Labrusca Research Articles

No effect of grape juice on exercise-induced muscle damage or performance in male runners: a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blind clinical trial.

This study aimed to verify the effect of grape juice (Vitis Labrusca) intake on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and exercise performance parameters (5-km running time-trial [TT], running economy, and countermovement jump [CMJ]). Twenty trained male runners were randomized into two blinded groups and consumed either placebo (n=9) or grape juice (n=11) for six consecutive days (600 mL/day). On the fourth day, the participants performed a downhill running (-15%) at speed that elicited 70% V̇O2max for 20 minutes, to induce muscle damage, followed by assessment of running economy, 5-km TT, and CMJ tests. Blood samples were obtained before and after the exercise tests for quantifying total phenols, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). On the sixth day, blood parameters and CMJ were evaluated. A two-way ANCOVA mixed model was employed for data analysis, the effects were the juice groups, measurement and a interaction between the factors. EIMD was confirmed by increased levels of indirect markers (serum AST and LDH activities) and an impairment in TT and CMJ performances after 48 hours. The 5-km TT, economy, and CMJ were compromised after EIMD, to a similar extent in the groups. Blood concentrations of CK, LDH, AST, and total phenolic compounds presented similar time course behavior between the groups, showing no group × time interaction effects. In conclusion, grape juice consumption over six days did not attenuate EIMD markers or the impairment in running performance in trained male runners. (ReBEC number: RBR-9jkkvbb).

Occurrence of Grapevine Viruses in Different Cultivars and Regions Within Michigan

Viral diseases are widespread in vineyards throughout the world. Vineyard viruses are mostly disseminated via vegetative propagation, although insect and nematode vectors can also be involved in the spread. Michigan faces challenges with grapevine viruses due to the following: 1) multiple Vitis sp. (Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, and Vitis interspecific hybrids) being cultivated within the state, 2) vineyards that vary in age, and 3) plant material being sourced from a variety of locations throughout the United States. Determining the distribution of grapevine viruses in Michigan is the first step in developing mitigation strategies. In this study we utilized real-time RT-PCR to test for a variety of grapevine viruses that are known to occur in other regions. Vineyards were sampled for grapevine leaf tissue (n = 429) across the northwest, southwest, mid, and southeast regions of the lower peninsula of Michigan and screened for a panel of viruses. Across all samples, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV) was the most abundant. Other viruses found in relatively high abundance included grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV3), grapevine fleck virus (GFkV), and tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). Interestingly, this study identified grapevine red blotch virus (GRBV) and grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), for the first time within the state. This survey gives researchers and growers an awareness of the distribution of viruses in Michigan vineyards that can aid management recommendations and encourage the use of virus tested material from reputable sources when planting new vineyards.

Biorational products in the management of leaf spot and grape ripe rot in Vitis labrusca

Biorational products in the management of leaf spot and grape ripe rot in Vitis labrusca

Bottom-up effects of nutrient solutions on grape-grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) interaction.

Fertilizers generally influence the nutritional quality or defense ability of the plants, which can indirectly cause an increase in populations of herbivorous insect pests such as grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae, Fitch). The effects of nutrient solutions on grape-grape phylloxera interactions were analyzed using five concentrations (nitrogen content: 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180mg/L) of Hoagland's nutrient solution to irrigate Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L. (Kyoho). Life table variables and life history variables showed a hump-shaped or an inverted hump-shaped curve as nutrient input level increased. Sixty microgram per liter treatment resulted in the greatest longevity and egg incubation, shortened the nymph duration and significantly increased the adult lifespan. Overall, both excessive and insufficient nutrient inputs curbed growth and multiplication of D. vitifoliae. These results provide a theoretical basis for vineyards for amending fertilizer inputs to prioritize the prevention and control of this pest.

Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Whole Grape Juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian Hybrid Grapes in Two Training Systems.

The phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of whole grape juices from Vitis labrusca and Brazilian hybrids in two training systems were analyzed. Genotypes of V. labrusca ('Bordô' and 'Isabel') and Brazilian hybrids ('IAC 138-22 Máximo' and 'BRS Violeta') were grafted onto the rootstock 'IAC 766 Campinas' (106-8 'Mgt' × Vitis caribaea) and trained on low and high trellis. After harvest, the grapes were destemmed and the berries macerated in a roller crusher. Following hot extraction without pressurization of the pomace and gentle pressing of the blend (skins, must, and seeds), the juices were bottled in amber glass bottles and pasteurized. The physicochemical and colorimetric parameters of the juices, as well as the levels of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, total monomeric anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and polyphenolic profile, were evaluated. The juices were also subjected to sensory analysis (CAAE: 65549817.7.0000.5411). There was broad variation in all assessed characteristics. The results obtained demonstrate that the training system and grape genotype used in juice production are highly related to the presence of sugars, acidity, and bioactive compounds. Juices made from 'Bordô', 'IAC 138-22 Máximo' and 'BRS Violeta' grapes stood out from 'Isabel' juices, the main grape variety used in Brazilian juice and wine production. All juices contain bioactive compounds in considerable concentrations, indicating beverages with high antioxidant activity and, consequently, high biological potential, with the use of high trellis in vine cultivation potentially increasing concentrations.

Effect of Boric Acid in In Vitro Conditions on the Salt Tolerance of Fox Grapes (Vitis Labrusca L.)

Effect of Boric Acid in In Vitro Conditions on the Salt Tolerance of Fox Grapes (Vitis Labrusca L.)

Analysis of Genetic Diversity of Some Vitis labrusca and Vitis spp. with Molecular Markers

Türkiye has a very suitable climate for viticulture, and different grape varieties have been grown in almost every region since ancient times. Although these grape varieties have different names, there are also grape varieties with the same genetic structure. In particular, in the Black Sea Region, Vitis labrusca, which is resistant to heavy rainfall and humidity, and hybrids of this species grow. However, it is known that different genotypes of this species are grown in the region. Genetic confusion exists in Vitis labrusca L. and its hybrids due to natural pollen transfer and crossing. This study evaluated the genetic similarities and differences among Vitis varieties and genotypes, mainly Vitis labrusca genotypes, with 18 different SSR primers. In the genetic relationship dendrogram, the varieties/genotypes showed similarity at rates ranging from 0.65% to 0.98%. The highest similarity rate between the varieties and genotypes used in the study was determined between the genotypes 5 '57 Gerze 04' and 6 '61 Of 04' with 92%. The results obtained have revealed different grape gene pools, especially in the Black Sea Region, and are expected to contribute to disease resistance breeding studies in the future significantly. Increasing consumer awareness of climate change will increase the interest in disease-resistant or tolerant grapes, such as Vitis labrusca species, in the coming years.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace using acidified water: Assessing total monomeric anthocyanin and specific anthocyanin contents

This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of anthocyanins from oven-dried and freeze-dried Vitis labrusca grape pomace, using acidified water as the solvent. The effects of power density (8.3–16.7 W/mL), pulse interval (0–2 s), and extraction time (1–5 min) on both total and specific anthocyanins were investigated. The findings suggested that acidified water can be a viable alternative to conventional solvents and that oven drying was an effective method for drying the pomace. Using response surface methodology, the study identified power density and extraction time as key factors influencing total anthocyanin content, with extracts reaching contents up to 2.56 mg/g. The analysis using LC-MS identified 14 anthocyanins, while NMR quantified 3 and malvidin diglucoside was generally the most abundant. However, higher power and longer extraction times were found to reduce its content while increasing malvidin monoglucoside content, suggesting ultrasound-induced anthocyanin hydrolysis. In conclusion, this study presents a sustainable method for extracting anthocyanins using acidified water, contributing to the valorization of Vitis labrusca grape pomace for industrial use.

Cultivation of Fungal Endophytes with Tissue Culture Grapevine Seedlings Reprograms Metabolism by Triggering Defence Responses.

In this study, the transcriptome profiles of tissue-cultured grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L.: Rose Honey) seedlings inoculated with fungal endophytes Epicoccum layuense R2-21 (Epi R2-21) and Alternaria alternata XHYN2 (Alt XHYN2), were analyzed at three different time points (6 h, 6 d, and 15 d). A total of 4783 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was found, of which 1853 (6 h), 3878 (6 d), and 4732 (15 d) were differentially expressed relative to those of the control in endophyte Epi R2-21 treatments, while a total of 5898 DEGs, of which 2726 (6 h), 4610 (6 d), and 3938 (15 d) were differentially expressed in endophyte Alt XHYN2 treatments. DEGs enriched in secondary metabolic pathways, plant-pathogen interaction, and hormone signalling were further analysed. The upregulated DEGs in the Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 treatments, both enriched in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), were mainly involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and circadian rhythms-plant and plant-pathogen interactions, similar to the trend observed in our previous study conducted on the cultivar 'Cabernet Sauvignon' (Vitis vinifera L.). Taken together with the results obtained from the cultivar 'Cabernet Sauvignon', it was found that tissue-cultured seedlings of the cultivar 'Rose Honey' induced a stronger defence response to fungal endophyte infection than that of the cultivar 'Cabernet Sauvignon', and inoculation with the endophyte Alt XHYN2 triggered a stronger response than inoculation with the endophyte Epi R2-21. In addition, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network revealed that the genes VIT_16s0100g00910, encoding CHS, and VIT_11s0065g00350, encoding CYP73A, were involved in secondary metabolism and thus mediated in the resistance mechanism of grapevine on both the cultivars. The results showed that inoculation with the endophytes Epi R2-21 and Alt XHYN2 had a great ability to induce defence responses and reprogram the gene expression profiles in different grapevine cultivars, which deepens our knowledge of the interaction between fungal endophytes and grapevine and gives hints for grape quality management in viticulture using candidate fungal endophytes.

Maintenance of post-harvest antioxidant quality in ‘Niagara Rosada’ grape using salicylic acid

Salicylic acid is a plant growth regulator used in grapes to maintain postharvest quality. ‘Niagara Rosada’, a table grape, although much appreciated for its flavor, has a short shelf life. We evaluated the influence of postharvest application of different doses of salicylic acid on the quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ after harvest in an effort to control rates of berry drop and decay, as well as to maintain the quality of grape bunches during refrigerated storage. Freshly harvested bunches of ‘Niagara Rosada’ (Vitis labrusca x V. vinifera) were immersed in salicylic acid solutions at concentrations of 0.0, 0.28, 0.55, 0.83, and 1.10 g L-1, and then refrigerated (5 ± 1 °C and 95 ± 5 % RH) for 20 days. Physical and chemical analyses of grapes were performed at 5-day intervals. Salicylic acid maintained the postharvest quality of ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapes throughout storage. The lowest concentration of salicylic acid (0.28 g L-1) effectively induced the synthesis of phenolic compounds and improved the antioxidant capacities of both grapes and stems. High levels of salicylic acid (0.83 and 1.10 g L-1) resulted in an increase in anthocyanin content in fruit and enzyme activities (peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) in stems, enhancing conservation and reducing levels of decay and berry drop.

Trichomes and unique gene expression confer insect herbivory resistance in Vitis labrusca grapevines

BackgroundGrapevine (Vitis) is one of the world’s most valuable fruit crops, but insect herbivory can decrease yields. Understanding insect herbivory resistance is critical to mitigating these losses. Vitis labrusca, a wild North American grapevine species, has been leveraged in breeding programs to generate hybrid grapevines with enhanced abiotic and biotic stress resistance, rendering it a valuable genetic resource for sustainable viticulture. This study assessed the resistance of V. labrusca acc. ‘GREM4’ and Vitis vinifera cv. ‘PN40024’ grapevines to Popillia japonica (Japanese beetle) herbivory and identified morphological and genetic adaptations underlying this putative resistance.Results‘GREM4’ displayed greater resistance to beetle herbivory compared to ‘PN40024’ in both choice and no-choice herbivory assays spanning periods of 30 min to 19 h. ‘GREM4’ had significantly higher average leaf trichome densities than ‘PN40024’ and beetles preferred to feed on the side of leaves with fewer trichomes. When leaves from each species that specifically did not differ in trichome densities were fed on by beetles, significantly less leaf area was damaged in ‘GREM4’ (3.29mm2) compared to ‘PN40024’ (9.80mm2), suggesting additional factors beyond trichomes contributed to insect herbivory resistance in ‘GREM4’. Comparative transcriptomic analyses revealed ‘GREM4’ exhibited greater constitutive (0 h) expression of defense response and secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes compared to ‘PN40024’, indicative of heightened constitutive defenses. Upon herbivory, ‘GREM4’ displayed a greater number of differentially expressed genes (690) compared to ‘PN40024’ (502), suggesting a broader response. Genes up-regulated in ‘GREM4’ were enriched in terpene biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, phytohormone signaling, and disease defense-related functions, likely contributing to heighted insect herbivory defense, while genes differentially expressed in ‘PN40024’ under herbivory were enriched in xyloglucan, cell wall formation, and calcium ion binding. The majority of genes implicated in insect herbivory defense were orthologs with specific expression patterns in ‘GREM4’ and ‘PN40024’, but some paralogous and genome-specific genes also likely contributed to conferring resistance.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that ‘GREM4’ insect herbivory resistance was attributed to a combination of factors, including trichomes and unique constitutive and inducible expression of genes implicated in terpene, flavonoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, as well as pathogen defense.

Agrochemical characterization of Vitis labrusca grape pomace and its effect on a soil-plant system

Agrochemical characterization of Vitis labrusca grape pomace and its effect on a soil-plant system

Analytical characterization of anthocyanins using trapped ion mobility spectrometry-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Anthocyanin profiles of juices from blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and different grape varieties (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Concord, Vitis vinifera L. cvs. Accent, Dunkelfelder, Dakapo, and GM 674–1) were characterized by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to trapped ion mobility spectrometry-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (TIMS-QTOF-MS/MS). Ion mobility and collision cross section (CCS) values of over 50 structurally related anthocyanins based on delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin were determined. Relations between molecular mass, mobility values, and specific structural features were revealed. The mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio of the molecular ions (M+) was found to be the major factor influencing anthocyanin ion mobilities, but structural characteristics also contributed to their variability. We were able to differentiate positional and geometrical isomers and certain epimers by their respective mobility values. For instance, whereas 3-O-hexosides (i.e., 3-O-glucosides and 3-O-galactosides) were separated by TIMS, epimers of 3-O-pentosides assessed could not be distinguished.

Grape (Vitis labrusca L.) juices, cv. Bordô, from vineyards in organic production systems and conventional production: Similarities and differences

The similarities and differences between foods produced under organic (OP) and conventional (CP) systems remain a controversial topic. In order to contribute to the evolution of this theme, grapes and juices were produced from vineyards in OP (n = 20) and CP (n = 20). All juices were elaborated using the same processing technology. Grape productivity was evaluated, and the classic characterization of juices was performed, followed by an in-depth characterization of mineral composition, pesticide residues, volatile compounds, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins, as well as sensory analysis. In total, 101 dependent variables were monitored. From this set of variables, it was observed that grape productivity and the overall classic composition of juices from OP and CP systems are equivalent. Similarly, the mineral composition was equivalent, exception of the presence of a high concentration of Al in only one juice from the CP. As expected, pesticide occurrence was more frequent in CP juices (14/20), however, in all cases at much lower levels (1600 times lower or more) than the limits allowed by regulations. Residue occurrence also occurred in OP juices (2/20), which are not allowed by current regulations. In terms of volatile compounds profiles, 40 compounds were identified and quantified in OP juices, and 34 in CP juices. Regarding total phenolic compounds and total anthocyanins, the juices were equivalent. OP juices had a higher sensory preference. In conclusion, among101 variables evaluated, 75 indicate that the juices are equivalent. The 26 variables leading to technical differences are related to: 1) a higher frequency of residues in CP juices compared to OP juices; 2) a greater diversity of volatile compounds in OP juices; 3) differences in minor phenolic compounds and anthocyanins; and, 4) preference for OP juices.

Application of revitalize liquid biocomplex to increase adaptability of grapes at planting in open ground conditions

At present, the range of modern grape varieties suitable for cultivation in the conditions of the Non-Black Earth zone of the Russian Federation is represented by hybrids of different species origin derived from Vitis berlandieri Planch., Vitis Amurensis Rupr., Vitis riparia Michx., Vitis Labrusca L., which are characterized by low ability to vegetative propagation. Therefore, the development of techniques to improve the technology of accelerated propagation of these varieties, including the technology of clonal micropropagation is currently urgent. However, most studies in the field of in vitro propagation of grapes are devoted to laboratory experiments, but there is little information on the influence of the propagation method on the development indicators and vegetative productivity of grape mother plantations in protected and open ground conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop methods of application of Revitalize liquid to increase the adaptability and stress resistance of ex vitro grape plants during summer transplanting into the open ground to create mother plantations. The research objectives are to reveal the effectiveness of feeding (root, foliar, combined) with Revitalize liquid during summer transplanting ex vitro grape plants of grape varieties Kishmish № 342, Moscow White and Kober 5BB rootstock into the open ground. The obtained results indicate that double combined treatments (root 500 ml: 500 ml H2O + foliar 25 ml:1000 ml H2O) are effective for pre-growing of ex vitro mother plants of Kishmish № 342 and Kober 5BB rootstock in open ground conditions, and double root feeding (at a concentration of 25 ml:1000 ml H2O) with Revitalize liquid is promising for Moscow White variety.

Detection of the Presence of Powdery Mildew Resistance -Associated Genes (Ren1, Ren3, and Ren9) in Vitis labrusca L. Genotypes

Powdery mildew disease (Erysiphe necator Schwein) is a significant threat to grape cultivation in vineyards. Severe yield and quality losses could occur in vineyards when this pathogen is not managed correctly. Several commercial grape varieties are highly susceptible to powdery mildew. Therefore, large quantities of fungicides are applied throughout the growing season. In addition to yields and quality, new grapevine varieties that are genetically resistant to powdery mildew are required for sustainable viticulture. This study was conducted through molecular screening of powdery mildew resistance genes in nine different Vitis labrusca L. genotypes (TEG-Vl-1, TEG-Vl-2, TEG-Vl-3, TEG-Vl-4, TEG-Vl-5, TEG-Vl-6, TEG-Vl-7, TEG-Vl-8, and TEG-Vl-9) grown in the Black Sea Region of Türkiye. After PCR amplifications using Ren1, Ren3 and Ren9 locus-specific primers, Ren1, and Ren 9 genes were detected in three genotypes (TEG-Vl-1, TEG-Vl-3, and TEG-Vl-4). However, the Ren3 gene was not detected in any genotypes. It was concluded based on present findings that Vitis labrusca L. genotypes with resistance genes could be used as genetic resources in grapevine breeding programs and significant economic benefits can be provided accordingly.

Seed and Germination Characteristics of Different Hybrids Belonging to Vitis Species

In this research, some grape cultivars are belonging to Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, and interspecific grape cultivars were used for crossbreeding. The aim of the cross-breedings was to obtain individuals that could be used as a table grape, female flower type genotypes, and would be resistant to disease and cold hardy grapes. In the research, berry set (seeded and seedless berry number), seed weight (g), seed width and length (mm), floating empty seed rate (seed viability, %), seed germination rates (%), seedling survival rates (%) and shoot length (cm) were calculated in the seeds obtained as a result of cross-breeding. In this research, as a result of crossbreeding with different Vitis species and hybrids, the germination rate was significantly higher, especially when using ‘Red Globe’ and ‘Cayuga White’ cultivars as maternal parents. Although the germination rates of the seeds obtained after cross-breeding are low, the use of ‘Çavuş’ grape cultivar with female flower form in cross-breeding facilitates the work since emasculation is not necessary. It would be appropriate to increase the number of grapevines with female flowers type in breeding studies.

A comprehensive evaluation of different responses of supplementary light qualities on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of ‘Kyoho’ grape

Grape is an economically important fruit crop worldwide, for which light qualities play a diverse role in vineyard growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanisms between different light qualities and the quality of plant growth at the morphophysiological and pomological levels remain unknown. Therefore, in the current study, we studied plant physiological, biochemical and genetical analysis to investigate the response of all seven light qualities, including red (R), blue (B), white (W), 1-red, 1 blue (1R1B), 2-red, 1-blue (2R1B), 1-red, 2-blue (1R2B), and natural (N, was used as control group) to evaluate ‘Kyoho'grape (Vitis labrusca L. × V. vinifera) morphophysiological, pomological traits at light responsive transcriptional pathway, which revealed the possible networking metabolism controlling fruit quality and quantity of grape plant. Our results showed that photosynthetic indicators such as leaf stomata, number of stomata, and longitudinal and transverse diameter of stomata improved under red and blue light qualities as compared to white light. Leaf gas exchange indicators showed that net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular CO2 concentration rate, total conductance to CO2, stomatal conductance, conductance to water vapor, maximal quantum yield of PS (II), actual photochemical quantum efficiency, electron transfer chain, and non-photochemical quantum efficiency improve under blue and red light. Photosynthetic pigments showed that chlorophyll a and b, carotenoid, and total pigment contents improved under blue and red light. Nutrient elements showed that potassium, phosphorous, magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc contents improved under blue and red light. Morphological and organic acid indicators such as the appearance of fruit shape, firmness, and titratable acidity improved under blue and light. However, there was a notable increment in the total soluble sugar under blue and red light as compared to natural light. The composition of sugar including (sucrose, fructose, glucose) and organic acids (tartaric acid, citric acid, and malic acid) improved under blue and red light (fruits) and showed notable reductions for tartaric acid under blue and red light (leaves) as compared to natural light. Aromatic compounds showed that esters, aldehydes, acetaldehyde, 2-hexenal, ethyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, butanoic acid, ethyl ester, 1-hexanol, 2-ethyl, 2-propanone, and 1‑hydroxyl, improved under blue and red light. Further, changes in enhanced expression of light-responsive genes including VvCRYI, VvCRY2, VvPHYA, VvPHYB, VvCOP1, VvHY5, VvHYH, and VvPIF4 upregulated under blue and red light, while VvPIF3.1 down-regulated as compared to natural light. Also, chlorophyll synthesis-related genes including VvSGR, VvPAO, and VvCHLH upregulated under blue and red light, while VvNYC1, VvPPH, and VvPOR showed noticeable changes under blue and red light as compared to natural light. Interestingly, most of the relative genes were highly expressed in fruits as compared to leaves. Finally, we have established correlation and principal component analysis for indicators in grapes. Current findings provide novel mechanisms by which different responses of supplementary light control the plant fruit quality of grapes.

Wine fermentation process evaluation through NMR analysis: Polysaccharides, ethanol quantification and biological activity

Winemaking production is old knowledge of the combination of saccharification and fermentation processes. During the fermentation process, ethanol concentration is one of the main key parameters that provides the quality of wine and is linked to the consumption of carbohydrates present in wine. In this work was determined the better fermentation time, where the wine retains its highest concentration of ethanol and a higher concentration of the polysaccharides of Bordo wine of Vitis labrusca by 1D and 2D NMR measurements. The study provides information on the polysaccharide content for improving features and quality control of winemaking. Moreover, following previous studies by our group (de Lacerda Bezerra et al., 2018, de Lacerda Bezerra, Caillot, de Oliveira, Santana-Filho, & Sassaki, 2019; Stipp et al., 2023) showed that the soluble polysaccharides also inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and mediator (NO) in macrophage cells stimulated with LPS, bringing some important health benefits of wine.

Determination of the Relationship Between the Number of Clusters and Primary Bud Size in Vitis vinifera and Vitis labrusca Grapevines by Histological Sectioning Method

This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between the number of clusters and of primary buds size in dormant grapevine winter buds. In addition, it has been tried to determine how the size of the primary bud and the cluster primordials in it change according to the position on one-year-old shoots. In this study, Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Karaerik’ and Vitis labrusca L. cv. 'Ülkemiz' varieties was used. Primary buds are separated from other shoot beds (secondary and tertiary buds) with the a scalpel, and fixation, vacuuming, paraffin impregnation, paraffin embedding, freezing, sectioning and tissue staining were performed, respectively. The stained samples were examined microscopically, images were taken and these images were transferred to the computer and histological analyzes was made. In the study, it was determined that bud sizes including three clusters were statistically different (p < 0.05) from other bud sizes (without clusters, one cluster and two clusters of buds). It was determined that there were statistical differences between cultivars in terms of both bud size and the number of cluster. In addition, it was determined that the middle (0.77) buds of the ‘Karaerik’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.66) and apical (0.59) buds, whereas the apical (1.19) buds of ‘Ülkemiz’ variety contained more clusters than the basal (0.88) and middle (0.98) buds. It is very important to know the structural features of the buds in order to make the right pruning application suitable for the variety.