Vitamin B12 Content Research Articles

Nutritional, Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Properties of Some Popular Pulse Varieties of Bangladesh

In this study, we estimate the proximate compositions, phytochemicals (polyphenol, flavonoids, flavonol, tannin, protein, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, and β carotene), antioxidant activities, vitamins, minerals, and heavy metals of the four pulses (mung, anchor, chickpea, lentils) and compare among them to find out more nutritious pulse samples. Mung was found to contain the highest amount of polyphenol (98.02 ± 1.74 mg GAE/100 g) and tannin (447.98 ± 9.96 mg TE/100 g) and anchor (771.35 ± 3.76 mg CE/100 g) was rich in flavonoids as compared to other two pulse samples. Mung was also rich in ash, carbohydrate, vitamin B1, copper and anchor was rich in crude fiber, protein, reducing sugar, and vitamin B2 content. The highest amount of phytochemicals contained in mung and anchor corresponded to its highest antioxidant activity in analyzed antioxidant assays respectively. Other two pulses included in this study were found to contain good source of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients.

Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> production in soybean fermentation for tempeh

Most studies have found that vitamin B12 in tempeh is produced by contaminating bacteria specifically, Klebsiella sp. and Citrobacter freundii, during fungal fermentation. This study is to evaluate the effect of starter culture on the vitamin B12 and isoflavone aglicone content of soybean fermentation for tempeh production. In this study, soybeans were washed, soaked in water overnight, dehulled and sterilized by boiling at 100 ℃ for 30 min. Three starter cultures (103 CFU g-1) namely Rhizopus oligosporus, Klebsiella sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were then inoculated as follows, soybeans + R. oligosporus + Klebsiella sp. (SRK), soybeans + R. oligosporus + S. cerevisiae (SRSc), soybeans + R. oligosporus + S. cerevisiae + Klebsiella sp. (SRScK), and Soy + R. oligosporus (SR) and soybeans + Klebsiella sp (SK). Inoculated soybeans were then incubated at 30 ±2 ℃ for 40 hours (tempeh-style). The growth of Klebsiella sp., S. cerevisiae, R. oligosporus and the production of vitamin B12 as well as isoflavone aglicones were observed. The results showed the highest vitamin B12 3.15 mg 100 g-1 was found in tempeh SRSc, followed by 2.88 mg 100 g-1 and 1.64 mg 100 g-1 in tempeh SR and SRScK, respectively. In addition, vitamin B12 in tempeh SRK was the lowest (0.81 mg 100 g-1). All the starter cultures were able to hydrolyze daidzin and genistin, but the amount of daidzein and genistein was tripled and doubled, respectively when Klebsiella sp was inoculated to the soybean fermentation. The study suggested that S. cerevisiae contributes to the production of vitamin B12, while Klebsiella sp contributes to production of daidzein and genistein in soybean fermentation for tempeh production.

Variability in Nutritional Profile and Textural Properties of Differe nt Cuts of Lamb Meat from Subei Gansu

The nutritional profile and textural properties of Subei lamp from Gansu province, as an emerging area of high-quality lamp meat production area in northwest of China, were evaluated. Protein, lipid, amino acid, mineral content, vitamin content as well as texture character of nine different cuts from Subei lamp were determined. Significant difference was found in most nutrition components and textural traits. The protein content ranged from 7.71 to 29.50 g/100g. The lipid content ranged from 2.18 to 11.95 g/100g. Total amino acid content varied from 13.10 to 19.45 g/100g, and content of l-carnitine was between 851.48 to 2019.91 mg/kg. The K and Fe content ranged from 2797.50 to 3783.00 mg/kg and 10.73 to 20.44 mg/kg, respectively. The vitamin B2 content varied from 0.177 to 0.438 mg/100g; vitamin E content ranged from 0.201 to 0.438 mg/100g. The scope of vitamin B3 content was between 5.746 to 8.560 mg/100g, and Subei lamp was also a dietary source of folic acid, which ranged from 2.820 to 6.852 ug/100g. Short loin chop was considered as a high-quality lamp meat, as it was high in protein, vitamin E and low in lipid. Subei lamp considered are significant sources of Fe, Zn and K. Variations in nutritional profiles observed in various cuts of lamp can help the dietary assessment, and also the product’s nutritional labelling.

Do Specialized Bariatric Multivitamins Lower Deficiencies After Sleeve Gastrectomy?

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common after a sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The aim of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a specialized bariatric multivitamin (WLS Optimum) for SG patients on deficiencies compared with a regular multivitamin (MVS) for up to 5years. Data of all patients who underwent a SG procedure in the Catharina Hospital Eindhoven (CZE) between July 2011 and July 2016 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. All patients who completed a preoperative blood test and at least one blood withdrawal during the first operative year were included in this study. This study included 970 patients; 291 patients in the WLS-user group and 679 patients in the non-WLS-user group. In favor of the user group, significantly less de novo deficiencies were found of vitamin B1 (2years) and vitamin B6 (two and three), folic acid (1 and 2years), and vitamin B12 (at 1year). Binomial logistic regression showed a significant influence of multivitamin supplementation mainly on ferritin; vitamins B1, B6, B12, and D; and folic acid, (all p < 0.05). The total number of de novo deficiencies was significantly reduced during the whole study for all WLS Optimum users. Vitamin deficiencies are common, and postoperative nutritional management after SG is underestimated. The use of a specialized multivitamin supplement resulted in higher mean serum concentrations and less deficiencies of vitamin B1, folic acid, and vitamin B12. This study shows that SG patients benefit from the specialized multivitamin supplements, but adjustments are required for iron and vitamin B6 content.

Effects of vitamin B6 on growth, diarrhea rate, intestinal morphology, function, and inflammatory factors expression in a high-protein diet fed to weaned piglets1.

Vitamin B6 (VB6) is an important coenzyme factor which participates in many metabolic reactions, especially amino acid metabolism. There are few reports on how VB6 mediates weaned piglet intestinal health. This study purposed to investigate dietary VB6 effects on growth, diarrhea rates, and intestinal morphology and function in weaned piglets fed a high-crude protein (22% CP) diet. Eighteen 21-d-old weaned [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] piglets with body weights of 7.03 ± 0.15 (means ± SEM) kg were randomly assigned into 3 VB6-containing dietary treatments. Vitamin B6 content was: 0, 4, and 7 mg/kg, respectively. The feeding period lasted 14 d. The results showed that no significant difference existed for the growth performance. The 7 mg/kg VB6 group had a tendency to decrease diarrhea rate (P = 0.065). Blood biochemical parameters analysis demonstrated that total protein, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein significantly increased in the 7 mg/kg VB6 group (P < 0.05). In the jejunum, no significant differences were detected for villus height, villus width, crypt depth, villus height and crypt depth ratios, and positive Ki67 counts and the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. Vitamin B6 significantly increased the mRNA expression of SLC6A19 and SLC6A20 (P < 0.05) and decreased the mRNA expression of SLC36A1 (P < 0.05). In the ileum, VB6 significantly increased villus height and villus width (P < 0.05) while decreased positive Ki67 cell counts for 7 mg/kg VB6 group (P < 0.05). Vitamin B6 had significantly increased the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α,cyclo-oxygen-ase-2, and transforming growth factor-β (P < 0.05). Vitamin B6 also had significantly increased mRNA expression of SLC6A19, SLC7A6, SLC7A7, and SLC36A1 (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with VB6 may affect the intestinal morphology and absorption and metabolism of protein in weaned piglets fed a high-protein diet by altering the expression of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and amino acid transporters.

Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in airlift photobioreactor with transparent draft tube: effect of hydrodynamics, light and carbon dioxide on biochemical profile particularly ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio

Chlorella vulgaris is used for food and feed applications due to its nutraceutical, antioxidant and anticancer properties. An airlift photobioreactor comprising transparent draft tube was used for C. vulgaris cultivation. The effect of reactor parameters like hydrodynamics (0.3-1.5vvm), light intensity (85-400μmolm-2s-1), photoperiod (12-24h) and gas-phase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (5-15% v/v) were evaluated on microalgae and associated bacterial growth, biochemical profile; with special emphasis on ω-3, ω-6 fatty acids, and vitamin B12. The optimal growth of C. vulgaris without CO2 supplementation was observed at 1.2vvm, which was associated with higher algal productivity, chlorophyll, vitamin B12 content, and bacterial load along with 72% of nitrate removal. The higher light intensity (400μmolm-2s-1) and photoperiod (24:0) increased biomass productivity and ω-3 fatty acid content (in lipid) up to 2-3 fold. The elevated levels of gas-phase CO2 concentration (15% v/v) enhanced EPA content up to 7% and biomass productivity up to 171mgL-1day-1. However, the increase in CO2 concentration lowered vitamin B12 content (up to 30%) and bacterial load (2-3 log). Also, all the cultivation conditions favoured desirable ω-6/ω-3 ratio(in the range of 1-2).

Разработка технологии пищевой добавки на основе соевого сырья биотехнологической модификации

Soybeans are used in various sectors of food and processing industry as an additive that increases the nutritional and biological value of traditional food products. The research objective was to create a technology for a new protein-vitamin-mineral ingredient (PVMI). The new PVMI is a flour based on biotechnologically modified soybeans. The research featured soybeans of Kitrossa variety developed at the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Soybeans (Blagoveshchensk, Russia). The technology included four main stages: preparation of soybeans, germination, drying, and grinding. The process of germination was performed in wet paper using a thermostat at a relative humidity of 85%. The experiment provided the optimal regimes for germination (26°C, 24 h) and drying (50°C, 270 min). The new technology made it possible to increase the protein content in the additive by 7.3 %, lipids – by 2.3 %, and dietary fibers – by 3.6–8.4 %, if compared to the initial soybeans. Regardless of the germination regime, the additive demonstrated the optimal ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ω-6 and ω-3, which was 6.3:1–8.1:1. The PVMI also increased the content of vitamin B1 by 1.6–1.7 times, vitamin E – by 1.7 times, and vitamin C – by 2.2 times, if compared to their&#x0D; content in the original soybeans. The activity of trypsin inhibitor in the PVMI decreased by 21.4–35.6%. The resulting soybean grain and food additive were rich in minerals (7.0–7.6 g per 100 g) with a water content of 9.3–9.8 g per 100 g. The sensory properties of the obtained nutritional additive had an average score of 5.0. The research resulted in a set of technical documentation, which included Standard STO 9146-001-00668442-2018 ‘Protein-vitamin-mineral ingredient. Food additive’ and technological procedures for its production.

Vitamin B6 content in colostrum and milk of cows and blood of calves during milking period under hydrochloride pyridoxine influence

Vitamin B6 content in colostrum and milk of cows and blood of calves during milking period under hydrochloride pyridoxine influence

Rapid evaluation of garlic cultivars by front-face fluorescence and independent component analysis

Garlic is widely used as food flavouring, and China is the world's largest garlic producer and exporter. To develop a convenient technique for evaluation of garlic cultivars would be worthwhile, and it would have wide application in such a huge market. In this research, 3D front-face fluorescence data of 8 garlic cultivars were recorded, and independent component analysis was used to decompose the overall fluorescence spectra into six independent components. The first, second, and fourth independent components showed a big difference among the cultivars, and the chemical fluorophores behind these three components were specified as protein, vitamin B6, and ATP, respectively, as fluorescent markers for evaluation. The result showed that all 8 cultivars cluster separately. The cultivar “YNQJ” have the highest quality in terms of protein and vitamin B6, “NXYC” and “SDHB” have the highest content of ATP, while “SXXA” is the poorest in terms of protein and ATP, and “HNJZ” has the lowest content of vitamin B6. Therefore, rapid evaluation of garlic cultivars can be accomplished successfully by using only the proportion values of three properly selected fluorescent markers.

Expansion of assortment of functional gingerbread products

In order to expand the range of flour confectionary for healthy nutrition, documentation on new gingerbread products with increased food value was developed in 2017-2018. They are Prune gingerbread (kovrizhka) and gingerbread (pryanik) "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie". The nutrition value of new gingerbread products is defined by the content of medium rye flour, sunflower oil, prunes, dried apricots, cocoa powder which enrich the products with many micronutrients necessary for a human body such as food fibers, mineral substances, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Prune gingerbread exceeds the production analog (Tula gingerbread) in the content of food fibers (3.6%), vitamin E (2.9 mg%) and vitamin B1 (0.11 mg%) by 2.25; 4.1 and 1.37 times, respectively. It also has more mineral substances (K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe) in comparison with the control - 2.0; 1.3; 1.4; 2.4; 1.4 times, respectively. Energy value of Prune gingerbread is 8.8% lower than that of the production analog (Tula gingerbread). In 100 grams of Prune gingerbread and gingerbreads "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie" there are from 2.9 to 4.0 g of polyunsaturated linoleic acid that satisfy the minimum body need a day. Gingerbreads "Zabava", "Fantaziya", "Vdokhnovenie" exceed the production analog (gingerbreads “Festivalnye”) in the content of mineral substances (K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe) in total – by 46.4; 98.4; 45.0%, respectively; in food fibers – by 1.7-2.2 times; in vitamin E – by 1.9-2.0 times. New gingerbread products are functional as they contain 26.4-36.4% of average daily body need in PUFA and 29.0-37.0% of vitamin E. Gingerbreads 'Zabava' and 'Fantaziya' contain respectively 17.0 and 20.0% of average daily body need in food fibers and 15.7% – in iron.

Nutrient composition of the long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens Serville: Effect of swarming season and sourcing geographical area

This research investigates the effect of swarming season and sourcing geographical area on the nutrient composition of R. differens. On a dry matter basis, protein (34.2–45.8%) and fat (42.2–54.3%) are the major macro-nutrients. Leucine (80. 9–88.5), lysine (54.0–69.8) and valine (59.2–61.8) are the most abundant essential amino acids (EAA) (mg/g protein). Tryptophan is the most limiting EAA. Its EAA composition is like the children and adults’ reference protein. Its fat is highly unsaturated (63.5–64.7). Oleic (38.4–42.7), linoleic (19.0–23.0) and palmitic (26.6–27.8) fatty acids (FA) (g/100 g total FA) are the most abundant. Geographical area significantly influences its mineral content within seasons. Season significantly influences its fat, protein, ash and mineral content but not its AAs’ and FAs’ content. Both factors significantly influence its vitamin B12 content (0.73–1.35 µg/100 g).

Enhancement of vitamin B6 levels in rice expressing Arabidopsis vitamin B6 biosynthesis de novo genes.

SummaryVitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is vital for key metabolic reactions and reported to have antioxidant properties in planta. Therefore, enhancement of vitamin B6 content has been hypothesized to be a route to improve resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Most of the current studies on vitamin B6 in plants are on eudicot species, with monocots remaining largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated vitamin B6 biosynthesis in rice, with a view to examining the feasibility and impact of enhancing vitamin B6 levels. Constitutive expression in rice of two Arabidopsis thaliana genes from the vitamin B6 biosynthesis de novo pathway, AtPDX1.1 and AtPDX2, resulted in a considerable increase in vitamin B6 in leaves (up to 28.3‐fold) and roots (up to 12‐fold), with minimal impact on general growth. Rice lines accumulating high levels of vitamin B6 did not display enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress (salt) or biotic stress (resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae infection). While a significant increase in vitamin B6 content could also be achieved in rice seeds (up to 3.1‐fold), the increase was largely due to its accumulation in seed coat and embryo tissues, with little enhancement observed in the endosperm. However, seed yield was affected in some vitamin B6‐enhanced lines. Notably, expression of the transgenes did not affect the expression of the endogenous rice PDX genes. Intriguingly, despite transgene expression in leaves and seeds, the corresponding proteins were only detectable in leaves and could not be observed in seeds, possibly pointing to a mode of regulation in this organ.

New data on nutrient composition in large selection of commercially available seafood products and its impact on micronutrient intake.

BackgroundMost foods, including seafood, undergo some sort of processing as an integrated part of the global food industry. The degree of processing depends on the type of product produced. Processed seafood products are an important part of the diet; thus, knowledge of nutrient content in seafood products is of great importance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the content of selected nutrients in commercially available and market representative seafood products purchased from 3 different years.MethodsSeafood products from 2015 (n = 16), 2017 (n = 35), and 2018 (n = 35) were analyzed as composite samples for macro- and micronutrients using accredited methods at the Institute of Marine Research in Norway.ResultsThis study confirms that seafood products are good sources of several key nutrients, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamin D, vitamin B12, iodine, and selenium. Fatty fish products had the highest content of EPA, DHA, and vitamin D, while lean fish products had the highest content of vitamin B12 and minerals. However, some lean fish products, such as one portion of fish au gratin or fish cakes, also proved as good sources of EPA, DHA, and vitamin D, and contributed substantially to the recommended intake. Variations in nutrients were seen both within the same product category and between the same product category from different years.ConclusionsThese data give valuable insights into seafood products as a source of essential micronutrients and highlight the importance of these products for nutrition and health.

Co-fermentation of Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Lactobacillus brevis in Wheat Bran for in situ Production of Vitamin B12.

The present study investigated the effect of co-fermentation on vitamin B12 content and microbiological composition of wheat bran. Propionibacterium freudenreichii DSM 20271 was used as the producer of vitamin while Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 14869 was selected to ensure the microbial safety of the bran dough. Fermentation trials were conducted in bioreactors to monitor and adjust the pH of the ferments. Vitamin B12 level reached 357 ± 8 ng/g dry weight (dw) after 1 day of pH-controlled fermentation with P. freudenreichii monoculture and remained stable thereafter. In co-fermentation with L. brevis, slightly less vitamin B12 (255 ± 31 ng/g dw) was produced in 1 day and an effective inhibition of the growth of total Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus cereus was obtained. On day 3, vitamin B12 content in pH-controlled co-fermentation increased to 332 ± 44 ng/g dw. On the other hand, without a pH control, co-fermentation resulted in a stronger inhibition of Enterobacteriaceae and B. cereus but a lower level of vitamin B12 (183 ± 5 ng/g dw on day 3). These results demonstrated that wheat bran fermented by P. freudenreichii and L. brevis can be a promising way to produce vitamin B12 fortified plant-origin food ingredients, which could reduce cereal waste streams and contribute to a more resilient food chain.

Rice plastidial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase 1 negatively regulates salt stress response by reducing the vitamin B6 content.

SummarySalinity is an important environmental factor that adversely impacts crop growth and productivity. Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) catalyse the reversible interconversion of malate and oxaloacetate using NAD(H)/NADP(H) as a cofactor and regulate plant development and abiotic stress tolerance. Vitamin B6 functions as an essential cofactor in enzymatic reactions involved in numerous cellular processes. However, the role of plastidial MDH in rice (Oryza sativa) in salt stress response by altering vitamin B6 content remains unknown. In this study, we identified a new loss‐of‐function osmdh1 mutant displaying salt stress‐tolerant phenotype. The OsMDH1 was expressed in different tissues of rice plants including leaf, leaf sheath, panicle, glume, bud, root and stem and was induced in the presence of NaCl. Transient expression of OsMDH1‐GFP in rice protoplasts showed that OsMDH1 localizes to chloroplast. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing OsMDH1 (OsMDH1OX) displayed a salt stress‐sensitive phenotype. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) metabolic profiling revealed that the amount of pyridoxine was significantly reduced in OsMDH1OX lines compared with the NIP plants. Moreover, the pyridoxine content was higher in the osmdh1 mutant and lower in OsMDH1OX plants than in the NIP plants under the salt stress, indicating that OsMDH1 negatively regulates salt stress‐induced pyridoxine accumulation. Furthermore, genome‐wide RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis indicated that ectopic expression of OsMDH1 altered the expression level of genes encoding key enzymes of the vitamin B6 biosynthesis pathway, possibly reducing the level of pyridoxine. Together, our results establish a novel, negative regulatory role of OsMDH1 in salt stress tolerance by affecting vitamin B6 content of rice tissues.

Determination of pyridoxine by means of an indicator diazo-test strip

Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) plays an important role in the body’s metabolism. Reaction of azocoupling with diazoaryl compound underlies in a basis a known photometric method of its chemical analysis. This method is not selective. In the present work the test method of determination of the pyridoxine containing in a molecule hydroxyarylgroup, was proposed by them azocoupling with chromogenic indicator diazo test strip, consisting of a covalently fixed on cellulose reagent with functional diazoaryl group, attached to the cellulose carrier through 1,3-diphenoxypropane bridge. This test strip interaction with resulted in formation of cellulose tetradentate chelating agent, capable to enter the subsequent chromogenic reaction with copper (II) ion. Formation of blue-violet complex of azoderivative pyridoxine with copper was used for determination of the content of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in a number of his pharmaceutical preparations.

Argon plasma effects on maize: pesticide degradation and quality changes.

During planting, storage and transportation of maize excessive amounts of pesticides are used to ensure production, resulting in pesticide residues on the maize that can threaten human health. Plasma, compared with other technologies, has been widely regarded as a green, safe and promising technology for surface decontamination to ensure maize safety and quality. The aim of this study is to discuss plasma effects on the degradation of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl on maize surface and the changes of treated maize quality. Results achieved the largest degradation efficiency of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl, up to 91.5% and 73.1%, respectively. The physical changes of maize were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing a decrease in contact angle, an increase in surface free energy and polar component, leading to improved hydrophilicity of the treated maize. There was no significant change of vitamin B2 content of maize. A significant increase of acid value and decrease of moisture content and starch content were observed within acceptable limits. It is reasonable to believe that argon plasma treatment enhances the edible safety of maize while maintaining maize quality. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Lactic acid bacterial inoculant effects on the vitamin content of alfalfa and Chinese leymus silage.

ObjectiveInformation regarding the vitamin content of silage is limited. This study investigated the changes in the vitamin content of alfalfa and Chinese leymus silages with or without a lactic acid bacterial inoculant.MethodsAlfalfa at the early flowering stage and Chinese leymus at the full-bloom stage were harvested. The treatments for each forage type were control (deionized water only) and 1×106 colony-forming units Lactobacillus plantarum (LP)/g fresh matter. After 45 days of ensiling, all silages were sampled for evaluating the vitamin content, fermentation quality and chemical composition.ResultsThe LP inoculant decreased the pH value and ammonia nitrogen content of the alfalfa and Chinese leymus silages and significantly (p<0.05) increased the lactic acid, acetic acid concentrations and Flieg’s points. Prior to ensiling, the levels of five B-group vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine) and α-tocopherol in alfalfa were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those in Chinese leymus. Ensiling decreased the levels of the five B-group vitamins in both alfalfa and Chinese leymus while increasing the α-tocopherol content of Chinese leymus. The thiamin, riboflavin, niacin and pantothenic acid levels in the LP-treated silage were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in the untreated silage for the alfalfa and Chinese leymus. The α-tocopherol content in the LP-treated alfalfa silage was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that in the untreated alfalfa silage. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in pyridoxine content between the untreated and LP-treated silages for both forages.ConclusionWith or without LP inoculation, the levels of the five B-group vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine) in alfalfa and Chinese leymus decreased after 45 days of ensiling, while the α-tocopherol content of Chinese leymus increased. The LP inoculant improved the fermentation quality of both the alfalfa and Chinese leymus silages but increased the thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and pantothenic acid loss in the two forages after fermentation.

The correlation of whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient with neurological impairment, Hcy metabolism and oxygen free radical generation in patients with Alzheimer′s Disease

Objective To study the correlation of whole brain apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with neurological impairment, homocysteine (Hcy) metabolism and oxygen free radical generation in patients with Alzheimer′s disease (AD). Methods The patients diagnosed as AD in Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from March 2014 to December 2017 were selected as AD group and healthy persons as control group. The ADC of whole brain was calculated after magnetic resonance scanning. The degree of neurological impairment was evaluated by Montreal Cognitive Function Assessment Scale (MoCA). The levels of Hcy metabolic index and oxygen free radical production were measured after collecting serum. Results ADC values of AD group in parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe were not significantly different from those of control group (P>0.05). The ADC value of hippocampus as well as serum Hcy, malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) contents were significantly higher than those of control group, while MoCA score as well as folic acid (FA), vitamin B12 (VitB12), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH) contents in serum were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.05); ADC value of hippocampus in AD patients was negatively correlated with MoCA score as well as serum FA, VitB12, SOD and GSH contents, and positively correlated with serum Hcy, MDA and NO contents. Conclusions The increased ADC value of hippocampus in AD patients was related to the cognitive function injury, Hcy metabolism disorder and excessive generation of oxygen free radicals. Key words: Alzheimer disease; Diffusion tensor imaging; Cognitive dysfunction; Homocysteine; Reactive oxygen species

The effect of UV-protected ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) bags on the physicochemical stability of pediatric parenteral nutrition admixtures

BackgroundThe safe administration of parenteral admixtures should be considered under the headings of physical and chemical stability. Vitamins are considered to be most susceptible to chemical degradation.ObjectivesTo evaluate the protective effect of UV-protected monolayer ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) bags in comparison with that of EVA bags without UV protection, on the physicochemical characteristics and stability of the light sensitive vitamins in pediatric parenteral admixtures stored under various temperature and light conditions.MethodsFour different parenteral pediatric admixtures (with trace elements and vitamins) in two types of ethylenovinylacetate (EVA) monolayer containers (with – yellow one and without – transparent one UV protection) were assessed. The physicochemical analyses such as visual inspection, pH and potential zeta measurements, lipid globules size distribution and vitamins concentration were performed at 0 h, 24 h, 8 days and 8 days+24 h after the preparation of the TPN admixtures. In order to quantify ascorbic acid, thiamine and pyridoxine levels, HPLC was used.ResultsNo differences (p < 0.05) in physicochemical stability of TPN admixtures were noted between two types of EVA bags, with the compositions assessed; stored 8 days (4 °C ± 2) without light plus 24 h at room temperature and light exposure. However significant differences were noticed in ascorbic acid, thiamine and pyridoxine content after 8 days+24 h in comparison with t = 0. This was noted for both for UV-protected bags and bags without UV-protection, Nevertheless, amounts were still within the pharmacopeial range.ConclusionsBoth EVA bags under test (with and without UV-protection) ensure physicochemical stability up 8 days at 4 °C ± 2 °C without light exposure and then 24 h at room temperature with light exposure for the total pediatric parenteral admixtures, intended for home parenteral nutrition.Graphical abstractScheme of physicochemical analysis of parenteral admixtures