested 47 late preterm and full-term 18- and 24-month-old infants by means of an infant-adapted target-absent task using a slightly modified version of the original visual world paradigm for eye tracker. We found a longer fixation duration for the lexical and semantic distractors compared to the neutral pictures. Neither language proficiency nor age affected the looking time results. We found a dissociation by age between taxonomic and associative semantic relations. Maturational differences were detectable in the initial processing of taxonomic relations, as processing in the preterm group was slightly delayed and qualitatively different in the first half of the looking time. The size and composition of the expressive vocabulary differed only by age. In general, our study demonstrated a stable lexical-semantic organization between 18 and 24 months of age, regardless of maturational differences.

Relationship between lexicon and grammar in children and youth who use augmentative and alternative communication

The present study investigated the relationship between lexicon and grammar in individuals who use graphic symbol-based aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Data came from 60 transcripts of generalization sessions that were part of two previous intervention studies, aimed at improving the expressive vocabulary and grammar of 12 children and youth who used graphic symbol-based AAC. The specific aims of the current study were to (a) describe vocabulary composition across different levels of expressive vocabulary and (b) analyze the relationship between global measures of expressive vocabulary and the use of grammar in individuals who use aided AAC. A series of multiple linear mixed effect regression analyses showed a positive predictive association between overall vocabulary size and the use of closed-class words, and a positive relationship between the use of verbs and the use of closed-class words. Additionally, the use of verbs had a significant positive association with the use of inflectional morphology, while the use of nouns did not. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Using known words to learn more words: A distributional model of child vocabulary acquisition

Why do children learn some words before others? A large body of behavioral research has identified properties of the language environment that facilitate word learning, emphasizing the importance of particularly informative language contexts that build on children’s prior knowledge. However, these findings have not informed research that uses distributional properties of words to predict vocabulary composition. In the current work, we introduce a predictor of word learning that emphasizes the role of prior knowledge. We investigate item-based variability in vocabulary development using lexical properties of distributional statistics derived from a large corpus of child-directed speech. Unlike previous analyses, we predicted word trajectories cross-sectionally across child age, shedding light on trends in vocabulary development that may not have been evident at a single time point. We also show that regardless of a word’s grammatical class, the best distributional predictor of whether a child knows a word is the number of other known words with which that word tends to co-occur.

Early vocabulary in two varieties of South American Spanish: Quantitative and qualitative differences

This article presents a cross-cultural comparison of the size and composition of the expressive vocabulary of young children speaking two dialectal varieties of South American Spanish. Ninety-one Peruvian and 91 Argentinian toddlers (mean age: 22.5 months), matched on gender, age and maternal education, were assessed through the respective adaptations of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. Results revealed a vocabulary growth compatible with a spurt in both groups. A marginally significant country-by-gender interaction indicated that while Argentinian children exhibited an accelerated lexical growth before age 2;0 regardless of gender, only Peruvian girls did so; Peruvian boys presented a more gradual and later increase. We also found between-group qualitative differences in vocabulary composition: Argentinian toddlers with vocabularies of up to 100 words exhibited a significantly higher proportion of Nouns, while Peruvian children, especially those with a lexical mass under 50 words, had a higher percentage of Social words. Both findings are discussed in terms of possible cross-cultural differences linked to input quality and early interactions, and avenues for further research are proposed.

Рыболовецкая лексика в русских говорах на территории Республики Мордовия

The paper concerns the linguistic units that nominate objects, actions, concepts related to the process of fishing in Russian folk dialects that exist on the territory of Mordovia. The specificity of nominative processes associated with the fixation of a linguistically significant fact in the language is determined. The study is conducted on the material of the Dictionary of Russian subdialects in the territory of the Republic of Mordovia. It has been established that two main groups of names are actively used in Russian dialects: ichthyonyms, or different types of fish; various devices used for fishing. The largest group consists of ichthyonyms that name fish species. They show region fauna variability of aquatic representatives, point out the factors, which constitute the basis for their nomination, reveal the features of fish that are important in the dialect community. It has been determined that among the recorded numerous names of various fishing tackle used by a person in the process of fishing, fishing nets are the most diverse in the Russian dialects of Mordovia. The study has shown that different types of dialectisms can be distinguished in the composition of the fishing vocabulary, namely: the most common are proper lexical dialectisms, the roots of which have no correspondences in the national language, national words that have different meanings in a dialect system, referred to as lexico-semantic dialectisms, are also actively used. Most of the described words are unambiguous, but there are also solitary polysemantic lexemes. Derived meanings of a word in a dialect environment appear, as a rule, on the basis of an anthropomorphic or material metaphor.

THE PECULIARITY OF LANDSCAPE AND METEOROLOGICAL VOCABULARY OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

The article discusses the features of the composition of landscape and meteorological vocabulary in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia. The words of this subject recorded in the corpus of Russian dialects of Udmurtia, as well as in the records made by researchers of individual dialects on the territory of the republic, are analyzed. During the lexicographic analysis with the involvement of dialect dictionaries, it was revealed that most of the names of landscape features and natural phenomena in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia are commonly used words, as well as dialect designations known in Vyatka and Perm dialects. This conclusion is natural, since Udmurtia borders with the Kirov region in the north and west and with the Perm Region in the east, is located in the same natural zone with these regions, as well as at the intersection of the areas of the corresponding dialects. In addition, the study revealed a number of words that were not marked in the dialect dictionaries of neighboring regions or in Russian vernacular dialects in general. Such lexemes, fixed in this meaning only in the Russian dialects of Udmurtia, are formed from the all-Russian or dialect bases, but have phonetic, word-formation or semantic differences from the same-root words noted in lexicographic sources.

KARELIAN IDIOMS ACCORDING TO LEXICOSTATISTICAL DATA

The “language or dialect” problem has remained topical for the Karelian language for a century and a half now. Finnic language specialists from Russia and Finland have not managed to hammer out a common opinion regarding Ludic subdialects: whether they belong to Karelian or form a language of their own. Lately, the long-standing concept of Karelian Proper and Livvi sub-dialects as belonging to the same language has also been questioned. An unresolved issue is the dialectal division of the Karelian language. Seeking to fi nd the lexical criteria for determining the linguistic status of certain Karelian varieties (idioms) in this study, we applied the lexicostatistical approach. Th e percentages of matches between idioms were calculated using Swadesh basic vocabulary (100-word) list. Data on 30 Karelian and Veps sub-dialects were selected from the “Comparative Onomasiology Dictionary of Karelian, Veps, and Sami Dialects” (2007). Based on the threshold match percentages for discrimination between languages (91–90 %), all the idioms fell into two groups: the Karelian and the Veps languages. Mikhailovskoe Village sub-dialect occupies a transitional position between them. Th e results demonstrate a relatively identical composition of the basic vocabulary of Karelian Proper, including Tver, as well as of Livvi and Ludic sub-dialects. Within the Karelian language, sub-dialects formed three large groups: 1) Karelian-Proper sub-dialects of Northern Karelia; 2) Karelian-Proper sub-dialects of Central Russia; 3) Karelian-Proper sub-dialects of Middle Karelia together with Livvi and Ludic sub-dialects. The results of the study are going to be used in working on the dialectal classification of the Karelian language, which primarily relies on linguistic criteria.

Thematic characteristics of the modern vocabulary of state correspondence in the Russian language

The official vocabulary of Russian state correspondence is characterized by a high level of saturation with diplomatic terminology and terminology of international law, as well as standardized speech turns. 
 Special vocabulary is the main core around which the whole document is built in lexical terms from the point of view of belonging to the style. It can include the names of diplomatic institutions, bodies, procedures, officials, diplomatic documents and their parts, etc. The proportion of each lexical layer is not the same. If the common vocabulary makes up the majority of the elements, then the special vocabulary is the "diplomatic background" of the document. 
 In order to investigate the composition of the official vocabulary of Russian state correspondence as a special fragment of diplomatic discourse, it is necessary to dwell in more detail on the question of the thematic groups that are part of it. The formation and development of each lexical macro group is determined by a number of factors, which include the state of language in society and the level of development of the corresponding functional styles.

Cross-Cultural Sex/Gender Differences in Produced Word Content Before the Age of 3 Years

Does sex/gender matter for language acquisition? Small advantages in vocabulary size for females are well documented. In this study, however, we found that children’s early vocabulary composition was a significantly better predictor of sex/gender than their vocabulary size. We conducted classification analysis on word-production data from children (12–36 months old, n = 39,553) acquiring 26 different languages. Children’s sex/gender was classified at above-chance levels in 22 of 26 languages. Classification accuracy was significantly higher than for models based on vocabulary size and increased as a function of sample size. Boys produced more words for vehicles and outdoor scenes, whereas girls produced more words for clothing and body parts. Classification accuracy also increased as a function of age and peaked at 30 months, reaching accuracy levels observed in studies of adult word use. These differences in vocabulary are indicative of differences in the lifeworld of children and may themselves cause further differences in development.

Идеология русскоязычных модных журналов для женщин: диахроническое дискурсивное исследование

Fashion discourse is considered as a thematic discourse that has the status of an institutional one in the Russian-speaking space, forming the basic ideas (ideology) of the society regarding women’s fashion. The study was conducted on the material of four different fashion magazines published in 1886, 1927, 1979 and 2022. We used a discourse analysis technique that takes into account the relationship between the title and content of the journal; the quality and intensity of the incentive intention; composition of abstract vocabulary with an evaluative component (concepts); style. The relationship of fashionable discourse with other social discourses, in particular advertising and political discourses, specific for each time slice, is revealed. It is shown that the linguistic means used by fashion discourse agents demonstrate the process of turning a fashion magazine for women into a specialized publication that requires certain training from the addressee.

Word type and modality in the emerging expressive vocabularies of preschool children with Down syndrome.

Previous studies have explored the size and word type composition (nouns, predicates, etc.) of expressive vocabularies of preschool children with Down syndrome, both spoken and signed. Separately, overall preferences for modality of expression have also been explored. To extend previous findings by describing the relationships between expressive vocabulary size and both word type and modality of expression in the preschool period including changes to modality preference over time. Mothers of 35 children with Down syndrome, aged 36-66 months and attending the same early intervention programme, completed a version - with both spoken word and sign options - of the New Zealand MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI): Words and Sentences. Most mothers completed the CDI on multiple occasions across the duration of the study. Completions (n = 114) were analysed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in terms of (1) word type relative to vocabulary size, (2) modality of expression relative to word type and vocabulary size, and (3) individual trajectories in vocabulary size and modality of expression. (1) Word type relative to vocabulary size was similar to previous studies with a greater proportion of the SOCIAL words being present in the children's vocabularies throughout, followed by NOUNS, PREDICATES and CLOSED class words, with proportions converging as vocabulary sizes increase. (2) An initial spoken word preference for SOCIAL and CLOSED class words and sign preference for NOUNS and PREDICATES was found, with more spoken words in larger vocabularies overall. (3) Individual trajectories were highly variable and also revealed temporary points of regression in overall expressive vocabulary size in some children. Children who shifted from reliance on sign to predominantly spoken word expression did so at different ages and at different vocabulary sizes. At school entry, while most of the children used both modalities, some children continued to rely on sign for most vocabulary items whereas others used only spoken words. An appreciation of both the general trends and potential for individual variation in vocabulary structure, modality of expression and change over time will better position clinicians and education specialists to provide individually tailored support to both preschool and school-aged children with Down syndrome. What is already known on this subject Preschool children with Down syndrome have been shown to demonstrate developmental patterns in overall conceptual vocabulary size and word type development broadly similar to typical development. The use of signed vocabulary has also been explored, but independently from word type development and with less attention to individual trajectories in either vocabulary size development or modality preferences throughout the preschool period than is necessary for clinical use. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This study found interactions between word type and modality of expression in relation to vocabulary size as well as a few temporary vocabulary size regressions similar to those found in much younger typically developing children. An initial spoken word preference for social and closed class words, and sign preference for nouns and predicates, was followed by a general trend towards spoken words for all word types as vocabulary (with some fluctuations) increased over time. Children demonstrated considerable individual variation in size of vocabulary and age at which they pivoted from a signed to a spoken word preference. Moreover, while most children used both modalities at school entry, a few retained a sign-only vocabulary and others had moved fully onto spoken word-only expression. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? An understanding of both the general trends and individual variation in vocabulary structure and modality of expression development will better position clinicians and educational specialists to provide individually tailored support to children with Down syndrome.

Late bloomer or language disorder? Differences in toddler vocabulary composition associated with long-term language outcomes.

Children with delays in expressive language (late talkers) have heterogeneous developmental trajectories. Some are late bloomers who eventually "catch-up," but others have persisting delays or are later diagnosed with developmental language disorder (DLD). Early in development it is unclear which children will belong to which group. We compare the toddler vocabulary composition of late talkers with different long-term outcomes. The literature suggests most children with typical development (TD) have vocabularies dominated by names for categories organized by similarity in shape (e.g., cup), which supports a bias to attend to shape when generalizing names of novel nouns-a bias associated with accelerated vocabulary development. Previous work has shown that as a group, late talkers tend to say fewer names for categories organized by shape and are less likely to show a "shape bias" than TD children. Here, in a retrospective analysis of 850 children, we compared the vocabulary composition of groups of toddlers who were late bloomers or persisting late talkers. At Time 1 (13-27 months), the persisting late talkers said a smaller proportion of shape-based nouns than both TD children and late bloomers who "caught up" to typically sized vocabularies months later (18-38-months). Additionally, children who received a DLD diagnosis between 4 and 7 years said a significantly smaller proportion of shape-based nouns in year two than TD children and children with other diagnoses (e.g., dyslexia). These findings bring new insight into sources of heterogeneity amongst late talkers and offer a new metric for assessing risk. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Toddler vocabulary composition, including the proportion of names for categories organized by shape, like spoon, was used to retrospectively compare outcomes of late talking children Persisting Late Talkers said a smaller proportion of shape-based nouns during toddlerhood relative to Late Bloomers (late talkers who later caught up to have typically-sized vocabularies) Children with later DLD diagnoses said a smaller proportion of shape-based nouns during toddlerhood relative to children without a DLD diagnosis The data illustrate the cascading effects of vocabulary composition on subsequent language development and suggest vocabulary composition may be one important marker of persisting delays.

Early Productive Vocabulary Composition as Precursor of Dyslexia.

The aim of this study was to gain more insight into the linguistic characterization of dyslexia by investigating vocabulary acquisition. In a previous study, vocabulary at 17 months of age appeared to be related to familial risk (FR) of dyslexia. The aim of this study was to investigate how the differences in lexical composition further develop up to 3 years (35 months) of age and, more importantly, to what extent these differences can be considered specific precursors of dyslexia later on. In a total number of 262 children from the Dutch Dyslexia Program, 169 with and 93 without FR for dyslexia, productive vocabulary was assessed with the Dutch version of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories at ages 17, 23, 29, and 35 months. Reading tests were administered in Grades 2 and 3, resulting in dyslexia diagnosis in 60 FR children (FR-dys), leaving 109 FR children who developed normal reading skills (FR-nondys) and 93 control children. Children's expressive vocabulary was scored according to the total number of words produced and according to the different major linguistic word categories: nouns, predicates, and closed-class words. The analyses comprised a comparison of total productive vocabulary and the number of words per grammatical category at four different ages for the three groups (FR-dys, FR-nondys, and control). Also, correlations were calculated between vocabulary scores and reading scores. Up to 29 months of age, the total numbers of nouns, predicates, and closed-class words are significantly lower for the FR-dys group as compared with the FR-nondys and control groups; for closed-class words at 23 and 35 months of age, the FR-nondys group's mean values are in between the mean of the FR-dys and control groups. Weak correlations were found between total vocabulary size, number of verbs, number and proportion of predicates at 23 months of age, and word and pseudoword reading fluency in Grades 2 and 3. These results indicate that development of vocabulary is a significant though weak predictor of reading fluency and dyslexia; vocabulary size and proportion of verbs at 23 months of age, as well as proportion of closed-class words up to 35 months of age, seem to be the most sensitive indicators of delayed vocabulary development and later reading difficulties. There is no indication that FR for dyslexia by itself is related to vocabulary development.

УСПАДКОВАНА ТА ЗАПОЗИЧЕНА ЛЕКСИКА: ВІДМІННІСТЬ ПОНЯТТЯ ЕТИМОЛОГІЇ СЛІВ І ЗАПОЗИЧЕННЯ (на матеріалі іспанської та української мов)

The article deals with the semantic processes peculiar to the vocabulary of foreign origin in Spanish and Ukrainian. As it is known, in the vocabulary of any language there are inherited, own and adopted words by their origin. It seems interesting to compare and conclude whether there are common approaches to the definition of these terms – and, accordingly, to the processes of their adopting – in the two comparable languages. In the case of the Ukrainian language, experts believe that the actual Ukrainian vocabulary was created after the All-Slavic linguistic unity and at the present time is registered in the written works of the Ukrainians, founding its basis and forming national features of the language meanwhile adopted vocabulary are linguistic units that had come from different languages in the moment of direct or indirect communication. These are mainly Polish, Russian, Turkic languages, Latin and Greek. A similar approach is found in works of ulgarspecialists who have analyzed a similar phenomenon in Spanish, with the difference that the actual Spanish vocabulary was formed on the basis of Vulgar Latin, also known as Popular or Colloquial Latin, and adopted units also appeared in the course of historical development of direct or indirect communication (languages of pre Latin and post-Latin periods). These included mainly Latinisms, Greekisms, Arabisms, Indianisms and a small number of Germanisms. It seems important that the criteria for distinguishing specific and etymologically foreign vocabulary have not found an unambiguous definition, which leads to significant differences in terms of the quantitative composition of vocabulary in terms of its origin. Etymologically, foreign language vocabulary in the course of assimilation often loses its primary meaning and acquires a new in the course of language development. Such tokens acquire the status of interlingual paronyms (false friends of the translator).