Vitis Riparia Research Articles

Small, but mitey: investigating the molecular genetic basis formite domatia development and intraspecific variation in Vitisriparia using transcriptomics.

Here, we investigated the molecular genetic basis of mite domatia, structures on the underside of leaves that house mutualistic mites, and intraspecific variation in domatia size in Vitis riparia (riverbank grape). Domatia and leaf traits were measured, and the transcriptomes of mite domatia from two genotypes of V. riparia with distinct domatia sizes were sequenced to investigate the molecular genetic pathways that regulate domatia development and intraspecific variation in domatia traits. Key trichome regulators as well as auxin and jasmonic acid are involved in domatia development. Genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, biotic interactions, and molecule transport/metabolism are upregulated in domatia, consistent with their role in domatia development and function. This work is one of the first to date that provides insight into the molecular genetic bases of mite domatia. We identified key genetic pathways involved in domatia development and function, and uncovered unexpected pathways that provide an avenue for future investigation. We also found that intraspecific variation in domatia size in V. riparia seems to be driven by differences in overall leaf development between genotypes.

Relationships between freezing resistance and biochemicals in grapevine buds and canes: Different soluble carbohydrates accumulate in several cultivars during cold acclimation

Owing to recent warming trends during the growing season, wine grapevine (Vitis vinifera) production has increased in subarctic areas such as Hokkaido. However, high freezing resistance remains essential for grapevines due to the severe winter temperatures in these regions. Here, we investigated the seasonal variation in freezing resistance, as well as the water, soluble carbohydrate, proline, and total phenolic content (TPC) in the buds and canes of two V. vinifera cultivars and a Vitis riparia hybrid, Maeve. We found that freezing resistance in the buds and canes increased from fall to winter, with Maeve exhibiting higher freezing resistance than the V. vinifera cultivars during both seasons. Maeve experienced a faster rate of deacclimation, leading to comparable spring freezing resistance among all cultivars. The water content in the buds and canes of all three cultivars decreased during the fall, with Maeve showing an earlier reduction compared to the others. Most soluble carbohydrates increased in winter and decreased in spring. Notably, Maeve, which had higher winter freezing resistance, accumulated more sucrose in its buds and a higher concentration of soluble carbohydrates, particularly monosaccharides, in its canes compared to the other two cultivars. Proline and TPC levels were not linked to freezing resistance. Grapevine buds and canes appeared to accumulate soluble carbohydrates, especially monosaccharides, during winter, while reducing water content in fall to enhance freezing resistance. This study suggests that grapevine cultivars in Hokkaido may utilize different types of soluble carbohydrates to improve the freezing resistance of their buds and canes.

Application of revitalize liquid biocomplex to increase adaptability of grapes at planting in open ground conditions

At present, the range of modern grape varieties suitable for cultivation in the conditions of the Non-Black Earth zone of the Russian Federation is represented by hybrids of different species origin derived from Vitis berlandieri Planch., Vitis Amurensis Rupr., Vitis riparia Michx., Vitis Labrusca L., which are characterized by low ability to vegetative propagation. Therefore, the development of techniques to improve the technology of accelerated propagation of these varieties, including the technology of clonal micropropagation is currently urgent. However, most studies in the field of in vitro propagation of grapes are devoted to laboratory experiments, but there is little information on the influence of the propagation method on the development indicators and vegetative productivity of grape mother plantations in protected and open ground conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop methods of application of Revitalize liquid to increase the adaptability and stress resistance of ex vitro grape plants during summer transplanting into the open ground to create mother plantations. The research objectives are to reveal the effectiveness of feeding (root, foliar, combined) with Revitalize liquid during summer transplanting ex vitro grape plants of grape varieties Kishmish № 342, Moscow White and Kober 5BB rootstock into the open ground. The obtained results indicate that double combined treatments (root 500 ml: 500 ml H2O + foliar 25 ml:1000 ml H2O) are effective for pre-growing of ex vitro mother plants of Kishmish № 342 and Kober 5BB rootstock in open ground conditions, and double root feeding (at a concentration of 25 ml:1000 ml H2O) with Revitalize liquid is promising for Moscow White variety.

The core stomatal proteins SPCH, MUTE and FAMA associate with both types of ICE proteins, VrICE1 and VrICE4, in Vitis riparia

The core stomatal proteins SPCH, MUTE and FAMA associate with both types of ICE proteins, VrICE1 and VrICE4, in Vitis riparia

Do red and yellow autumn leaves make use of different photoprotective strategies during autumn senescence?

Our goal was to determine whether anthocyanin-producing species (red) use different photoprotective strategies to cope with excess light during fall senescence compared with non-anthocyanin-producing species (yellow). In a previous study, we found that a yellow species retained the photoprotective PsbS protein in late autumn, while a red species did not. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that red species make less use of zeaxanthin and PsbS-mediated thermal dissipation, as they rely on anthocyanins for photoprotection. We monitored four red (Acer ginnala, Rhus typhnia, Parenthocissus quinquefolia, Viburnum dentatum) and four yellow species (Acer negundo, Ostrya virginiana, Vitis riparia, Zanthoxylum americanum) throughout autumn senescence and analyzed pigments, protein content, and chlorophyll fluorescence. We found yellow species retained the PsbS protein at higher levels, and had higher dark retention of zeaxanthin in late autumn relative to red species. All species retained lutein and the pool of xanthophyll cycle pigments in higher amounts than other carotenoids in late autumn. Our data support the hypothesis that red species use anthocyanins as a photoprotective strategy during autumn senescence, and therefore make less use of PsbS and zeaxanthin-mediated thermal dissipation. We also found species-specific variation in the particular combination of photoprotective strategies used.

Grafting Genotype Combination Effect of Vitis ssp. on Roots Phylloxeration Degree and Vigor of Grapevine

The present study investigated whether different grafting combinations (hypobiont-epibiont) of Vitis spp. influence root infection with phylloxera and thus vine biomass on potted 2-year-old plants. The study was conducted simultaneously at two locations in Slovenia (VEM) and Hungary (GF). The dormant canes of ‘Johanniter’ (JOH), ‘Riesling’ (RR) and Vitis berlandieri × Vitis riparia ‘Teleki 5C’ (5C) were hetero-grafted (each with each) and autografted (each with itself), so that nine plant combinations were used for the trial. The roots of the experimental plants at different ages (1–2 years) were infested with two phylloxera populations originating from two locations (VEM, GF). Plant growth was quantified 120 days after inoculation by measuring root and shoot biomass, while the extent of phylloxera infestation was assessed by the number of feeding sites (nodosities, tuberosities) and the number of larval stages of phylloxera. In most cases, the genotype of the hypobiont influenced the degree of phylloxera infestation on all roots of the two-year-old root system. At both locations, the highest number of nodosities and the highest increase in phylloxera population was observed on the autografted Teleki 5C (5C/5C). The phylloxera biotype derived from Vitis vinifera roots (GF) induced tuberosities, especially on roots of combinations where JOH and RR were used as hypobionts. No correlation was found between biomass and phylloxera infestation. The hypobiont genotype had no effect on cane biomass at the end of the growth cycle at either experimental site.

De novo assembling a high-quality genome sequence of Amur grape (Vitis amurensis Rupr.) gives insight into Vitis divergence and sex determination.

To date, there has been no high-quality sequence for genomes of the East Asian grape species, hindering biological and breeding efforts to improve grape cultivars. This study presents ~522Mb of the Vitis amurensis (Va) genome sequence containing 27 635 coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Vitis riparia (Vr) may have first split from the other two species, Va and Vitis vinifera (Vv). Divergent numbers of duplicated genes reserved among grapes suggests that the core eudicot-common hexaploidy (ECH) and the subsequent genome instability still play a non-negligible role in species divergence and biological innovation. Prominent accumulation of sequence variants might have improved cold resistance in Va, resulting in a more robust network of regulatory cold resistance genes, explaining why it is extremely cold-tolerant compared with Vv and Vr. In contrast, Va has preserved many fewer nucleotide binding site (NBS) disease resistance genes than the other grapes. Notably, multi-omics analysis identified one trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase gene positively correlated to the resveratrol accumulated during Va berry development. A selective sweep analysis revealed a hypothetical Va sex-determination region (SDR). Besides, a PPR-containing protein-coding gene in the hypothetical SDR may be related to sex determination in Va. The content and arrangement order of genes in the putative SDR of female Va were similar to those of female Vv. However, the putative SDR of female Va has lost one flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) gene and contains one extra protein-coding gene uncharacterized so far. These findings will improve the understanding of Vitis biology and contribute to the improvement of grape breeding.

New floristic records in Kyiv City and its environs

The results of floristic research in the territory of Kyiv City and its environs (in the adjacent territories of Kyiv Region) are presented. According to the results, five new taxa for the flora of Ukraine are reported: Cardamine occulta, Equisetum × moorei, Lolium × holmbergii, Limonium sinuatum, Lonicera maackii. Chrozophora tinctoria is a new species for the flora of the mainland part of Ukraine. Also, 16 new taxa were identified for the regional floras of the Ukrainian Polissya, Forest-Steppe, and Middle Dnipro regions. In addition, new locations of 69 rare aboriginal and expansive alien taxa are reported. In total, among the studied taxa 38 are native and 53 are alien. Among the studied alien plants, several are potentially invasive ones, and some of them have already demonstrated their invasive nature, in particular: Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis, Erigeron strigosus, Phragmites altissimus, and Vitis riparia. The results of our study confirm that the flora of Kyiv City and its environs is one of the richest floras in the plain part of Ukraine, and currently it is rapidly changing.

Overexpression of a 'Beta' MYB Factor Gene, VhMYB15, Increases Salinity and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana.

'Beta' is a hybrid of Vitis riparia L. and V. labrusca and has a strong ability to adapt to adverse growth environments and is mainly cultivated and used as a resistant rootstock. At present, the most extensively studied MYB TFs are R2R3-type, which have been found to be involved in plant growth, development, and stress response processes. In the present research, VhMYB15, a key transcription factor for abiotic stress tolerance, was screened by bioinformatics in 'Beta' rootstock, and its function under salinity and drought stresses was investigated. VhMYB15 was highly expressed in roots and mature leave under salinity and drought stresses. Observing the phenotype and calculating the survival rate of plants, it was found that VhMYB15-overexpressing plants exhibited relatively less yellowing and wilting of leaves and a higher survival rate under salinity and drought stresses. Consistent with the above results, through the determination of stress-related physiological indicators and the expression analysis of stress-related genes (AtSOS2, AtSOS3, AtSOS1, AtNHX1, AtSnRK2.6, AtNCED3, AtP5CS1, and AtCAT1), it was found that transgenic Arabidopsis showed better stress tolerance and stronger adaptability under salinity and drought stresses. Based on the above data, it was preliminarily indicated that VhMYB15 may be a key factor in salinity and drought regulation networks, enhancing the adaptability of 'Beta' to adverse environments.

Drought response and recovery mechanisms of grapevine rootstocks grafted to a common Vitis vinifera scion

As grapevine production is converting into irrigated systems worldwide, understanding rootstock-scion interactions at different stages of moderate drought can help to better manage water resources and the choice of rootstock. This study compared the physio-morphological drought response and recovery of a drought-sensitive (Riparia Gloire (Vitis riparia)) and a drought-tolerant rootstock (Ramsey (Vitis champinii)) grafted with Cabernet Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera), and the self-grafted control in a pot study. Ramsey had lower root-to-shoot ratio but higher performance of the root system under drought, explained by the lower root tissue density and tip suberization and higher VviPIP2;1 aquaporin expression, and faster recovery of root hydraulic conductivity and stomatal conductance after re-watering than Riparia. Riparia maintained better water status under moderate drought by early root suberization, but it was less able to restore water uptake capacity and support scion growth and leaf gas exchange after re-watering. This study shows a suite of rootstock traits that improve scion growth in response to moderate drought. Thus, these results identify traits for breeding programs and the selection of rootstocks for sustainable management of water resources under irrigated production.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МАТОЧНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ ВИНОГРАДА НА ИХ СПОСОБНОСТЬ К ВЕГЕТАТИВНОМУ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЮ

For many years, grapes were considered to be an unpromising crop in the conditions of the Central Non-Black Earth Zone but their wider spread has been encouraged by the appear- ance of new varieties whose berries ripen in a relatively short time. The assortment of modern grape varieties for amateur cultivation in the non-Black Earth Zone consists mainly of interspecific hybrids based on Vitis amurensis Rupr., Vitis riparia Michx., Vitis labrusca L., Vitis berlandieri Planch., which causes problems with their vegetative propagation. The article is devoted to the study of the effect of the method of obtaining planting material from vine mother plants on the increase of the regenerative capacity of the singletree cuttings obtained from them. During the threeyear research on the grape varieties Kishmish No. 342 and Moskovskiy Beliy, experiments were carried out on the additional growth of mother plants propagated by green and singletree cuttings and by the method of clonal micropropagation. As a result of the research, the advantage of using the technology of clonal micropropagation in the production of seedlings for the establishment of vine mother plantations was revealed. At the same time, the variety Kishmish No. 342 showed reliable differences from the control in terms of development indicators from the 2nd year of cultivation, and the variety Moskovskiy Beliy – from the 3rd year. Both varieties received 1.8–2.1 times more standard seedlings from mother plants propagated in vitro for three years on the basis of high rooting ability of singletree cuttings and the proportion of seedlings according to GOST 31783–2012.

Underutilized Canadian wild berries as potential sources of lipophilic bioactive compounds with antihypertensive properties.

Traditional berries are small fruits and are widely distributed in the Canadian prairies. The current study investigates the lipophilic bioactive compounds such as fatty acids, phytosterols, and terpenes, and their bioactivities, such as lipid peroxidation, as well as the antihypertensive activities of fourteen underutilized Canadian wild berries. These berries include Saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia), gooseberries (Ribes hirtellum), wild grapes (Vitis riparia), blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), redcurrants (Ribes rubrum), haskap berries (Lonicera caerulea), wild raspberries (Rubus idaeus), wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium), chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa), buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), highbush cranberries (Viburnum trilobum), chokecherries (Prunus virginiana), nannyberries (Viburnum lentago) and snowberries (Symphoricarpos albus). The fatty acids, phytosterols, and terpenes were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Lipid peroxidation and the antihypertensive activity assessed by measuring the berries' angiotensin converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) inhibitory activity were determined using in vitro methods. Notably, wild grapes exhibited the highest (p < 0.05) total fat content (7659 ± 312 μg per g DW), followed by haskap berries (4650 ± 184 μg per g DW). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were highest (p < 0.05) in wild grapes (74%). Predominant phytosterols and terpenes identified in Canadian wild berries included β-sitosterol, isofucosterol, phytol, and α-amyrin. Saskatoon berries and gooseberries showed a distinct phytosterol and terpene profile compared to the other wild berries. Snowberries demonstrated the highest (p < 0.05) lipid peroxidation and the lowest (p < 0.05) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE1) activity. This research provides valuable insights into the lipophilic bioactive compounds and their potential activities in vitro of the Canadian wild berries, offering a foundation for further exploration and potential applications in the context of nutraceuticals and functional foods.

Bacterial and Fungal Endophytes of Grapevine Cultivars Growing in Primorsky Krai of Russia

In this study, the biodiversity of endophytic bacteria of cultivated grape varieties from the vineyards of Primorsky Krai, Russia, was analyzed for the first time. Far Eastern grape varieties with a high level of stress resistance are a unique object of research as they are cultivated in cold and humid climates with a short summer season. Grapevine endophytic microorganisms are known as promising agents for the biological control of grapevine diseases and agricultural pests. Using genomic approaches, we analyzed the biodiversity of the endophytic bacteria and fungi in the most common grape varieties of Primorsky Krai, Russia: Vitis vinifera × Vitis amurensis cv. Adele (hybrid No. 82-41 F3), Vitis riparia × V. vinifera cv. Mukuzani (pedigree unknown), two cultivars Vitis labrusca × V. riparia cv. Alfa, and Vitis Elmer Swenson 2-7-13 cv. Prairie Star for the first time. The main representatives of the endophytic microorganisms included 16 classes of bacteria and 21 classes of fungi. The endophytic bacterial community was dominated by Gammaproteobacteria (31–59%), followed by Alphaproteobacteria (9–34%) and, to a lesser extent, by the classes Bacteroidia (9–22%) and Actinobacteria (6–19%). The dominant fungal class was Dothideomycetes (43–77%) in all samples analyzed, with the exception of the grapevine cv. Mukuzani from Makarevich, where Malasseziomycetes was the dominant fungal class. In the samples cv. Alfa and cv. Praire Star, the dominant classes were Tremellomycetes and Microbotriomycetes. A comparative analysis of the endophytic communities of the cultivated grape varieties and the wild grape V. amurensis Rupr. was also carried out. We found that 18–20% of the variance between the endophytic communities accounted for the differences between the cultivated and wild grapevines, while the factors “plant location” and “individual plants” accounted for 50–56% and 3–10% of the variance, respectively. The results of this study can be used to develop new means of biocontrol in vineyards to protect plants from abiotic stresses and pathogens.

Development and survivorship of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) on cultivated and native Vitis spp. (Vitales: Vitaceae) of the Eastern United States.

As Lycorma delicatula (White) continues to spread across the United States, more winegrapes are potentially susceptible to damage from this pest. Lycorma delicatula, spotted lanternfly, is primarily associated with Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle, a tree from its native range that is now globally distributed. While L. delicatula is a known pest of cultivated Vitis spp. in South Korea, its relationship with the specific grape species grown in the United States is unclear. This study assessed L. delicatula survivorship and development on 5 Vitis species, including 2 winegrape V. vinifera L. varieties, 'Pinot Noir' and 'Chardonnay', Concord grape, Vitis labrusca L., River grape, Vitis riparia Michx., and muscadine grape, Vitis rotundifolia Michx. var. 'Carlos'. A diet of A. altissima served as a positive control. Lycorma delicatula provided with a diet of V. riparia or V. vinifera 'Pinot Noir' yielded the highest survivorship and fastest rates of development among grape diets and were statistically equivalent to those provided with A. altissima. Vitis rotundifolia did not support L. delicatula growth past the third-instar life stage, indicating this species is a poor host for the early development of this pest. Our results indicate that both V. riparia and V. vinifera are favorable hosts for L. delicatula and may provide the means for this insect to invade and establish in new regions.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Genes Encoding Q-Type C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins in Grapevine.

Q-type C2H2 zinc finger proteins (ZFPs), the largest family of transcription factors, have been extensively studied in plant genomes. However, the genes encoding this transcription factor family have not been explored in grapevine genomes. Therefore, in this study, we conducted a genome-wide identification of ZFP genes in three species of grapevine, namely Vitis vinifera, Vitis riparia, and Vitis amurensis, based on the sequence databases and phylogenetic and their conserved domains. We identified 52, 54, and 55 members of Q-type C2H2 ZFPs in V. vinifera, V. riparia, and V. amurensis, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of VvZFPs, VrZFPs, and VaZFPs were examined. The results showed that these proteins exhibited differences in the physical and chemical properties and that they all were hydrophobic proteins; the instability index showed that the four proteins were stable. The subcellular location of the ZFPs in the grapevine was predicted mainly in the nucleus. The phylogenetic tree analysis of the amino acid sequences of VvZFP, VaZFP, VrZFP, and AtZFP proteins showed that they were closely related and were divided into six subgroups. Chromosome mapping analysis showed that VvZFPs, VrZFPs, and VaZFPs were unevenly distributed on different chromosomes. The clustered gene analysis showed that the motif distribution was similar and the sequence of genes was highly conserved. Exon and intron structure analysis showed that 118 genes of ZFPs were intron deletion types, and the remaining genes had variable numbers of introns, ranging from 2 to 15. Cis-element analysis showed that the promoter of VvZFPs contained multiple cis-elements related to plant hormone response, stress resistance, and growth, among which the stress resistance elements were the predominant elements. Finally, the expression of VvZFP genes was determined using real-time quantitative PCR, which confirmed that the identified genes were involved in response to methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and low-temperature (4 °C) stress. VvZFP10-GFP and VvZFP46-GFP fusion proteins were localized in the nucleus of tobacco cells, and VvZFP10 is the most responsive gene among all VvZFPs with the highest relative expression level to MeJA, ABA, SA and low-temperature (4 °C) stress. The present study provides a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of response to exogenous hormones and low-temperature tolerance in grapes and its molecular breeding in the future.

Starch depletion in the xylem and phloem ray parenchyma of grapevine stems under drought.

While nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) storage can support long-lived woody plants during abiotic stress, the timing and extent of their use are less understood, as are the thresholds for cell mortality as NSCs and water supplies are consumed. Here, we combine physiological and imaging tools to study the response of Vitis riparia to a 6-week experimental drought. We focused on the spatial and temporal dynamics of starch consumption and cell viability in the xylem and phloem of the stem. Starch dynamics were further corroborated with enzymatic starch digestion and X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging. Starch depletion in the stems of droughted plants was detected after 2 weeks and continued over time. We observed distinct differences in starch content and cell viability in the xylem and phloem. By the end of the drought, nearly all the starch was consumed in the phloem ray parenchyma (98 % decrease), and there were almost no metabolically active cells in the phloem. In contrast, less starch was consumed in the xylem ray parenchyma (30 % decrease), and metabolically active cells remained in the ray and vessel-associated parenchyma in the xylem. Our data suggest that the higher proportion of living cells in the phloem and cambium, combined with smaller potential NSC storage area, rapidly depleted starch, which led to cell death. In contrast, the larger cross-sectional area of the xylem ray parenchyma with higher NSC storage and lower metabolically active cell populations depleted starch at a slower pace. Why NSC source-sink relationships between xylem and phloem do not allow for a more uniform depletion of starch in ray parenchyma over time is unclear. Our data help to pinpoint the proximate and ultimate causes of plant death during prolonged drought exposure and highlight the need to consider the influence of within-organ starch dynamics and cell mortality on abiotic stress response.

Perbanyakan Tanaman Anggur Ninel (Vitis vinifera L) dengan Metode Stek Sambung pada Spesies Batang Bawah dan Media Tanam yang Berbeda

Grafted cutting is a method for vegetative Ninel vine propagation. The purpose of thisstudy was to ascertain the impact of several grapevine rootstock species and planting media types on the development of Ninel grape seeds propagated through grafted cutting. The study was conducted in Kebonrejo village, Salaman district, Magelang regency (290 m asl) from April 2 to May 24, 2022, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) consist of 2 treatment factors with 3 blocks. The rootstock species of grapevines, such us Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, and Vitis riparia are the first factor. Planting media types classified as second factor include blends of topsoil + husk charcoal, topsoil + cocopeat, and topsoil + sand. The datas were anylized by Anova and continued with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The findings demonstrated that the grafted cutting method with rootstock from the Vitis riparia species on the scion of Vitis vinifera of the Ninel variety had the maximum yield in terms of shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf area and grafting success. Topsoil + husk charcoal and topsoil + sand were the types of planting medium that had the greatest effectiveness at grafted cutting.Keywords : planting medium, rootstock species, grafted cutting, Ninel vine

Performance of ‘Chambourcin’ Winegrape on 10 Different Root Systems in Southern Missouri, USA

In the midwestern United States, especially Missouri, winegrape (Vitis sp.) growers mostly plant interspecific hybrids, which are well adapted to the climate and pests of the region. ‘Chambourcin’ (an interspecific French-American hybrid) is one of the most widely planted winegrape cultivars in the area. It is usually grown as own-rooted (nongrafted) vines because the economic and horticultural benefits of grafting this cultivar to rootstocks have not been well developed. Further, few significant winegrape rootstock evaluations have been conducted in the midwestern United States, including evaluations of newer rootstocks developed and released by private and public breeding programs. The aim of this study was to assess the potential value of using rootstocks in ‘Chambourcin’ production in southern Missouri, with implications for the midwestern United States. Fruit yield, vine growth, and fruit composition metrics from ‘Chambourcin’ on 10 different root systems [own-rooted, and grafted to rootstocks ‘Couderc 3309’, ‘Couderc 1616’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘Sélection Oppenheim 4’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’, ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’, ‘Kingfisher’, ‘Matador’ (all Vitis sp.), and ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ riverbank grape (Vitis riparia)] in an experimental vineyard in southwest Missouri were compared. Following three establishment years (2008–10), data were collected across four growing and vintage seasons (2011–14). Yield components evaluated included total fruit production, clusters per vine, cluster weight, berry weight, weight of cane prunings, and crop load. Petiole mineral analysis was conducted in 2011, 2013, and 2014. Grape juice attributes measured were soluble solids concentration, juice pH, titratable acidity (TA), potassium (K), anthocyanins, tannins, phenolics, and organic acids. When simply comparing grafted vs. ungrafted vines, grafting generally induced higher plant vigor and a higher pH in the juice, whereas the other parameters did not differ. When the performances were compared among the 10 root systems, vines grafted to ‘Couderc 3309’ had higher yields compared with vines grafted to six other rootstocks and own-rooted vines. Grafting to ‘Millardet et de Grasset 101-14’ induced higher cluster weight compared with the other rootstocks. The ‘Millardet et de Grasset 420A’ rootstock promoted a higher pH and TA as well as a higher concentration of K in the juice, and ‘Paulsen 1103’ also promoted high pH, TA, and malic acid in the juice, and higher concentrations of phosphorous (P) and K in the petiole compared with most rootstocks. ‘Gloire de Montpellier’ induced a lower P content in the petiole and a higher tartaric/malic acid ratio. Rootstock use can strongly influence some vineyard production metrics as well as nutrient uptake and K levels in the juice (the latter further influencing juice pH). The results of this study provide insights into the complex viticultural and enological interactions resulting from the use of rootstocks in hybrid winegrape production in Missouri, USA.

Extraction, purification and characterization of an arabinogalactan from frost (riverbank) grape (Vitis riparia Michx.) stems

This study investigated the extraction and properties of an arabinogalactan polysaccharide from frost grape (FGP) as a potential alternative to gum arabic (GA). Collection date, solvent:feed ratio (S:F), chip size, C-18 filtration, ultrafiltration, freeze drying versus spray drying, methanol pre-extraction, and water absorption were examined. Sugar composition, elemental analysis, dietary fiber content, emulsification activity index (EAI), emulsification stability index (ESI), and viscosity were used to evaluate the extracts. Exudates collected in March from live stems were viscous with high percentage solids and FGP, while May collections were watery with low percentage solids and FGP. Frost grape stems were collected, chipped, and classified by size. The extraction system utilized pressure or vacuum to increase contact between the chips and extraction water. A S:F ratio of ca. 24% gave an excellent yield of FGP. Chips between 1.8 and 3.8 mm gave the highest mass yields. Pre-extracting the chips with methanol and C-18 filtration of the water extract both yielded a lighter product. The EAI for the FGP was higher than that for GA; however, its ESI was lower. Ultrafiltration of the crude extract separated glucose, fructose, and sucrose from the FGP. FGP with glucose, fructose, and sucrose adsorbed water and became darker.

Fungitoxic role of endogenous eugenol in the hybrid grapevine cultivar Baco blanc resistant to &lt;i&gt;Botrytis cinerea&lt;/i&gt;

Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-phenol), widely spread in various plants, notably clove, basil and bay, is a well-known antifungal and antibiotic molecule that is abundant in the hybrid grapevine cultivar Baco blanc (Vitis vinifera × Vitis riparia × Vitis labrusca). This variety, created by François Baco (19th century), is confirmed in this study as highly resistant to Botrytis cinerea by comparing fruit rot incidence and severity with two Vitis vinifera cultivars: Folle Blanche and Ugni Blanc. According to two major antibiosis modes of action, i.e., direct or volatile, this study demonstrated the efficiency of eugenol in vitro by also investigating precisely the effect on B. cinerea of small concentrations of eugenol, 3 to 4 ppm, corresponding to IC10. Moreover, the vapour-inhibiting effect was shown to be highly powerful. The total eugenol concentration peaked at the veraison stage, exceeding 1000 μg×kg-1 in the skin of Baco blanc berry under our conditions. At this point, leaf removal in the bunch zone induced a significant increase in eugenol (32 %), from 1118 to 1478 μg×kg-1, which was also associated with a significant decrease in B. cinerea infection in the vineyard. Thus, for the first time, eugenol, as an endogenous molecule of Baco blanc, was clearly demonstrated to be an inducible compound in the vineyard. Furthermore, significant intravarietal variability in eugenol concentrations according to the Baco blanc clone was demonstrated to be associated with significant differences in fruit susceptibility to the plant pathogen assessed in biotests. Interestingly, in keeping with fruit ontogenic resistance, a significant negative correlation was established between the technological maturity of berries and the total eugenol content in the berry skin. Finally, the time-progress study of the two biochemical forms of eugenol (bound vs. free eugenol) allowed us to hypothesise the effectiveness against the plant pathogen of some precursor forms of eugenol, and the corresponding biochemical structures are currently being investigated. Thus, eugenol appears to be a key biochemical marker of ontogenic resistance in the hybrid cultivar Baco blanc.