VO2max Test Research Articles

Kontribusi VO2 Max terhadap Kemampuan Renang Gaya Dada 200 Meter

The purpose of this study is to see the contribution of VO2 Max to the ability of breaststroke pool 200 M. This type of research is correlational is to see the contribution of VO2 Max to the ability of breaststroke pool 200 M. The population in this study are students of the Department of Health and Recreation Faculty of Sport Sciences University Negeri Padang in 2013 that took the swimming course totaling 112 people. Sampling technique in this research is random sampling taken 50 percent in each of the code section with the total sample result all 54 people. The data was collected by carrying out the VO2 Max test and a 200 meter breaststroke capability test. Data analysis and hypothesis testing research using simple correlation analysis technique with significant level α = 0,05. To find contributions using the formula r2 x 100 percent. Based on the results of the study, it can be seen the comparison of r count 0.382 greater than r table 0.261 then the data shows there is a relationship between VO2 Max with 200 meter breaststroke ability and also tcount 3.24 greater than ttab 1,675 showed a significant relationship between VO2 Max and a 200 meter breaststroke ability. Based on the results of the study showed the contribution of VO2 Max to the 200 meter breaststroke proficiency of the students of Department of Health Recreation FIK UNP with the percentage of 14.59 percent.
 Keywords: Pool Style Chest, VO2 Max

The Effects of the Rope Jump Training Program in Physical Education Lessons on Strength, Speed and VO<sub>2</sub> max in Children

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of rope-jump training program in physical education lessons on strength, speed and VO2 max in 10-12 year old boys. 240 male students; rope-jump group (n=120) and control group (n=120) participated in the study. Rope-Jump group continued 10 weeks of regular physical education and sport lessons and at the same time rope jump training program exercise 3 days a week, while the control group continued physical education and sports lessons only. Body weight, body fat percentage, leg strength, 20m speed test and VO2 max test measurements were taken before and after the 10 week period in both groups. The obtained data were evaluated in the SPSS 16 program. In the statistical analysis, t test was used in dependent and independent groups. As a result of pre-test and post-test, significant differences were found in all parameters except speed of control group (p<0.05). When the measurement differences between pre-test and post-test were compared according to the groups, it was determined that weight, body fat ratio, 20m sprint, VO2 max and leg strength measurements were significantly different in favor of rope jump group (p<0.05). In 10-12 year old boys, rope-jump training program was the result of having a positive effect on strength, VO2 max and especially speed. As a result, the inclusion of rope-jump programs in physical education and sports lesson curriculum, and in sports branch training programs may contribute to the development of children's motor skills and accelerate the development of the children.

The Effects of High and Low-Dose Cordyceps Militaris-Containing Mushroom Blend Supplementation After Seven and Twenty-Eight Days

The purpose of this study was to examine the aerobic performance effect of 1) low-dose mushroom blend supplementation (1.0 - 2.0 g/day) over a prolonged time period of 28 days compared to a placebo and 2) a higher dose of PeakO2 (12 g/day) for seven days compared to placebo supplementation. For Trial 1, 40 young adult (19-34 yrs) subjects met participation criteria and were randomized into one of two groups. The treatment group (T, n=23) consumed 1.0-2.0 g /day of mushroom blend (PeakO2) along with 2.0g of Gatorade powder for 28 days. The control group (C, n=17) consumed placebo (whole wheat flour) and Gatorade powder in identical fashion. At baseline each participant completed a maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) test, which included a 5-minute economy state from minutes 3-8 along with a Wingate cycle ergometer test (peak power) at least 24 hrs later. Forty-three young adult subjects met participation criteria for Trial 2 and were randomized into one of two groups. T (n=29), consumed 12.0 g /day of mushroom blend (PeakO2) along with 12.0 g of Gatorade powder for one week. C (n=14) consumed placebo (whole wheat flour) and Gatorade powder in identical fashion There were no differences between groups in any variables at baseline. After 28 days of supplementation, T had a significant increase (< 0.05) in time to fatigue, a significant increase in VO2peak (p < 0.05) and a reduction in blood lactate (p < 0.05) during the economy phase. Analysis for trial 2 was conducted stratifying each group by VO2peak at baseline, in which the top 50% of each group was compared to the bottom 50% (Treatment top, MT, Treatment bottom, MB, Control top, CT, Control bottom, CB). The MB group experienced significant (p<0.05) increases in VO2peak. MB increased VO2max significantly (p < 0.05) while MT, CT, and CB did not change significantly. The MT group experienced a significant 3 bpm drop in economy HR from pre- to post-testing (p < 0.05). The PT demonstrated a significant 4.5% increase in peak power from pre- to post-testing (p < 0.05). No other changes were detected. These data suggest that longer duration, lower dose, supplementation of PeakO2 appears to improve endurance performance in apparently healthy young adults. Further, short duration supplementation of higher doses of PeakO2 may improve performance, but differing effects may occur based upon fitness level.

Velocity at maximal oxygen uptake best predicts 3 km race time in collegiate distance runners

Purpose: There is a lack of scientific investigation into the predictors of 3 km race performance in collegiate distance runners. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what physiological variables best predict 3 km race time in a group of collegiate distance runners. Methods: Twenty-one endurance trained runners (11 men, 10 women) volunteered for this investigation. Running economy (RE) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) testing were conducted within 9 ± 6 days of the race in a single session. All participants ran in a 3 km race at an NCAA sanctioned track meet. Pearson’s product moment correlations were performed between 3 km race time and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max), relative VO2max, RE at 9.7, 11.3, 12.9, and 14.5 km•hr-1 and percent of VO2max. A stepwise multiple regression was performed with 3 km race time as the dependent variable and independent variables of vVO2max, VO2max, RE9.7, RE11.3, RE12.9, RE14.5. Results: The results revealed that vVO2max was the best predictor of 3 km race performance in a heterogeneous group of collegiate distance runners (R2=0.90). For the men, vVO2max remained the best predictor of 3 km race performance (R2=0.49). For the women, the best predictors of 3 km performance were vVO2max and VO2max (R2=0.97). Conclusions: Distance coaches should consider emphasizing vVO2max as a primary factor in training to improve 3 km race performance and conversely, the pace achieved in a 3-km race is a good predictor of vVO2max.

Effects of a Commercial Supplement of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Ganoderma lucidum on Physiological Responses to Maximal Exercise in Healthy Young Participants.

Cordyceps sinensis (=Ophiocordyceps sinensis) and Ganoderma lucidum are 2 medicinal mushrooms that have been suggested to have the potential to enhance exercise capacity. We used a commercial supplement combining a traditional Chinese medicine and G. lucidum and tested its effects on human physical, aerobic, and anaerobic capacities. Physical education students (n = 96; 43 women, 53 men; mean ± standard deviation age, 26.3 ± 3.21 years) were randomly divided into 3 groups: low-dose treatment, high-dose treatment, and placebo. Participants received the supplement or the placebo for 28-33 days. Both before and after the intervention, the participants performed a graded maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) test on a treadmill and a Wingate anaerobic cycle test (on a different day). The following parameters were measured and recorded during the maximal graded treadmill test: heart rate, oxygen consumption, respiratory exchange ratio, and ventilation. The following parameters were calculated from the Wingate anaerobic cycle test: maximal anaerobic power, mean anaerobic power, and fatigue index. The supplements did not affect Vo2max or the physiological responses upon maximal exercise during the graded treadmill test. In a similar way, they had no effect on peak or mean power, or fatigue index, as measured by the Wingate anaerobic test. A borderline interaction indicated a somewhat lower heart rate at rest after treatment; however, post hoc analysis did not reveal any further statistically significant differences (P = 0.047; F = 3.169). The findings indicate that dual supplementation with C. sinensis and G. lucidum had no effect on Vo2max, on physiological responses at peak exercise load during a graded maximal treadmill test, or on the parameters of anaerobic capacity.

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and White Matter Neuronal Fiber Integrity in Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Mounting evidence showed the self-reported levels of physical activity are positively associated with white matter (WM) integrity and cognitive performance in normal adults and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, the objective measure of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was not used in these studies. To determine the associations of CRF measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) with WM fiber integrity and neurocognitive performance in older adults with MCI. Eighty-one participants (age = 65±7 years, 43 women), including 26 cognitively normal older adults and 55 amnestic MCI patients, underwent VO2max test to measure CRF, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess WM fiber integrity, and neurocognitive assessment focused on memory and executive function. DTI data were analyzed by the tract-based spatial statistics and region-of-interest approach. Cognitively normal older adults and MCI patients were not different in global WM fiber integrity and VO2max. VO2max was associated positively with DTI metrics of fractional anisotropy in ∼54% WM fiber tracts, and negatively with mean and radial diffusivities in ∼46% and ∼56% of the WM fiber tracts. The associations of VO2max with DTI metrics remained statistically significant after adjustment of age, sex, body mass index, WM lesion burden, and MCI status. The DTI metrics obtained from the area that correlated to VO2max were associated with executive function performance in MCI patients. Higher levels of CRF are associated with better WM fiber integrity, which in turn is correlated with better executive function performance in MCI patients.

Stroke Prevention Rehabilitation Intervention Trial of Exercise (SPRITE) - a randomised feasibility study

BackgroundThe value of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke is untested despite these conditions sharing similar pathology and risk factors to coronary heart disease. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of conducting a trial of an adapted home-based CR programme, ‘The Healthy Brain Rehabilitation Manual’, for patients following a TIA/minor stroke, participants’ views on the intervention and, to identify the behaviour change techniques (BCTs) used.MethodsClinicians were asked to identify patients attending the Ulster Hospital, Belfast within 4 weeks of a first TIA or minor stroke. Those who agreed to participate underwent assessments of physical fitness, cardiovascular risk, quality of life and mental health, before random allocation to: Group (1) standard/usual care; (2) rehabilitation manual or (3) manual plus pedometer. All participants received telephone support at 1 and 4 weeks, reassessment at 6 weeks and an invitation to a focus group exploring views regarding the study. Two trained review authors independently assessed the manual to identify the BCTs used.ResultsTwenty-eight patients were invited to participate, with 15 (10 men, 5 women; 9 TIA, 6 minor stroke; mean age 69 years) consenting and completing the study. Mean time to enrolment from the TIA/stroke was 20.5 days. Participants completed all assessment measures except VO2max testing, which all declined. The manual and telephone contact were viewed positively, as credible sources of advice. Pedometers were valued highly, particularly for goal-setting. Overall, 36 individual BCTs were used, the commonest being centred around setting goals and planning as well as social support.ConclusionRecruitment and retention rates suggest that a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel home-based CR programme, implemented within 4 weeks of a first TIA/minor stroke is feasible. The commonest BCTs used within the manual revolve around goals, planning and social support, in keeping with UK national guidelines. The findings from this feasibility work have been used to further refine the next stage of the intervention’s development, a pilot study.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02712385. This study was registered prospectively on 18/03/2016.

The Comparisons of Blood Lactate Concentration and Removal Rate after Aerobic and Anaerobic Maximal Exercise

PURPOSE This study examined blood lactate concentration and removal rate after aerobic and anaerobic maximal exercise test in sedentary middle-age women. METHODS Ten sedentary middle-age women (aged 52.7±3.3 years) were performed after aerobic (Aero group) and anaerobic maximal exercise (Anaero group) test, VO2max test and Wingate test, by cross-over repeated design with biweekly. The blood was collected from cardinal veins at before and immediately after test for measurement of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). And it was also collected from fingertip at before, immediately after and then recovery 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes after each maximal test. Lactate removal rate (%) were calculated by bellow formulas: ={1-[(Lactate at 30 minutes. after test-Resting lactate)/Increased lactate]}×100. RESULTS The blood lactate concentration from fingertip after both maximal test significantly increased immediately after test (p<.001 respectively), and maintained until recovery of 30 minutes. after test (p<.01, p<.001 respectively) in spite of there were no significant differences between both Aero and Anaero group. There were also no significant differences between both test groups in blood maximum lactate (p=.090) and increased lactate concentration (p=.058). No significant differences were also observed between the two groups in lactate removal rate (p>.05). There are positive correlationship among muscle mass and blood maximum lactate and increased lactate concentration (p<.01). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that exercise was performed by anaerobic at end of test in VO2max test. Also suggested that the greater muscle mass may induce the more lactate accumulation, thereby increasing lactate tolerance. 색인어: ìœ ì‚°ì†Œ, 무산소, 최대운동, 혈중 ì –ì‚°, LDH Keywords: Aerobic, Anaerobic, Maximal exercise, Blood lactate, LDH

The Effect of Inspiratory Resistance on Exercise Performance and Perception in Moderate Normobaric Hypoxia.

Respirators are simple and efficient in protecting workers against toxic airborne substances; however, their use may limit the physical performance of workers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of inspiratory resistance on physical performance and breathing perception in normobaric hypoxia. Nine healthy men wore a tight-fitting respiratory mask outfitted with one of four different inspiratory resistors (R) (0, 1.5, 4.5, 7.5 cm H2O/L/Sec) while exercising at normobaric hypoxia (17% O2) at submaximal exercise workloads of 50, 100, and 150 W on a cycle ergometer for 10 minutes each, followed by a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test to exhaustion. Maximal power output at R7.5 was significantly lower than R0 (p = 0.016) and R1.5 (p = 0.035). Respiration rate was significantly reduced at R4.5 (p = 0.011) and R7.5 (p ≤ 0.001) compared with R0. Minute ventilation was significantly decreased in R7.5 compared with R0 (p = 0.003), R1.5 (p = 0.010), and R4.5 (p = 0.016), whereas VO2 was not significantly changed. Breathing comfort (BC) and breathing effort (BE) were significantly impaired in R7.5 (BC: p = 0.025, BE: p = 0.001) and R4.5 (BC: p = 0.007, BE: p = 0.001) compared with R0, but rating of perceived exertion (RPE) remained unchanged. Added inspiratory resistance limited maximal power output and increased perceptions of BC and BE in normobaric hypoxia. However, low-to-moderate inspiratory resistance did not have a deleterious effect on VO2 or RPE at submaximal or maximal exercise. Perceptual and physiological characteristics of respirators of varying inspiratory resistances should be considered by manufacturers and end users during design and respirator selection processes.

KONTRIBUSI KAPASITAS VITAL PARU TERHADAP DAYA TAHAN KARDIORESPIRATORI

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Development of science and technology of sports can be done by conducting research, transfer of technology, socialization, scientific meeting and cooperation among research institute having specialization of science and technology of sport. This study aims to see concretely the contribution of vital capacity of the lung to cardiorespiratory endurance. The population of this study is non-regular students of FIK UNP's education department who took athletic courses totaling 159 people. The sampling technique was done by proportional random sampling and got 32 samples. Data was collected at sport medicine laboratory and FIK UNP track, vital pulmonary capacity was measured by spirometer, cardiorespiratory assay test was measured by VO2 Max test of Balke method, calculated running distance for 15 minutes. Analysis of research data with product moment correlation technique with significant level α 0.05. The data were analyzed by excel and SPSS version 12. From the data analysis, it was found that there was "no significant relationship" between vital lung capacity and cardiorespiratory resistance, and the contribution was only 0.08%. So it can be concluded that the endurance ability kardiorespiratori not much determined by the vital capacity of the lung.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Impact of 5 Days of Sprint Training in Hypoxia on Performance and Muscle Energy Substances.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of 5 consecutive days of repeated sprint training under hypoxia on anaerobic performance and energy substances. Nineteen male sprinters performed repeated sprints for 5 consecutive days under a hypoxic (HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 14.5%) or normoxic (NOR; FiO2, 20.9%) condition. Before and after the training period, 10-s maximal sprint, repeated sprint ability (5×6-s sprints), 30-s maximal sprint, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) tests were conducted. Muscle glycogen and PCr contents were evaluated using carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C-MRS) and phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS), respectively. The HYPO group showed significant increases in power output during the 10-s maximal sprint (P=0.004) and repeated sprint test (P=0.004), whereas the NOR group showed no significant change after the training period. Muscle glycogen and PCr contents increased significantly in both groups (P<0.05, respectively). However, relative increases were not significantly different between groups. These findings indicated that 5 consecutive days of repeated sprint training under hypoxic conditions increased maximal power output in competitive sprinters. Furthermore, short-term sprint training significantly augmented muscle glycogen and PCr contents with little added benefit from training in hypoxia.

SIgA and Upper Respiratory Syndrome During a College Cross Country Season.

We examined the changes in salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and the incidence of upper respiratory syndrome (URS) throughout a college cross-country season as well as the acute effect of a VO 2max test on SIgA. Subjects were 22 cross country athletes (XC) (20.7±0.3 years) and 23 matched controls (C) (20.4±0.2 years). Saliva samples were collected pre and post VO2max and at four training time points (August – November). Weekly logs indicating S&S of URS from which a total symptom score (TSS) was calculated were collected. There was a significant decrease in SIgA F(1,43)=10.742, p<0.001 and the secretion rate of SIgA F(1,43)=15.617, p<0.001 for XC at time points two through four. XC was also significantly lower than controls in those two variables across those time points. The secretion rate of SIgA and URS were negatively correlated at time point four R2=0.443, F(4,22)=26.9, p=0.001. There was a significant acute post exercise decrease in the secretion rate of SIgA, pre (M=21.44, SEM=3.95) and post (M=14.5, SEM=3.0), t(1,21)=2.185, p=0.039. Prolonged training resulted in decreased mucosal SIgA.

Salivary immunoglobulin A in healthy adolescent females: effects of maximal exercise, physical activity, body composition and diet.

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute maximal exercise (VO2max test) on salivary immunoglobulin A (SIgA) responses in adolescent females. A secondary aim was to examine the relationship between resting SIgA levels and VO2max, physical activity, body composition, and diet. Fifty healthy female adolescents completed a laboratory-based VO2max test, assessment of body composition via hydrodensitometry, a validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A), and a three-day food diary. Unstimulated saliva was collected before, and 5 and 120 minutes after VO2max testing. Absolute SIgA (µg/mL) concentration was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretion rate of SIgA (µg/min) was calculated by multiplying absolute SIgA concentration by saliva flow rate (SFR, µL/min). A significant increase in absolute SIgA concentration (146.8±59.2 µg/mL) was noted immediately after VO2max testing (P<0.05) and returned to pre-exercise levels (120.1±54.1 µg/mL) by 120-min post-exercise (P>0.05). No significant VO2max test effects were observed for SIgA secretion rate and SFR (P>0.05). VO2max values (41.92±6.36 mL/kg/min) were correlated with body fat percentage (r=-0.59; P<0.01), PAQ-A total score (r=0.48; P<0.01), and acute changes in absolute SIgA levels (r=0.28; P<0.05). No significant associations were observed between dietary measures and resting SIgA levels or SFR (P>0.05) except for dietary fiber which correlated with resting absolute SIgA concentration (r=0.29; P<0.05). Findings indicate that acute graded maximal exercise results in a transient increase in absolute SIgA concentration and that these changes are associated with individual VO2max values.

Upper-Body Muscular Endurance Training Improves Performance Following 50 min of Double Poling in Well-Trained Cross-Country Skiers.

This study investigated the effect of muscular endurance training on O2-cost and performance in double poling (DP) on a rollerski treadmill. Twenty-two well-trained cross-country skiers (31 ± 4 years, 77 ± 9 kg, 181 ± 8 cm, VO2max running: 64 ± 5 mL·kg−1·min−1) were counter-balanced to either a combined muscular endurance and running interval training group [MET; n = 11 (♂ = 9, ♀ = 2)], or an endurance running interval training group [ET; n = 11 (♂ = 9, ♀ = 2)]. Both groups continued their normal low-and moderate intensity training, but replaced 2 weekly high intensity-training sessions with two project-specific sessions for 6 weeks. In these sessions, MET combined upper-body muscular endurance training (4 × 30 repetitions, 90 s rest between sets) and running intervals (3 × 4 or 2 × 6 min, 3 min rest), while ET performed running intervals only (6 × 4 or 4 × 6 min, 3 min rest). The DP test-protocol consisted of 50 min submaximal poling for O2-cost measurement, followed by a self-paced 1,000-m performance test. In addition, subjects performed a VO2max test in running. MET increased muscular endurance (P < 0.05) and 1RM in simulated DP (P < 0.01) more than ET. Further, MET reduced the 1,000-m time and O2-cost compared to baseline values (P < 0.05), and tended to improve the 1,000-m time more than ET (P = 0.06). There were no changes in VO2max running or VO2peak DP in either MET or ET. In conclusion, 6 weeks of muscular endurance training increased both muscular endurance and 1RM in simulated DP. Further, specific upper-body muscular endurance training improved DP performance and thus, seems as a promising training model to optimize performance in well-trained cross-country skiers.

Validation of the 15 Minute Balke Field Test for Competitive, Adult 5K Runners: From Treadmill VO&lt;SUB&gt;2max&lt;/SUB&gt; Testing to Enhancing Performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of a 15 minute field test of VO2max in competitive adult male and female 5k runners and analyze the factors that contribute to the VO2max of runners in the field versus on a treadmill. Nineteen trained, endurance runners completed a graded treadmill test and a 15 minute field test on a 400 m track (the Balke field test) to independently determine VO2max. We compared the data using a paired sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation, and multiple linear regression. Treadmill VO2max of runners was significantly higher than the VO2max determined by the 15 minute field test (56.9 +/- 5.3 ml/min/kg vs. 52.7 +/- 4.3 ml/min/kg, t(18) = 6.609, p = 000). We found a strong correlation when both treadmill pace at VO2max and treadmill VO2max were used as predictive factors for field VO2max (r2 = 848, p = .000) with treadmill pace at VO2max having the strongest associative power in the correlation (β = .636, p = 001). The 15 minute field test is an adequate test of 5K race readiness, with the addition of treadmill test giving athletes and coaches an assessment of race fitness relative to aerobic capacity. In addition to treadmill VO2max, coaches and athletes must consider additional performance factors such as treadmill pace at VO2max, lactate threshold, running economy, motivation, etc. for the prediction of field or performance VO2max.

Exercise tolerance during VO2max testing is a multifactorial psychobiological phenomenon

ABSTRACTFifty-nine men completed a VO2max test and a questionnaire to establish reasons for test termination, perceived exercise reserve (difference between actual test duration and the duration the individual perceived could have been achieved if continued until physical limitation), and perception of verbal encouragement. Participants gave between 1 and 11 factors as reasons for test termination, including leg fatigue, various perceptions of physical discomfort, safety concerns, and achievement of spontaneously set goals. The two most common main reasons were leg fatigue and breathing discomfort, which were predicted by pre-to-post test changes in pulmonary function (p = 0.038) and explosive leg strength (p = 0.042; R2 = 0.40). Median (interquartile range) perceived exercise reserve, was 45 (50) s. Two-thirds of participants viewed verbal encouragement positively, whereas one-third had a neutral or negative perception. This study highlights the complexity of exercise tolerance during VO2max testing and more research should explore these novel findings.

The effect of Chlorella pyrenoidosa supplementation on immune responses to 2\xa0days of intensified training

PurposePeriods of intensified training are associated with immune disturbances, The aim was to investigate the effects of supplementation with Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Chlorella) on secretory IgA (sIgA) responses to 2 days intensified training.MethodsTwenty-six subjects (age 29.1 ± 8.7 years; VO2max 53.7 ± 11.7 ml kg min−1) provided resting saliva samples for determination of sIgA, at baseline (week-0) and following 4, 5, and 6 weeks (weeks-4, -5, -6) of daily supplementation with 6 g/day Chlorella (n = 13) or placebo (PLA, n = 13). During week-4 a 2-day intensified training period was undertaken [morning and afternoon sessions each day, respectively: VO2max test; high-intensity interval training (HIIT, 3 × 30 s Wingate sprints); 90 min at ~60% VO2max; 3 × 30 s HIIT].ResultsChlorella increased resting sIgA secretion rate (trial × time, P = 0.016: no change with PLA but increases with Chlorella at week-4, week-5 and week-6, P = 0.020, <0.001, and 0.016). PLA vs Chlorella: week-0 = 54 ± 33 vs 57 ± 37 µg/min; week-4 = 54 ± 35 vs 83 ± 57 µg/min; week-5 = 63 ± 46 vs 98 ± 47 µg/min; week-6 = 58 ± 35 vs 85 ± 59 µg/min. Minimal acute changes in sIgA were seen in response to individual exercise bouts, but it was higher at some times in the Chlorella group (for bouts 2 and 3).ConclusionSupplementation with Chlorella has beneficial effects on resting sIgA, which might be beneficial during periods of intensified training.

A call to action towards an evidence-based approach to using verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing.

By definition, maximal exercise testing inherently requires participants to give a maximal effort. This is an important practical issue as submaximal efforts can produce invalid test results. Verbal encouragement is commonly used to motivate participants to maintain or increase effort investment during maximal exercise testing. Accordingly, studies have reported significant increases in time to exhaustion of between 8% and 18% during VO2max and multistage shuttle run tests, and a significant 30·5m mean increase in 6-min walk test distance. Significant improvements during shorter tests, such as the Wingate and 2-min walk tests, have not been observed however. Although participants typically perceive verbal encouragement positively during maximal exercise testing, around one-third have neutral or negative perceptions. Despite the ubiquity and importance of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing, surprisingly little research has investigated the characteristics of effective encouragement with respect to its content, timing and frequency. The only randomized controlled trial to investigate one of these issues observed that verbal encouragement delivered every 20 s increased time to exhaustion during VO2 max testing, but not every 60 or 180s. Of particular concern is that several exercise testing guidelines have incorporated specific guidelines for the use of verbal encouragement, but not provided any theoretical or empirical justification, presumably because of the limited research to inform practice. Recent empirical research does provide some important insight into participant preference for the content and timing of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing; however, much more research is clearly required to establish comprehensive evidence-based guidelines.

Cardiovascular and Autonomic Responses to a Maximal Exercise Test in Elite Youngsters.

To analyze cardiovascular and autonomic responses in elite youngsters, 13 male cyclists (15.43±0.51 years) performed a graded-test until voluntary exhaustion. Oxygen consumption (VO2), blood lactate (BLa), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected, while heart rate (HR) was registered for heart rate variability (HRV) analyses, looking for linear and nonlinear comparisons. Cyclists reached maximal exertion [RPE: 19.14±0.94; BLa: 8.92±2.51 mmol.L-1; RER: 1.04±0.03; SaO2: 92.43±2.5%] and high-level performance (4.41±0.46 W·Kg-1; 60.77±6.87 ml·Kg·min-1) once over 95% of age-predicted HRmax. VO2 and RPE increased, and RR intervals (RRi) decreased (p<0.005), whereas only the short-term scaling exponent of the Detrended Fluctuation Analysis technique (DFA1) displayed similar adaptive changes regarding intensity (p=0.011). After controlling for W·Kg-1 and RRi, DFA1100% (0.260±0.084) showed large-negative correlations with VO2max (r=-0.83; p<0.05) and RPEmax (r=-0.79; p<0.05), suggesting a strong association between the reduction in self-similar properties of the cardiac signal and the capacity to elicit at maximum in youths. Overall-HRV (lnRMSSD) and short-term variability (lnSD1) did not show any association at maximum, or significant differences regarding intensity. DFA1 might reflect ANS-CNS linkage related to cardiac respiratory controls through exercise, becoming a complementary criterion for VO2max testing in youths.

ANALISIS SPEED, AGILITY, POWER, DAN VO2MAX TERHADAP EKSTRAKURIKULER CABOR FUTSAL SMP NEGERI 2 MADIUN

Futsal is the most popular sport around the world including Indonesia. This is shown from the enthusiasm of Indonesian people who love this futsal sport, and make this sport growing rapidly in Indonesia so many community standing futsal or futsal club in Indonesia. Futsal is indoor soccer game or open space. Each team has 5 members. Futsal is very welcome by the wider community, especially in Indonesia. In addition, many futsal matches are held in these areas. Compared with other sports, futsal is very popular and is not inferior to football and other sports. The purpose of this research is to find the empirical answer from the problems that have been formulated, namely (1) To know what is the speed skill of soccer player futsal SMP Negeri 2 Madiun (2) To know what is the ability of the soccer player in SMP Negeri 2 Madiun (3) To know what is the ability of agility players in SMP Negeri 2 Madiun and (4) to know the ability of Vo2Max players futsal SMP Negeri 2 Madiun. This research method is quantitative. While the approach used in this study Is a descriptive approach. The target of the research is the students who follow the extracurricular sport futsal. Technique of collecting data using weight test, running 30 meter, shuttel run test, vertical jump test, and Bleep test, test used to know the result of quantitative data analysis of Speed, Agility, Power, and Vo2Max to extracurricular sport futsal SMP Negeri 2 Madiun . The result of the research shows that Speed of futsal sport of SMP Negeri 2 Madiun is categorized as Good. The percentages are: (40%) excellent category, (35%) good category, (10%) medium category, (10%) less category, and (10%) less category once. Percentage Agility of futsal sport SMP Negeri 2 Madiun is categorized less. With the percentage are: (10%) very good category, (35%) good category, (15%) medium category (35%) category less (5%) category less once. Percentage of Power of soccer futsal SMP Negeri 2 Madiun is categorized very less. The percentages are: (20%) excellent category, (20%) good category, (25%) medium category (25%) category less (10%) less category once, and VO2max percentage of sport futsal SMP Negeri 2 Madiun is categorized very less . The percentages are: (10%) excellent category, (15%) good category, (40%) medium category (30%) less category (5%) less category once. Thus, the results of Speed, Agility, Power and VO2Max tests in SMP Negeri 2 madiunmasih are very less under the target thus can be used as study and as input for the Extracurricular Training Coach of Futsal Branch SMP Negeri 2 Madiun. To improve the ability, especially Agility, Power, and VO2 Max which is very useful for students in the game that matches the needs of each Extracurricular Futsal Sports Branch as well as selection of players is necessary and paid attention to the trainer to improve the quality and achievement in the future.