VO2max Levels Research Articles

Unobtrusive Estimation of Cardiorespiratory Fitness with Daily Activity in Healthy Young Men.

Despite the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness, no practical method exists to estimate maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) without a specific exercise protocol. We developed an estimation model of VO2max, using maximal activity energy expenditure (aEEmax) as a new feature to represent the level of physical activity. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and acceleration data were recorded for 4 days in 24 healthy young men, and reference VO2max levels were measured using the maximal exercise test. aEE was calculated using the measured acceleration data and body weight, while heart rate (HR) was extracted from the ECG signal. aEEmax was obtained using linear regression, with aEE and HR as input parameters. The VO2max was estimated from the aEEmax using multiple linear regression modeling in the training group (n = 16) and was verified in the test group (n = 8). High correlations between the estimated VO2max and the measured VO2max were identified in both groups, with a 15-hour recording being sufficient to produce a highly accurate VO2max estimate. Additional recording time did not significantly improve the accuracy of the estimation. Our VO2max estimation method provides a robust alternative to traditional approaches while only requiring minimal data acquisition time in daily life.

Comparative effect of treadmill and yoga on malondialdehyde level in normal young adults

Background: Stress level can be estimated by evaluating the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels produced from lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Accordingly, a holistic health care approach (instead of a conventional drug-based approach alone) for the treatment is highly recommended; development of a mind-body medicine or an inclusive approach of mind-body interactions is the need of the hour. Thus, the effect of yoga which comprises pranayama, asana, and meditation is more relaxing than the well-equipped gym schools of today which are very lucrative and attractive, but they are costly means of fitness. Yogic exercises are more relaxing and cost effective. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to compare and see the effect of treadmill exercise and yoga on oxidative stress. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted in Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology (Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi Meghe, Wardha, Maharashtra, India). 50 male subjects of age group 18-20 years, were divided into two groups, treadmill exercise (Group A) and yoga (Group B) consisting of 25 each. On regular exercise, subjects were assessed at the start of and after 3 months of the training schedule (45 min/5 days/week). Blood samples were collected to assess the MDA levels before and after the intervention. The parameter assessed were vital parameters (heart rate and pulse rate), VO2 max; they were also assessed for their social and environmental behavior by WHO-quality of life questionnaire. Results were compared using Student paired t-test and unpaired t-test and age-wise distribution by Chi-square test. Result: Results showed that the pre-exercise levels of MDA in Group A (1.30 ± 0.1) and Group B (1.23 ± 0.1) and the postexercise levels in Group A (0.92 ± 0.2) and Group B (0.37 ± 0.2). There was an increase in the vital parameter in Group A, whereas no significant changes were observed in Group B. VO2max levels state that the oxygen requirement is more for Group A than Group B. Conclusion: The study concludes that yoga has more beneficial effect than the treadmill exercise which helps to decrease the free radical production.

P3.04-002 Reducing the Amount of Resection after Induction Photodynamic and Chemotherapy in Inoperable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Topic: Miscellaneous I

Involvement of the main bronchus in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often determines functional inoperability. Induction chemotherapy and endobronchial photodynamic therapy (PDT) were done with the purpose of performing lobectomy (bilobectomy) instead of pneumonectomy. Prospective study included patients with central NSCLC with the involvement of the main bronchus or trachea who were initially considered as intolerant to pneumonectomy. After an induction from two to six courses of chemotherapy and endobronchial PDT (chlorine E6 as a photosensitizer, light wavelength of 662 nm) patients were re-examined and lobectomy was offered to patients with positive response. From 2008 to 2015 48 patients with NSCLC were considered as intolerant to pneumonectomy due to low level of FEV1 (an average, 49±18% predicted, from 21% to 67%), data of perfusion scintigraphy, level of DLCO, level of Vo2 max and contralateral side lobectomy performed earlier. After preoperative treatment 38 patients (79%) underwent lobectomy instead of pneumonectomy. Initial tumor was localized the right main bronchus in 13 patients (34%), left main bronchus — in 18 (47%), tracheal bifurcation — in 7 patients (18%). Stages were: IIA – 2 patients, IIB – 2 patients, IIIA – 15 patients, IIIB – 19 patients. cN0 disease was diagnosed in 12 patients (32%), cN1 – in 9 (24%), cN2 – in 17 patients (44%). In all cases tumor disappeared from the main bronchus after preoperative treatment. 11 conventional lobectomies, 15 wedge, 9 sleeve lobectomies and 3 bilobectomies were done. In all cases bronchial cutting was done in initially affected zone. Pathological examination revealed 34 of 38 patients operated completely (R0-89%), 4 – microscopically incompletely (positive bronchial resection margin, R1-11%), pN+ was diagnosed in 12 patients (32%). No postoperative mortality and major complications were noted. During follow-up (from 6 to 72 months) one local recurrence was developed (3%); three- and five-year survival rates were 88% and 55%. Preoperative treatment including chemotherapy and PDT led to less extensive resections (lobectomy instead of pneumonectomy) reducing surgical risks.

Anthropometric and Cardiovascular Variables of Elite Athletes

Summary Synchronized swimming and aerobic gymnastics are competitive sports that have grown in popularity throughout the Slovakia and around the world. Unfortunately, a paucity of research exists either on anthropometric and physiological characteristics or physical benefits of these sports. The present study examined anthropometric and cardiovascular characteristics of control group - CO (n = 10) in comparison to competitive synchronized swimmers - SS (n = 11) and aerobic gymnasts - AG (n = 10) between the ages of 13 and 25 years. The physical measures were assessed per the protocols in the following order: height (BH), weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and % body fat (% BF). The measurements of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximum heart rate (HRmax) were examined by spiroergometry via COSMED K4b2. All measurements were collected by trained data collection staff. An analysis of variance (Kruskal - Wallis) with a Mann-Whitney U test for the significant effect among the three groups showed that aerobic gymnasts were taller than synchronized swimmers and control group (p = .02). Training and conditioning requirements specific for the two athletic groups caused that AG and SS have higher level of VO2max (p = .02) and VO2max.kg-1 (p = .00), and also lower level of the body weight (p= .01), BMI (p = .01) and the % BF (p = .00). These findings confirm that selected parameters are considered the bases for success in elite sports. This information could also help to design specific training and evaluate the adaptation to training stimuli with the aim to maximize sport performance.

A model to estimate vertical speed of ascending evacuation from maximal work capacity data

This paper describes the development of an ascending evacuation model based on physical work capacity of a selected sample. The model is based on the combination of several field experiments, existing databases and pre-tests that were combined to define initial test conditions in the laboratory environment on a step machine. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of 13 male and 12 female subjects (data was pooled), was measured, and they climbed at 3 step rates specified according to individual percentage of their maximal aerobic capacity (%VO2max) levels. The first nineteen subjects were used for model development and the last six for validation. The paper gives an overview on the collected laboratory data and puts it into relation with the field data from both oxygen consumption and heart rate perspective. The maximum vertical displacement (hvert in m/min) can be calculated according to: hvert=−21.7727+0.4024∗VO2max+0.2658∗%VO2max. The discussion covers limitations and possibilities of the model and suggests the literature and databases that form the basis for practical use of the prediction model. Paper defines the needs for future work and possible information sources to improve the model.

Perbandingan pemberian air kelapa muda (cocos nucifera l) dengan isotonik terhadap denyut nadi dan VO2maks atlet remaja

Background: Football players requires a high level of VO2max which is influenced by the available of energy. Tender coconut water and branded isotonic are as energy drinks containing of carbohydrates and the body’s electrolyte ions that can prevent dehydration. The increasing pulse describes a the condition of dehydrated players during match or training. Objective: To Examine comparison of tender hybrid coconut water and branded isotonic to pulse and the plyer’s level of VO2max in the Diponegoro University Football School in Tembalang, Semarang. Methods: Experimental study with an approach of randomized pretest - post test control group design at 41 soccer’s player aged 13-15 years at Diponegoro University Football School Tembalang in August 2015. The treatment group consumed consumed 250 mL tender coconut water (n=13) and branded isotonic (n=14) and group control consumed mineral water (n=14) every 15-30 minutes for 5 times. Observation pre test and post test 1,2,3 with interval of 3 day after physical training, athlets test the pulse to palpation techniques for 15 seconds and VO2max test with multistage fitness test. Result: The VO2max and pulse recovery in the beginning of research for 3 group was similar (p = 0,454 and p = 0,294). Post test 1 VO2max on three group are same (p = 0,841) but the recovery pulse is better on the group of tender coconut water and branded isotonic (p = 0.006). Post test 2, VO2max and recovery pulse is more good by players who were given tender hybrid coconut water and branded isotonic (p = 0,004 and p = 0,017), as the same post test 3 VO2max and recovery pulse (p = 0.000 and p = 0,004).Conclusion: Giving the tender hybrid coconut water and branded isotonic to same to recovery pulse and increased VO2maks on athlete school football diponegoro unversity

Aerobic Capacity Characteristic of Lithuanian Endurance Sports Athletes

Aerobic capacity indices of the athletes, practicing aerobic endurance sports, are rather high. Athletes, practicing aerobic endurance sports, are able to demonstrate great maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and ability to keep it for a long time. Scientific evidence proves a close correlation between VO2max and sport results in endurance sports, as well as between VO2max and aerobic reactions. Thus, VO2max serves as a direct and complex index to reflect maximal possibilities of blood respiratory systems functional capacities and muscles ability to use it. VO2max is under influence by many factors: maximal lungs ventilation, blood composition, values of hemoglobin and iron in blood, elasticity of blood vessels, capillary density of skeletal muscles, number of mitochondria in muscles and their activeness, as well as amount of oxidation ferments and their activeness. Dynamics of VO2max is determined by genetic factors and the content of training session. Establishment of individual VO2max values is important in investigation process of athletes due to information it provides on the level of aerobic capacity and endurance. Overview of literature sources highlights a rather wide scientific concern on aerobic capacity exploration in various endurance sports athletes. Nevertheless, research data on athletes’ aerobic capacity longitudinal investigation, as well as on VO2max change in Lithuanian athletes during the last 25 years are lacking. The aim of the research was to summarize the level of maximal oxygen consumption, which serves as the main index of aerobic capacity for Lithuanian elite endurance sports athletes, and to compare it with characteristic to different sports model indices, provided in literature sources. 22 male and 14 female road cyclists, 20 male and 9 female skiers, 17 male and 11 female rowers, 15 male and 8 female biathlon athletes, 14 male kayak and canoe rowers, 8 male pentathlon athletes, 9 male racewalkers and 2 male swimmers participated in the research. Indices of the athletes’ height and weight were recorded. Aerobic capacity of the athletes used to be established by gas analyzer Oxycon Mobile (Germany). Mathematical statistics was applied for data processing. Arithmetical mean, standard deviation and mean error were calculated. VO2max determines ability of an athlete to maintain speed and to perform great aerobic work. Degree of VO2max increase during training session depends on personal training condition level, as well as on intensity and duration of exercises. According to the data of our longitudinal researches, the greatest correspondence to elite athletes’ VO2max model characteristics, among the other endurance sports representatives, is demonstrated by Lithuanian male modern pentathlon athletes, female cyclists (including four World champions), and female rowers. Close approach to model characteristics in charge was demonstrated by male cyclists and kayak rowers, while skiers, biathlon athletes, long and short distance runners were the furthest from model VO2max level. Overview of the results, demonstrated by the most capacious Lithuanian endurance sports athletes, shows that maximal oxygen consumption of the athletes – numerous Olympic Games, World and European Championships and other international events winners – is great and matches the requirements for elite athletes. Keywords: aerobic endurance, athletes, maximal oxygen consumption. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/sm.2016.21

A Comparative Study of Selected Anthropometric Variables and Health Related Fitness Parameters of High and Low Altitude Male Residents of Himachal Pradesh

Keeping in view the lack of information about health related fitness of the residents of himachal pradesh, the present study was carried out on 400 males of himachal pradesh, out of which 200 were taken from high altitude(＞2200 m) and 200 were taken from low altitude (＜300 m). The subjects were divided into four groups of 5 years interval. Four components of health related physical fitness namely cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance/strength, flexibility were assessed using standard techniques. The results clearly indicate excellent level of vo2 max in male residents residing at high altitude, even the results of muscular strength/endurance were found to be pretty good in the residents of high altitude. In terms of curl ups for muscular strength surprisingly the residents of 30-45 age group inhabiting low altitude were found to have more strength than the residents of same age group inhabiting high altitude. The findings of the variables are discussed at length in the paper.

Heart rate as an indicator for exercise prescription for normal, overweight, and obese adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between heart rate (HR) predicted and VO2max using a CPET (cardiopulmonary exercise testing) among normal weight, overweight, and obese adolescents. The sample comprised 299 adolescents (142 boys), from Vitoria (ES, Brazil), aged 10-14 years (12.6±1.4). Adolescents were classified into normal weight (n=236), overweight (n=34), and obese (n=29). Adolescents were subjected to a CPET ramp protocol on a treadmill. It was observed that the reserve heart rate (HRres) was similar to the maximum recommended oxygen uptake (VO2) for the maintenance and improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness. It was also observed that HRres can be used to control the intensity of exercise sessions in physical education classes independent of weight status. In conclusion, the relationship between the HR and VO2 for adolescents is linear, allowing the level of intensity to be determined by the HRres proportion related with the correspondent %VO2max levels of intensity, according to BMI-for-age categories.

The Relationship Between Mastery Orientation and Maximal Oxygen Uptake Among Military Cadets: The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation

ABSTRACTDrawing upon achievement goal theory (AGT) and self-determination theory (SDT), a longitudinal study was conducted among 248 military cadets across a two-year time span. The results showed that mastery orientation at Time 1 was positively associated with intrinsic motivation at Time 2 after controlling for intrinsic motivation at Time 1. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation assessed at Time 2 was positively associated with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) at Time 3 after controlling for VO2 max at Time 2. This suggests that military cadets who strive to improve their personal performance (i.e., mastery-oriented individuals) are more likely to exhibit an increase in their level of VO2 max and that this increase can be attributed to increased intrinsic motivation.

The effects of endurance training on the relationships body composition plasma ghrelin and leptin levels

The present research was conducted over 35 voluntary students studying at Collage of Physical Education and Sports of Selcuk University. The students were at 18-24 years age group and were composed of 18 women (10 experimental and 8 control) and 17 men (9 experimental and 8 control). A special diet program was not applied to experimental students. Experimental groups were subjected to 60 minutes cycling exercises in 4 days of the week for 8 weeks at 50-70% of previously determined heart rate. Control groups were prevented from any special sportive activities except for their practical courses. Ghrelin levels were measured by Enzyme Immuno Assay (EIA) and leptin levels were measured by ELISA method. Effects of gender on body weights, percent body fat (PBF) and maximal aerobic capacities (VO 2max ) of the men and women students measured at the beginning and end of the tests were found to be significant (P<0.001). Exercises significantly increased only VO 2max levels of men and women experimental groups (P<0.001). Pre- and post-experimental leptin and ghrelin levels were also significantly affected by the gender (P<0.001), however, exercises did not significantly affect the levels of these hormones. It was concluded that endurance trainings did not have significant effects on body weights, PBF and body mass index (BMI) of both men and women experimental groups, but significant increases were observed in VO 2max levels of entire experimental students with applied exercise programs and gender was found to be significant with regard to body weight, PBF and VO 2max levels of the students. Additionally, leptin and ghrelin levels were not also significantly affected by the applied exercise program, but the effects of gender on leptin and ghrelin levels were found to be highly significant.

A Comparison of Fitness Variables in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Cadets, Collegiate Athletes, and Masters Athletes

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), body composition, and physical activity levels are effective ways to evaluate an athlete’s fitness and performance potential. We compared theses fitness and performance levels across three different groups of athletes: Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) Cadets, Collegiate athletes, and Masters athletes (n=77, all participants combined). This is an ongoing study; the data represent only a portion of the total participants evaluated and of the variables examined. These participants were evaluated in January through August of 2014. PURPOSE: To compare the physical fitness profiles of ROTC Cadets, Collegiate athletes, and Masters athletes at Drexel University and in the surrounding area. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, VO2max, body composition, and physical activity levels (via accelerometry) were measured in all three groups. RESULTS: There were 17 ROTC Cadets (13 males, 4 females; 21.0 ± 1.17 years of age; body mass index [BMI] = 24.56 ± 1.98 kg/m2); 27 Collegiate athletes (17 males, 10 females; 21.82 ± 2.13 years of age; BMI = 23.63 ± 3.24 kg/m2); 33 Masters athletes (16 males, 17 females; 40.57 ± 10.62 years of age; BMI = 25.26 ± 2.95 kg/m2). ROTC cadets and Collegiate athletes had significantly higher VO2max (p=0.0001) and lower percent body fat (p=0.003) compared to Masters athletes. In males, VO2max was significantly higher (p=0.020) and percent body fat was significantly lower (p=0.027) in ROTC cadets and Collegiate athletes compared to Masters athletes. In females, there was a trend for VO2max (p=0.084) to be greater in ROTC cadets and Collegiate athletes compared to Masters athletes. There were no significant differences between the three groups of athletes in energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our population, ROTC cadets and Collegiate athletes have similar fitness variables, while Masters athletes have higher percent body fat and lower VO2max. Similar trends were found between males and females, respectively.

Unforeseen Energy Balance Metabolic Efficiency Success In Overweight/obese 25 To 54 Year Old Females.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to determine practical diet and exercise strategies for energy balance and metabolic efficiency leading to weight loss in overweight/obese 25 to 54 year old females. METHODS: The sample included 29 overweight/obese 25 to 54 year old sedentary women (median: 42 years, 77.6 kg, 165.cm, 38.11 %BF) stratified and permuted block randomized by age and % body fat (% BF). All participants were prescribed a plant-based diet (set menu plan) with a 200 kcal deficit determined by indirect calorimetry below resting energy expenditure (REE). Following the first 2 weeks, participant’s REE was re-measured to analyze diet effect on energy balance. Participants were then randomized into three different exercise intensities and effort was set by VO2max test determined from the respiratory quotient (RQ = CO2/O2) and controlled via corresponding heart rate response. Participants exercise consisted of either low continuous walking (LCW n=9), moderate interval walking (MIW n=8) or high interval walking (HIW n=12) with heart rates corresponding to RQ .75 (83% Fat utilization), RQ .85 (50/50 Fat/Carb utilization), or RQ .95 (83% Carb utilization) respectively. Participants in the LCW group were limited to walking in their prescribed exercise intensity group. Interval training (short exercise bouts mixed with short periods of rest) was used for the MIW and HIW groups. RESULTS: Repeated-measures ANOVA analysis was used to assess outcome variables between the groups. There were no significant group differences in age, height, weight, % BF, REE, RQ, VO2max or fitness level. Resting REE demonstrated a significant change (R = -0.539, p = 0.031) in all groups due to the first 2 weeks of the plant based diet alone. Additionally, significant change was noted in all participants for % BF change (F 1,29 = 28.041, p = 0.000, eta2 0.651), but no significant differences were noted between the three exercise groups. CONCLUSION: Plant based diet of 200 calorie deficit together with LCW, MIW or HIW exercise are equally effective for increased REE and % BF loss. However further investigation is warranted to look at additional parameters of metabolic efficiency, physical activity motivation and injury complications of the high intensity exercise group in the overweight / obese population. Funded by Grant # ARC 122751

Effects of External Counterpulsation Therapy on Physiological Fitness Indicators in Healthy Adults

External counterpulsation therapy (ECP), a non-invasive treatment approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for management of refractory angina and as therapy for heart failure patients, has shown effectiveness in relieving symptoms related to angina, acute myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure by increasing coronary blood flow and oxygen supply. Numerous studies have shown positive effects of ECP in exercise tolerance in patients with coronary heart diseases but studies on the effect of ECP in similar physiological fitness indicators of exercise in the general population are still unavailable. PURPOSE:To examine the effects of ECP on cardiovascular fitness indicators in healthy adults. METHODS:Twenty-five participants (age, 44.8 ± 8.0 years) participated in a randomised, double-blinded exploratory study and underwent 30 ECP sessions, each lasting 0.5 hours, with at least two sessions a week. A submaximal treadmill test was administered to the participants prior to the start of the first ECP treatment and following the final session of ECP. Oxygen consumption, heart rate and lactate levels were taken at every stage of the treadmill test. Related physiological fitness indicators such as the predicted maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), ventilatory breakpoint (Vpt) and lactate threshold (LT) were calculated from the variables measured. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to examine the effects of ECP on each of the physiological variables. RESULTS:Time taken to Vpt has shown significant increase (p = 0.032) from pre-ECP (29.8 ± 23.8 minutes) to post-ECP (34.7 ± 20.6 minutes). Percentage of maximal oxygen consumption at Vpt also increased significantly (p = 0.014) from pre-ECP (70.9 ± 8.4%) to post-ECP (75.6 ± 7.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that 30 sessions of ECP increased the time taken to reach Vpt and %VO2max at Vpt in healthy adults. ECP has some positive effects on cardiovascular fitness indicators as participants took a longer time to reach Vpt and were able to exercise at higher VO2max levels at Vpt. ECP may have induced central and peripheral physiological adaptations to increase the participants’ fitness levels. Supported by Renew Group Private Limited in collaboration with the Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.

Body Composition and Specific Physical Fitness Profiles of the Korean National Amateur Boxers

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences of body composition and specific physical fitness by weight category, and examine the reciprocal relationship in the national amateur male boxers. METHODS: The national amateur boxers were classified into light weight category (LWC, n=14), middle weight category (MWC, n=15), and heavy weight category (HWC, n=14). The subjects were measured for body composition and specific physical fitness: body fat, BMI, maximal strength (bench press, squat), anaerobic power (lower/upper body mean and peak power, power drop rate), isokinetic strength (knee and trunk), and cardiovascular endurance (AT, HRmax, VO2max). One-way repeated ANOVA was used to evaluate the differences between three groups and pearson’s correlation analysis was applied to examine the relationship between body composition and specific physical fitness. RESULTS: The results of this study indicated that the HWC showed significantly higher body fat and BMI compared to the LWC and MWC (p<.05). The LWC was significantly lower in the peak power of the upper body compare with the MWC and HWC (p<.05). The HWC was significantly higher in the power drop rate compare with the LWC (p<.05). On the other hand, the was significantly lower in the isokinetic trunk flexion, HRmax, and VO2max compare with the LWC and MWC (p<.05) while the LWC showed the best level in HRmax and VO2max. There were significantly reciprocal relationships between body fat, BMI and specific physical fitness factors (p<.05). In particular, body fat, squat, mean and peak power showed significant relationships with many variables. CONCLUSIONS: The LWC and MWC of the national amateur boxers showed comparatively greater level of VO2max. However, the power endurance of the upper body and the peak power of the body have been estimated to be somewhat low. The HWC needs to maintain an ideal body fat, and pay attention to the strengthening of the core flexor and cardiovascular endurance. Successful preparations may be accomplished for the Rio Olympics through the efficient strategy and specific physical training based on the results of the study. 색인어: êµ­ê°€ëŒ€í‘œë³µì‹±ì„ ìˆ˜, 체급, 체지방, 체질량지수, ì „ë¬¸ì²´ë ¥ Keywords: National amateur boxers, Weight category, Body fat, Body mass index, Specific physical fitness

Abstract P1-10-10: An integrative intervention to change breast cancer patients' lifestyle: A medical challenge. A randomize controlled trial

Abstract Background. Physical exercise increases breast cancer (BC) patients' survival. However, only about two thirds of them follow the American Guidelines of Exercise to cancer survivors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of an exercise intervention in breast cancer patients' lifestyle. Methods. A randomized clinical trial evaluated an intervention (EXE) vs. a control (CON) group in early stage BC patients who recently finished the chemo and radio (neo) adjuvant. Intervention consists on exercise group classes combining aerobic and resistance activities designed specially for the necessities of these patients. Intensity was increasing gradually and intervention was controlled by a qualified in oncologic exercise specialist. CON group maintained their lifestyle without changes. Leisure-time exercise levels (LTEL), quality of life (QoL), grip strength index (GSI), physical capacity (VO2max) and fatigue, were assessed at baseline and after 3 months in both groups. Women who had been participated in the intervention group were followed up after six months to know if lifestyle levels were maintained. ANCOVA and Pearson Test were used to analyze the continuous variables of baseline and final data and ANOVA test was used to analyze the follow-up data. A 95% of CI was calculated and p &amp;lt; 0.05 was determined as statistically significant. Results 89 women, aged 49.06±8.75, completed the study, 44 in EXE group and 45 in CON group. Adherence rate was on average of 89%. Main results are presented in the Table. Main ResultsMEASUREEXE GroupEXE GroupEXE GroupCON GroupCON Group BLFFUBLFQoL*+107.53±17.99112.88±17.74110.96±14.40104.94±17.65103.11±19.26LTEL*+18.73±20.5345.11±14.6134.56±19.5116.02±8.5215.04±4.75GSI*+2.07±1.082.60±0.832.48±0.582.03±0.722.12±0.69VO2max*+26.99±4.3532.58±4.9632.11±7.1027.73±4.8227.08±3.73Fatigue *+130.09±19.68135.94±18.20138.24±17.49124.83±24.66124.00±24.20BL=baseline; F= Final; FU= Follow-Up. *Significant differences between EXE and CON. + Significant differences between BL and FU. There was a significant improvement in LTEL (p=0.0001) and in QoL (p=0.0001) comparing EXE vs. CON group. In addition, results showed a correlation between this two variables in EXE group (r=0.22; p=0.013). These significant improvements, as well as the mentioned correlation, were maintained in the 6-months follow-up assessment in EXE group. Significant differences between groups were observed in GSI (p=0.004), and in VO2max levels (p=0.001). EXE group showed a significant improvement in fatigue levels compared with CON group (p=0.0001). All these significant improvements were maintained in the 6-months follow-up assessment in EXE group, as well as previous variables. Conclusion. These results suggest that an exercise intervention increases LTEL correlated to a better QoL, improving patients' lifestyle that could be long lasting. These changes may ameliorate psychological and physical BC treatments side effects, such as fatigue, in patients with early breast cancer that has recently finished adjuvant treatments. Citation Format: Casla S, López-Tarruella S, Jerez Y, Marquez-Rodas I, Barakat R, Martín M. An integrative intervention to change breast cancer patients' lifestyle: A medical challenge. A randomize controlled trial. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-10-10.

Executive functions improvement following a 5-month aquaerobics program in older adults: Role of cardiac vagal control in inhibition performance

The aims of this study were to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on measures of executive performance and their relationships with changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiac vagal control (heart rate variability) and psychological variables. Thirty-six sedentary seniors aged 60–75 years were randomly assigned to a swimming and aquaerobics program or a stretching program two times a week for 21 weeks. Executive functions (inhibition, updating of working memory and cognitive flexibility) and cardiorespiratory fitness (estimated VO2max) were assessed at the start, after 10 weeks of program and at the end of the program. Resting HRV and measures of psychological outcomes (depression, self-efficacy, decisional balance) were obtained at the start and at the end of the program. Participants of both groups significantly improved their VO2max level, their psychological state and their performance for the 2-back task. Only the participants in the aquaerobics group significantly improved their vagally-mediated HRV and their performance for the Stroop test and the verbal running-span test at the end of the program. Only improvements in cardiac vagal control and in inhibition were shown to be functionally related. These results are discussed in line with the model of neurovisceral integration.

Effect of Training on Body Composition, Physiological and Biochemical Variables of Field Hockey Players

The aim of study was to investigate the effect of training on selected anthropometric, physiological and biochemical variables of Indian under 23 year field hockey players. A total of 30 male field hockey players (age: 19.00-22.99 years; mean age: 20.9 ± 1.0 yr) volunteered for this study. The training sessions were divided into 2 phases (a) Preparatory Phase (PP, 8 weeks) and (b) Competitive Phase (CP, 4 weeks). The training programme consist of aerobic, anaerobic and skill development, and were completed 4 hrs/day; 5 days/week. Selected variables were measured at zero level (baseline data, BD) and at the end of PP and CP.A significant (P<0.05) reduction in percent body fat, recovery heart rate, hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride; and significant (P<0.05) increase in anaerobic power, back and grip strength, serum urea, serum uric acid, HDLC level were noted among the players after the training. However, no significant difference was observed in stature, body mass and LBM, maximal heart rate (HRmax), VO2max and LDLC level among the players after the training. Since the data on field hockey players are limited in India, the present study may provide useful information to the coaches to develop their training programme.

The Effect of Iron Deficiency without Anemia on Cardiovascular Fitness: A Nhanes Study

▪Introduction:The prevalence of iron deficiency (ID) without anemia is unknown. Iron is a vital constituent of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and some mitochondrial enzymes and its deficiency may result in reduced aerobic capacity. A few clinical studies have shown improvement in exercise performance after replacement of iron in subjects (subs) with ID and no anemia. As maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) is the gold standard laboratory measure of cardiorespiratory fitness, in this study we investigated the prevalence of ID without anemia in general population and the effect of iron deficiency on Vo2 max in non-anemic subjects.MethodsData is obtained from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2003, a nationally representative health survey combined with examination of non-institutionalized healthy subs. The data regarding demographics, age, race and smoking status, complete blood count, ferritin and estimated Vo2 max was obtained from questionnaires, laboratory and examination datasets respectively. The subs with normal hemoglobin were divided in to two groups based on ferritin level: Group A (GpA); ferritin ≤20 ng/mL, Group B (GpB); ferritin >20 ng/mL. Based on Vo2 max level subs were divided into: 'below average' (Vo2 max ≤ 30 ml/kg/min), and 'average' (Vo2 max >30 ml/kg/min). The prevalence of ID without anemia was obtained using chi-square test. The correlation of Vo2 max and ferritin was obtained using linear regression. Odds ratio (OR) of ID with low Vo2 max was obtained using logistic regression after adjusting to age, race, gender and smoking. NHANES is a complex multistage probability sampling, and sampling weights were used in this analysis. P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary NC).Results:Of 8628 subs with normal hemoglobin, 1074 subs had ID with weighted prevalence of 10.7% (95%CI 11.3-10). The prevalence of ID in males and in females was 0.86% (95%CI 1.15-0.57) and 9.8%(10.46-9.14), respectively. In individuals who had Vo2 max examination (n=2592), 408 subs had ID. The median age, hematocrit, platelet count and Vo2 max in GpA were 25, 39.2, 281, and 36.5 vs. GpB 29, 44.5, 262, and 40.8, respectively (table1). There was a weak correlation between Vo2 max and ferritin level with r-square=0.006. After adjusting for covariates, OR of below average Vo2 max in GpA was 0.93 (95%CI 0.64-1.34).Conclusion:Weighted prevalence of iron deficiency in general adult population was 10.7% (95%CI 11.0-14.3). There was no significant difference between functional aerobic capacity indicating cardiovascular fitness between ID and non-ID subjects. Further studies are needed to validate our findingsTable 1Comparision of GpA and GpBVariablesGpA (ferritin ≤ 20) (n=408)GpB ( ferritin > 20) (n=2184)Median age2529Median Hematocit39.244.5Median RDW12.512.2Median Platelets281262Median WBC6.96.9Median Neutrophils4.14.0Vo2 max36.540.8 DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Physiological, physical and on-ice performance criteria for selection of elite ice hockey teams.

The purpose of this study was to examine physiological and physical determinants of ice-hockey performance in order to assess their impact on the result during a selection for ice hockey. A total of 42 ice hockey players took part in the selection camp. At the end of the camp 20 best players were selected by team of expert coaches to the ice hockey team and created group G1, while the second group (G2) consisted of not selected players (non-successful group Evaluation of goodness of fit of the model to the data was based on the Hosmer Lemeshow test. Ice hockey players selected to the team were taller 181.95±4.02 cm, had lower% body fat 13.17±3.17%, a shorter time to peak power 2.47±0.35 s, higher relative peak power 21.34±2.41 W·kg−1 and higher relative total work 305.18±28.41 J·kg−1. The results of the aerobic capacity test showed significant differences only in case of two variables. Ice hockey players in the G1 had higher VO2max 4.07±0.31 l·min−1 values than players in the G2 as well as ice hockey players in G1 showed a higher level of relative VO2max 51.75±2.99 ml·min−1·kg−1 than athletes in G2. Ice hockey players selected to the team (G1) performed better in the 30 m Forwards Sprint 4.28±0.31 s; 6x9 Turns 12.19±0.75 s; 6x9 stops 12.79±0.49 s and Endurance test (6x30 m stops) 32.01±0.80 s than players in G2. The logistic regression model showed that the best predictors of success in the recruitment process of top level ice hockey players were time to peak power, relative peak power, VO2max and 30 m sprint forwards on ice. On the basis of the constructed predictive logistic regression model it will be possible to determine the probability of success of the athletes during following the selection processes to the team.