VME Data Research Articles

The study of thermodynamic properties of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether with 2-alkanols (C3 − C7) with use of PFP and ERAS modeling

Thermodynamic properties like excess volume VmE, excess partial volume V¯m,iE, in isentropic compressibility deviations Δ Ks, and refractive index deviations ΔnD, have been calculated based on experimental density ρ, speed of sound u, and refractive index nD, by an Anton Paar / DSA 5000/ densimeter and Anton Paar Abbemat / 500/ refractometer. The systems of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE) + 2-propanol, or + 2-butanol, or + 2-pentanol, or + 2-hexanol, or + 2-heptanol, were given at T = (298.15–318.15) in 10 K intervals at ambient pressure (81.5 kPa) have been investigated. Data was fitted by Redlich-Kister relation.TheVmE is negative for + 2-propanol and positive sign for other systems observed. The Δ Ks is negative for all systems, except for + 2-heptanol system is positive. The ΔnD is negative for + 2-hexanol or + 2-heptanol systems and is positive for all the rest. The The intermolecular interactions and structure factors were discussed for the binary mixtures. In addition the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory (PFP) and Extended Real Associated Solutions (ERAS) models were used to correlate VmE data of binary mixtures. The fitting data for all systems reasonable consistency with experimental data for all the systems.

Physicochemical properties, theoretical modelling and molecular interaction analysis in ternary liquid mixtures containing 1-propanol, 1,3-diaminopropane and ethyl acetate at temperature 298.15–318.15 K

In the present report, density (ρ), viscosity (η), speed of sound (u) and refractive index (nD) of ternary liquid mixture containing 1-propanol (1P) (1) + 1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP) (2) + ethyl acetate (EAc) (3) were measured at five different temperatures (T = 298.15 to 318.15 K) and at 0.1 MPa pressure. Data of ρ, η, u and nD were used to compute the excess molar volume, VmE, deviation in viscosity, Δη, deviation in ultrasonic speed, Δu, excess isentropic compressibility, ksE, excess free volume, VfE, excess intermolecular free length, LfE, excess available volume, VaE, and deviation in refractive index, ΔnD, and these computed physicochemical properties were fitted to Singh equation. The VmE data were fitted to the Nagata and Cibulka equations. Further, Kohler model, Tsao-Smith model, Radojkovic model, Jacob-Fitzner model and Rastogi model were used to calculate the VmE values. The speed of sound data was analyzed by various correlations such as Van Dael, Nomato, Impedance dependence, Schaaff’s collision factor theory (CFT) and Jacobson’s free length theory (JFLT). Various correlations like Heller, Arago-Biot, Lorentz-Lorenz, Erying, Newton, Gladstone-Dale, and Weiner were used to correlate nD data.

Experimental analysis of volumetric, acoustic, viscometric and optical properties of water with 1-amino-2-propanol, 1,2-diaminopropane and 1,3-diaminopropane at T=298.15 -318.15 K: Molecular Modelling by Graph, PFP and IR spectroscopy investigations

BackgroundLiquid mixtures are used as a solvent in most of the natural systems and chemical processes. Therefore, the physicochemical properties of liquid mixtures at different compositions and at different temperatures have a significant role in the optimization of chemical processes. The present report involves the analysis of the thermophysical properties of water (1) and amines (2). MethodsDensity, ρ, dynamic viscosity, η, refractive index, nD, and speed of sound, u, data were measured for binary mixtures of water (1) and amines (1A2P (1-amino-2-propanol), 1,2-DAP (1,2-diaminopropane) and 1,3-DAP (1,3-diaminopropane) (2) at five different temperatures (T = 298.15 to 318.15 K) and at 0.1 MPa pressure. Based on experimental data, the excess molar volume, VmE, deviation in dynamic viscosity, Δη, excess Gibbs free energy of activation, G*E, deviation in refractive index, ΔnD, excess ultrasonic speed, uE, excess isentropic compressibility, KsE, deviation in free volume, ΔVf, excess available volume, VaE, and excess intermolecular free length, LfE, were calculated and these evaluated properties were fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial (R.K.). The VmE data was analyzed by Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) theory. The dynamic viscosity, η, values were studied by different correlations. The VmE and Δη data were also analyzed by Graph theoretical approach (GTA). Raman and FT-IR spectroscopic studies give important information about the intermolecular interactions present between unlike molecules water (1) and amines (2) which is also recognized by GTA. Significant findingsThe value of VmE and KsE values were found negative over the whole composition range, and it follow the sequence as: 1,2-DAP > 1,3-DAP > 1A2P with water at equimolar composition. GTA and PFP well supported the VmE data. GTA studies help in investigating the specific intermolecular interactions between unlike components. Further, Graph theory studies predicted OH—–NH interaction is dominant interaction among all interactions which were also supported by Raman and FTIR spectroscopic studies.

Densities and Sound Speeds of Ternary Mixtures Methyl tert-Butyl Ether + Toluene + n-Hexane (or Cyclohexane) and Their Binary Subsystems at a Temperature of 298.15 K and under Ambient Pressure

Densities ρ and sound speeds c of the ternary systems methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) + toluene + n-hexane, MTBE + toluene + cyclohexane, and related binary subsystems MTBE + toluene, MTBE + n-hexane, toluene + n-hexane, MTBE + cyclohexane, and toluene + cyclohexane are measured over the whole composition range at 298.15 K and under ambient pressure. The excess molar volumes, VmE, and isentropic compressibility deviations, ΔκS, were derived from experimental ρ and c data. The experimental results are discussed in terms of the possible interactions between molecules in the mixture and structural effects. The VmE and ΔκS data for the binary and ternary systems were correlated with the Redlich–Kister and Cibulka equations, respectively. Further, the ternary VmE and ΔκS data are compared with the predicted values using the binary contribution models of Radojković, Kohler, Rastogi, Tsao-Smith, Toop, and Scatchard. The root-mean-squared deviation between experimental and predicted values is used as a tool to measure the predicting capabilities of the tested models.

Volumetric and Acoustic Properties of Binary and Ternary Mixtures of Butanol Isomers with Gasoline Surrogate Compounds

Substituting butanol, a renewable fuel for internal combustion engine, as the gasoline blend against the conventionally used ethanol requires the knowledge of their thermophysical properties as these properties decide the fuel injection system, flame propagation, and combustion process in a compression ignition engine. Butanols offer higher energy density and lower tendency to absorb moisture. To offer proof of concept of the influence of temperature and composition of various organic solvents in the isomers of butanol, herein, we had experimentally measured the values of densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) of butanol isomers with o-xylene, toluene, and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane at different temperatures (T = 298.15 and 308.15 K) and at 101.3 kPa pressure and over the entire composition range. Measured data have been used to calculate the thermodynamic properties, namely, excess molar volumes VmE and excess molar isentropic compressibilities Ks, mE. The behavior and influence of the temperature and proportion of butanol isomers on measured and calculated properties were studied. Experimental VmE data have been fitted to the Redlich–Kister polynomial equation, and standard errors in prediction were determined. Densities of the binary system are predicted by the PC-SAFT equation of state. We further have used the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory to predict VmE of the studied systems. Results of predicted and experimentally determined VmE over the entire range of proportion of butanols are compared. Influence of isentropic compressibility on the resulting fuel’s combustion characteristics has been cursorily discussed.

Excess Molar Properties for Binary Systems of CnMIM-BF4 Ionic Liquids with Alkylamines in the Temperature Range (298.15 to 318.15) K. Experimental Results and Theoretical Model Calculations

The experimental densities ρ and speeds of sound u for pure 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C6mim][BF4]), 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C8mim][BF4]), butylamine (BA), and octylamine (OA) from (293.15 to 323.15) K and binary mixtures of the ionic liquids (ILs) with amines at (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K have been reported. The isentropic compressibilities, κS, Rao’s molar sound functions, R, intermolecular free lengths, Lf, excess molar volumes, VmE, and excess isentropic compressibilities, κSE for binary mixtures were derived. The VmE and κSE of the binary mixtures are negative and decrease with increasing temperature, with the exception of VmE being positive for [C6mim][BF4] and [C8mim][BF4] + OA in the high IL mole fraction region. The Prigogine–Flory–Patterson (PFP) theory has been applied to interpret the u and VmE data.

Thermodynamics of Mixtures Containing Amines. XII. Volumetric and Speed of Sound Data at (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K for N-Methylaniline + Hydrocarbon Systems

A vibrating tube densimeter and sound analyzer Anton Paar model DSA-5000 has been used for the measurement of densities, ρ, and speeds of sound, c, of N-methylphenylamine (N-methylaniline) + heptane, or + cyclohexane, or + toluene mixtures at (293.15 to 303.15) K and atmospheric pressure. From these data, we have obtained excess molar volumes, VmE, at the three temperatures and excess functions for c and the isentropic compressibility, KS at 298.15 K. VmE results reveal the existence of structural effects in alkane solutions and of interactions between unlike molecules in systems with toluene. N-Methylaniline + hydrocarbon mixtures have been characterized in terms of the ERAS model. The theory provides a good representation of excess molar enthalpies, HmE, and describes correctly the relative variation of VmE. ERAS calculations show the importance of the physical interactions in the studied systems, which is consistent with the experimental HmE and VmE data.

Application of ERAS-model and Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory to excess molar volumes for ternary mixtures of (2-chlorobutane + butylacetate + isobutanol) at T = 298.15 K

Densities of the ternary mixture consisting of {2-chlorobutane (1)+butylacetate (2)+isobutanol (3)} and related binary mixtures were measured over the whole range of composition at T=298.15K and ambient pressure. Excess molar volumes VmE for the mixtures were derived and correlated as a function of mole fraction by using the Redlich–Kister and the Cibulka equations for binary and ternary mixtures, respectively. From the experimental data, partial molar volumes, V¯m,i excess partial molar volumes, V¯iE partial molar volumes at infinite dilution V¯m,i0 and apparent molar volumes V¯φ,i were also calculated. For all binary mixtures over the entire range of mole fractions VmE data are positive. The experimental results of the constituted binary mixtures have been used to test the applicability of the extended real associated solution (ERAS-model) and Prigogine–Flory–Paterson (PFP) theory.

Thermodynamic and Acoustic Properties of Binary Mixtures of Ethers. 2. Diisopropyl Ether with Arylamines at (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and Application of ERAS Model to Aniline Mixtures with Diisopropyl Ether and Oxolane

Densities, ρ, and speeds of sound, u, of binary mixtures formed by aniline or N-methylaniline or N-ethylaniline with diisopropyl ether (DIPE) have been measured over the entire range of composition at a temperature of (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and atmospheric pressure. The ρ and u values were used to calculate isentropic compressibilities, κS, excess molar volumes, VmE, and excess isentropic compressibilities κSE. The results have been used to investigate molecular interactions and structural effects in these mixtures. The speed of sound u in present mixtures has been estimated using several theoretical models to determine their relative predicting ability in terms of pure component properties. The ERAS model is applied to study VmE for DIPE−aniline and oxolane−aniline mixtures at (303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K. The ERAS model represents qualitatively very large negative VmE data.

Density, Speed of Sound, and Viscosity of Binary Mixtures of Poly(propylene glycol) 400 + Ethanol and + 2-Propanol at Different Temperatures

The density and speed of sound of the solutions of poly(propylene glycol) 400, in ethanol and 2-propanol at T = (288.15 to 328.15) K, and dynamic viscosity of these solutions at T = (298.15 to 328.15) K have been measured experimentally over the entire range of compositions and atmospheric pressure. From these experimental data, the excess molar volume, VmE, excess molar isentropic compression, κEs,m, and deviation of logarithm of viscosity, Δ ln η, have been determined for each composition. VmE, κEs,m, and viscosity data have been adequately fitted to the Redlich−Kister and NRTL models.

Phase Equilibria and Volumetric Properties of (1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate + Alcohol or Water) Binary Systems

Solid–liquid and liquid–liquid phase equilibria in binary mixtures that contain a room-temperature ionic liquid and an alcohol, or water—namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, [EMIM][EtSO4] with an alcohol (1-octanol, or 1-decanol, or 1-undecanol, or 1-dodecanol) and water have been measured at normal pressure by a dynamic method from 250 to 350 K. By increasing the alkyl chain length of an alcohol, the upper critical solution temperature, UCST, increased (changing from 1-undecanol to 1-dodecanol). Complete miscibility was observed for the systems ([EMIM][EtSO4]+methanol, or ethanol, or 1-propanol, or 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol, or 1-heptanol, or 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol, -or 1-decanol and water) at the temperature 298.15 K. Densities and excess molar volumes, VmE, have been determined for [EMIM][EtSO4] with either 1-propanol, or 1-butanol, or 1-pentanol, or 1-hexanol, or 1-heptanol, or 1-octanol, or 1-nonanol, or 1-decanol at 298.15 K and ambient pressure. These systems exhibit negative or positive molar excess volumes. Our experimental VmE data were used for the description of HmE for the chosen systems of [EMIM][EtSO4] with the alcohols under study. The simple Prigogine-Flory-Paterson (PFP) model has given slightly worse results than the Flory-Benson-Treszczanowicz (FBT) model. Negative excess molar volumes observed for 1-propanol and 1-butanol are attributed to hydrogen bonding between the short chain alcohols and ionic liquid, and high packing effects. The FBT model overestimates the self-association of the alcohols in the solutions under study and shifts the calculated curves to higher mole fraction of the alcohol. For each system and for chosen number of the Redlich-Kister parameters, Ar, the partial molar volumes, V1E and V2E, are presented.

(p, Vm, T) measurements of (octane + benzene) at temperatures from (298.15 to 328.15) K and at pressures up to 40 MPa

The densities of (octane+benzene) were measured at elevated pressures (0.1 to 40)MPa at four temperatures over the range (298.15 to 328.15)K with a high-pressure apparatus. The high-pressure density data were fitted to the Tait equation and the isothermal compressibilities were calculated with a novel computation procedure with the aid of this equation. The low- and high-pressure values of excess molar volume VmE calculated from the density data show that the deviations from ideal behaviour in the system are practically independent of temperature and decreases slightly as the pressure is raised. The VmE data were fitted to the fourth-order Redlich–Kister equation, with the maximum likelihood principle being applied for the determination of the adjustable parameters.

Signal integrity and timing issues of VME64x double edge cycles

The double-edge source synchronous block transfer (2eSST) is the latest performance update to the VME64 protocol, approved as an ANSI standard in 2003. This extension has taken the VME's data transfer rate from the original 40 MByte/s to 320 MByte/s. The architectural turning at the base of such an impressive step forward is two-fold. Different from all the previous cycles, data transfers are driven synchronously by the producer, without handshaking, and data is latched on both the rising and falling edges of the strobe signal. The double edge clocking effectively doubles the bandwidth and it is normally present on PC motherboards equipped with double data rate RAM chips and high-performance graphic adapters. In these applications, a careful approach to signal integrity has shown to be critical in order to avoid timing violations. In parallel, multidrop bus architecture with long lines and up to 21 slots, these concerns become imperative for successful operations. In this paper we present the tests performed on 2eSST. The Motorola MVME6100 and a custom designed board have been used to characterize the timing with different bus loading conditions and to evaluate the impact of different layout choices. Driving capability and crosstalk immunity of enhanced transceivers specifically developed for 2eSST and traditional components are eventually compared

Excess Molar Volumes and Excess Logarithm Viscosities for Binary Mixtures of the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexaflurophosphate with Some Organic Compounds

Experimental data of densities and viscosities are presented for the mixtures of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexaflurophosphate, [C4mim][PF6], with acetone, 2-butanone, 3-pentanone, cyclopentanone and ethyl acetate at 298.15 K. Based on these data, excess molar volumes, VmE, and excess logarithm viscosities, (lnη)E, have been determined for the binaries. It is shown that all values of VmE are negative but those of (lnη)E are positive. Interestingly, a minimum in VmE and a maximum in (lnη)E are observed at about the same mole fraction of the ionic liquid (x = 0.3) for every mixture investigated. Combined with the VmE data reported in literature, the effects of the [PF6]− and [BF4]− anions are compared. The results have been discussed in terms of the ion–dipole interactions of the cations of the ionic liquids with the organic compounds as well as their influence on the association of [C4mim]+ and [PF6]− in the ionic liquid.

A Low Background Micromegas Detector for Axion Searches

A micropattern low-background detector based on the Micromegas technology has been designed and constructed for the CERN Axion Search experiment CAST. The detector is made of low natural radioactivity materials and has a two-dimensional readout with X–Y strip structure. It is operated with an Argon/Isobutane (95%/5%) mixture and is controlled by a VME data acquisition system. The detector is sensitive to photons in the energy range of 1–10 keV, it has a linear response, excellent stability and a very good energy resolution (14% FWHM at 5.9 keV). This device has been in stable operation since October 2002, taking data during the running periods of the CAST experiment. At the end of summer 2003, the detector was upgraded with a flash ADC readout of the grid signal to further improve its background rejection capability. The currently achieved background rate under normal operation is about 2.0 � 10 � 5 events/keV/cm 2 /s with better than 85% software efficiency.

A large memory VME data acquisition system for the jet heterodyne radiometer upgrade

A large memory VME data acquisition system was developed for the JET heterodyne radiometer upgrade, which is capable of acquiring/storing 576 MB of data per JET pulse. The implementation of the system integration software, which includes a CGI-based control interface and the data acquisition software is described as well as the development and architecture of the transient recorders. The system maximum data throughput is 288 MB/s when all the 48 channels acquire at the maximum rate of 3 MSPS. The system hardware is composed by the following components: (i) A VME controller module, with a Pentium III processor running Linux, 128 MB of RAM, 100 Mbits/s Ethernet channel and a 40 GB disk; (ii) Six on-site-developed transient recorder modules, each having 8 input channels, 12 bit resolution, 6 MSample/channel of memory and sampling rate up to 3 MSPS. Optimal VME device drivers were developed to minimize the data transfer time to the local disk. The acquired data on disk is remotely available through a HTTP server. The system has been reliably in operation since January 2003.

A large memory, high transfer rate VME data acquisition system for the JET correlation reflectometer

The current paper presents a large memory giving special emphasis to the architecture and suitability of the Linux OS for this type of applications. The system will be used on the joint european torus new correlation reflectometers composed by four microwave channels with four analogue signals each. All sixteen signals will be acquired by 12-bit VME fast acquisition channels at 2 Msamples/s achieving a total data rate of 60MB/s. Slower VME acquisition channels, with 16-bit resolution and sampling rates up to 250 ksamples/s, can also acquire these 16 signals. Two dedicated digital signal processors run an algorithm over this acquired data to avoid the use of the old KG8B root mean square analogue circuits as well as to control and to generate all the timing and acquisition clocks needed by the system.

Mass data acquisition systems in JT-60 data processing system

In the data processing system for the JT-60 tokamak, a unique mass data acquisition system with fast sampling, a transient mass data storage system (TMDS), has been used since 1988. It is composed of a minicomputer and 61 channels of 4/6 MB memory modules with a sampling rate up to 200 kHz and about 300 MB of data are transferred to a main computer by using a special LAN developed by Fujitsu Ltd. TMDS can handle a large amount of data, but cannot be enlarged in its capability, such as CPU power or the number of channels. To solve the problems of TMDS, a new fast VME data acquisition system (FDS), has been developed. It can acquire 6 MB of data per channel with a sampling rate of 200 kHz or 1 MHz and consists of a workstation with VMEbus memory modules. Up to now there are three FDSs with 24 channels. The minicomputer of TMDS has been replaced with a new system based on the technology of FDS. To cope with mass data transfer to a data server, they are connected with a gigabit ethernet switch.

Multielement instrumental activation analysis based on gamma–gamma coincidence spectroscopy

The methodology of the coincidence instrumental activation analysis (CIAA) based on the three-parameter gamma–gamma coincidence spectrometer with two high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors is presented. The flexible coincidence system was built on NIM spectrometric modules connected to VME or CAMAC data acquisition system, respectively. First results of the application of CIAA for the determination of scandium, cobalt, cesium or iridium contents by means of neutron irradiation are presented.

Coincidence gamma–gamma spectroscopy system for instrumental neutron activation analysis

A flexible facility for γ– γ coincidence spectroscopy with two HPGe detectors based on NIM spectrometric modules in connection with VME or CAMAC data acquisition systems is described. First results of its application for Coincidence Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (CINAA) are presented.