Vitamin Ki Research Articles

Determination of Vitamin K1by Adsorptive Stripping Square-Wave Voltammetry

Abstract The adsorption of vitamin Ki at a hanging mercury drop electrode at pH 4.2 allows the determination of this compound in the 1 × 10−6 M − 1 × 10−9 M concentration range. Applying a square-wave potential scan provides a 200-fold increase of the peak current compared to differential pulse stripping voltammetry. The influence of several operational parameters such as the nature and the pH of the supporting electrolyte, the deposition time and the potential are discussed. Interactions between the adsorbed molecules occur during the deposition step.

Hemolysis of blood in intravenous tubing caused by heat

of vitamin K-dependent procoagulants are decreased, but the immunologically determined antigen concentration of these factors is unchanged. Consequently, the disparity between coagulant activity and antigen level (i.e., a low coagulant/ant igen ratio) indicates probable vitamin K deficiency. The abnormalities are usually corrected within a few hours after a parenterally administered dose of the vitamin. 9 In our patients, the antigen level of factor II did not change significantly during the study, which suggests an equal production of the protein precursor of factor II. Five to 7 days after a single parenteral dose of vitamin KI, evidence of vitamin K deficiency could be observed in preterm infants but not in term infants during T P N combined with antibiotic therapy. In other words, vitamin K deficiency developed earlier in preterm infants than in full-term infants, if the vitamin K sources were blocked. The mechanism of the earlier vitamin K deficiency in preterm infants is not known. Perhaps immaturi ty of the enzymes of the vitamin K cycle causes this phenomenon. Our observations indicate that preterm infants are endangered by vitamin K deficiency and need more frequent vitamin K prophylaxis than full-term infants require. R E F E R E N C E S 1. Corrigan JJ. The vitamin K dependent proteins. Adv Pediatr 1981;28:57. 2. Frick PG, Riedler G, Br6gly H. Dose response and minimal daily requirement for vitamin K in man. J Appl Physiol 1967;33:387. 3. Sann L, Leclercq M, Guillaumont M, Trouyez R, Bethenod M, Bonrgeay-Causse M. Serum vitamin Kj concentrations after oral administration of vitamin K~ in low birth weight infants. J PEDlATR 1985;107:608. 4. Shirahata A, Najiri T, Takarapi T, Horinchi T, Yamada K. Normotest screening and prophylactic oral administration for idiopathic vitamin K deficiency in infancy. Acta Haematol Jpn 1982;45:203. 5. Dubowitz L, Dubowitz V, Goldberg C. Clinical assessment of gestational age in the newborn infant. J PEDIATR 1970;77:1. 6. Merskey L, Kleiner GH, Johnson AJ. Quantitative estimation of split products of fibrinogen in human serum: relation to diagnosis and treatment. Blood 1966;28:1. 7. Breen FA, Tullis JI. Ethanol gelation: a rapid screening test for intravascular coagulation. Ann Intern Med 1968; 69:1197. 8. Mancini G, Carbonara AO, Hereman JF. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radial immunodiffusion. Int J Immunochem 1965;2:235. 9. Lanne PA, Hathaway WE. Vitamin K in infancy. J PEDIATR 1985;106:351.

Research in the Division of Analytical Chemistry.

Within the Center for Bio-Pharmaceutical Sciences, the Division of Analytical Chemistry develops the tools that are used in other divisions. The numerous techniques of analytical chemistry are studied in order to improve selectivity, sensitivity, etc. The emphasis of the research is on bioanalysis. The possibilities and pitfalls of bioanalysis are demonstrated with vitamin KI (phylloquinone), where a detection limit of 5 pg can be reached.

Evidence for Impaired Hepatic Vitamin K1 Metabolism in Patients Treated with N-Methyl-Thiotetrazole Cephalosporins

In 8 patients on no oral intake and with parenteral alimentation, administration of cephalosporins with N-methyl-thiotetrazole side chain (moxalactam, cefamandole), was associated with prolongation of prothrombin time, appearance in the circulation of descarboxy-prothrombin (counter immunoelectrophoresis and echis carinatus assay) and diminution of protein C. Acute administration of 10 mg vitamin K1 was followed by the transient appearance of vitamin K1 2,3-epoxide, indicating an impaired hepatocellular regeneration of vitamin K1 from the epoxide. Impaired hepatic vitamin K1 metabolism, tentatively ascribed to the N-methyl-thiotetrazole group, is one (but possibly not the only) cause of bleeding complications and depression of vitamin K1-dependent procoagulants in patients treated with the new class of cephalosporins.

Reduction of disulfides by thioredoxin. Exceptional reactivity of insulin and suggested functions of thioredoxin in mechanism of hormone action.

with insulin disulfides was estimated from fluorescence measurements and the enzymatic rates to be around 1 X 10’ M-’ s-l. This is around 10,000 times higher than the second order rate constant for the reaction between insulin and dithiothreitol, demonstrating the high affinity of insulin for thioredoxin-(SH)z. Nondisulfide oxidants such as Cu2+ ions, diamide, and vitamin KI, which are known to mimic the effects of insulin on cellular hexose transport, were rapidly reduced by the thioredoxin system. The exceptional reactivity of insulin and thioredoxin-(SH)2, in vitro, is consistent with a physiological function for mammalian thioredoxin in the degradation of insulin. Functions for thioredoxin in the “thiol oxidation-reduction model” of insulin action are discussed.

Regulation of Prenyl Chain Synthesis in Etiolated Hordeum Seedlings by Far‐Red and White Light

AbstractThe kinetics of prenyl chain formation (C20 phytyl in chlorophylls, vitamin KI and α‐tocopherol; C40 carotenoids and C45 in plastoquinone‐9) in plastids of etiolated Hordeum seedlings was compared in continuous darkness and after far‐red and white light treatments: Continuous far‐red (via phytochrome Pfr) enhances the synthesis rate of all prenyl chains, but does practically not change the dark pattern of prenyl chain accumulation. Free C20 phytyl chains could not be detected by means of thin layer chromatography. White light induces a much stronger enhancement of prenyl chain formation than does far‐red. It also changes the pattern of prenyl chain synthesis by a particularly strong promotion of the synthesis of phytyl chains, which get bound to chlorophyll a. The rate of chlorophyllide formation seems to determine the rate of enhanced phytyl formation. It is assumed that the enzyme, which esterifies chlorophyllide a with the phytyl chain, is formed or activated by far‐red treatment, but only starts working in white light, when the protochlorophyllide holochrome is re‐arranged to the chlorophyllide holochrome.

VİTAMİN-K ANALOGLARlNIN TAVUKLARDA PLASMA PROTROMBİN ZAMANI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETİKİLERİ

OZET Bu calismada, bazal diyete ilave olarak verilen vil-Ki:, /K2; K3 kaynaklarinin civciv, pilic ve tavuklarda plasma protrombin zamani uzerine olan etkisi arastirilmistir. Vitamin-KI kaynagi olarak % 5 unu vitamin Ki kaynagi olarak % 5 balik unu ve K3 kaynagi' olarak %40 sari misir kullanilmistir. Plasma protrombin zamani tayininde Tek Devreli Q'ulci( Metodu ve trombokinase tab/etleri kullanilmistir. Kullc.nilan vitamin-K kaynaklari ile bunlarin sagladigi plasma protrombin zamanlarinin yemden faydalanma sayisina ve canli agirlik drtfsma onemli bir etkide bulunmadikIdri, baska bir tabirle plasma protrombin zamtmlari ite yemden faydalanma sayisi ve canli agirlik artisi arasinda onemli bir ilgi bulunmadigi gorulmustur. Disi/erde 8. inci haftada vitamin-K2 vitamin KI ve K3 ten, 18: inci haftada ise vitdmin-K2 ve vitamin-KI ayri ayri vitamin-K3 ten daha az aktivite gostermistir. 24 ve 30. uncu haftalarda ise butun vitamin-K formlari benzer aktivite gostermislerdir. Erkeklerde butun periyotlarda vitamin-k aktivitesi bakimindan onemli bir farklilik gorulmemistir. Vitamin-K kaynagi olarak 18. inci haftaya kadar san misir, geri kalan periyotta ise balik unu, yonca unu veya sari misirdan herhangi birinin kullanilabilecegi anlasilmistir. Vitamin-KI kaynagi disi/erde 22.1 erkeklerde 21.6, vitamin-K2 kaynagi disi/erde 23.70 erkeklerde 22.~, vitamin-K3 kaynagi ise disilerde 18.8 erkeklerde 20,2 saniyelik bir protrombin zamani temin etmistir. Fakat, cinsiyet portrombin zamani uzerine onemli bir etkide bulunmamistir. Normal protrombin zamani olarak 20 saniye alindiginda balik unu ve yonca ununun rasyondaki miktarlarini artirmak sari misirin miktarini ise azaltmak gereklidir. Fakat, bu durumun tespiti icin yeni arastirmalara ihtiyac vardir. The Effects of Vitamin-K Analoques On The Plasma Prothrombine Time In Chicks. Broilers and Adult Hens The influmce of the sources of vitamin-KI, vitamin-K2 ~nd vitamin-K3 on the plasma prothrombin time of chickens' jn the growing, broiIer and laying periods has been researched in this study. As a source of vitamin·Kl 5 percent of dehydrated alfalfa meal was used in the diet and 5 pereent fish meal for vitamin- K2 and 40 percent yellow com for vitamin-K3. 150 white Leghom chicles were distributed according to block assignment method on the wire floor,electricalJy he· ated .petersime type battery, feed and water were applie,d as free cboise. Plasma prothrombine time were a· nalysed according to Quick method and thrombokinane pills were used. There is no significant influence of plasma prothrombine time on the growth rate and feed effieieney. The sources of vitamin-Kihas shown less activity than the_ other sources of vitamin-KI and Lo in eight week on the female chicken. The activities of the sources of vitamin-KI and Lo has shown almost equal activity. it has been.observed that the sources of vitamin-lO has more activity than the other sources in 18 th weekperiodin ferrnale chickens. There is no statistically important difference between the activities of the sources of vitamin-KI and Lo in this period. it also not been observed any important difference among the sources of vitamin-K forms in the periods of 24 and 30 th weeks. All sources of vitamin K forms, have not effected difIerently on the plasma prothrombine time of the male chickens during the whole period of the experiment. Obtained data indicated that, there is no need to use other than yellow com as a source of vitamin K until 18 th weeks. We suggest that fish meal, alfafalfa meal and yellow com can be Used during the later periods. we found that the sources of vitaminKI has given 22.1 seconds pJasma prothrombine timein female, and 21.6 seconds in male chickens. The sources of vitamin K2 has given 23.7 seconds in female and 22.0 seconds in male and the source of vitamin K3 has given 18.8 seconds in female and 20.2 seconds in maIe. These data indicate that there is no significant influence of sex on the plasma prothrombine time. But, in comparison with normal plasma prothrombine' time which is accepted as 20 seconds. we suggest that fish meal and alfalfa meal must be increased in some extent in the diets. But we need further investigation in how extend it must be increased.

Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Fat-Soluble Vitamins. IV. Application to Vitamin K1

Abstract The parameters for the detection and quantitative measurement of vitamin Ki by gas-liquid chromatography are reported. On SE-30, the most satisfactory immobile phase, the vitamin K1 peak was completely resolved from tocopherols included in test materials. Quantitatively, 0.5 and 2,/μg can be effectively measured with the hydrogen flame ionization and the beta-ionization detectors, respectively. Both detectors gave a linear response to increasing quantities of vitamin K1

Prothrombin Time and Hemorrhagic Death in Dicumarolized Rats Receiving Pituitary and Adrenal Hormones

Summary1. Rats receiving dicumarol were given injections of desoxycorticosterone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, ACTH, somatotropin, sodium salicylate, adrenaline, reserpine, histamine, 10% sodium chloride intraperitoneally. A high incidence of hemorrhagic death was observed with desoxycorticosterone, ACTH, STH, sodium salicylate, 10% sodium chloride, histamine, adrenaline, reserpine. Little hemorrhage was observed with cortisone and hydrocortisone.2. The mortality resulting from 10% sodium chloride stress in dicumarolized rats was not depressed by dial, or phenergan, or pretreatment with cortisone. The mortality was prevented by treatment with vitamin Ki before giving the stress agent.3. The mean prothrombin time with dicumarol in rats appeared to be increased by the administration of ACTH, sodium salicylate, 10% sodium chloride, desoxycorticosterone, adrenaline and histamine. No modification was observed by cortisone, dial, reserpine. With hydrocortisone — there was an increase the day after giving the steroid, but the prothrombin time was nearly normal 2 days later.4. Steroids were tested for their ability to protect adrenalectomized rats from hemorrhage with dicumarol. Desoxycorticosterone had no action in this regard. Cortisone and hydrocortisone were effective with cortisone being more active.

NEW YORK NEUROLOGICAL SOCIETY AND NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SECTION OF NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

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Antagonism of the Hemorrhagic Syndrome Induced by Derivatives of 3-Hydroxy-l, 4-Naphthoquinone.

SummaryThe development of the hypoprothrombinemia and hemorrhagic lesions, which occurred in the albino rat as the result of ingestion of various 2-substituted-3-hy-droxy-l,4-naphthoquinones, could be prevented either partially or completely by simultaneous administration of 2-methy 1-1,4-naphthoquinone or vitamin Ki. The amounts of these K vitamins required to block development of the above syndrome differed with the various hydroxy-naphthoquinone derivatives. In each instance, however, vitamin Ki proved more effective than 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.Observations made in this report confirm our earlier suggestion that the hemorrhagic syndrome, which results from administration of 2mdash;substituted — 3-hydroxy-1,4-naphtho-quinones, is due to competition between these substances and the K vitamins in processes involved in prothrombin formation.

Potencies of Vitamin Ki and of 2-Methyl-1, 4-Naphthoquinone

In a previous investigation1 we have confirmed the report of the marked antihemorrhagic activity of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.2 A careful comparison of the potencies of this compound and of pure vitamin K1 by our 18-hour procedure3 showed that the latter is approximately one-half as active as the former. In view of this observation and the report that by the 6-hour procedure vitamin Ki is only 1/30 as potent as 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone,4 it seems desirable to publish the results that we have obtained in a comparison of the potencies of the two compounds by the 6-hour observation period.Experimental. In our experiments, we have used for the evaluation of the response of the chicks: (1) the percentage of chicks showing a clotting time of less than 10 minutes;3 (2) the mean clotting time; (3) the mean prothrombin time.5 Following Ansbacher's suggestion, a solution of the compound in cod liver oil was administered and the blood drawn 6 hours later for the evaluation of the reaction. Each assay included t...