Vitalism Research Articles

The mega-evolution of life with its three memory systems depends on sender-receiver communication and problem-solving. A narrative review.

It should be the ultimate goal of any theory of evolution to delineate the contours of an integrative system to answer the question: How does life (in all its complexity) evolve (which can be called mega-evolution)? But how to plausibly define 'life'? My answer (1994-2023) is: 'life' sounds like a noun, but denotes an activity, and thus is a verb. Life (L) denotes nothing else than the total sum (∑) of all acts of communication (transfer of information) (C) executed by any type of senders-receivers at all their levels (up to at least 15) of compartmental organization: L = ∑C. The 'communicating compartment' is better suited to serve as the universal unit of structure, function and evolution than the cell, the smallest such unit. By paying as much importance to communication activity as to the Central Dogma of molecular biology, a wealth of new insights unfold. The major ones are as follows. (1) Living compartments have not only a genetic memory (DNA), but also a still enigmatic cognitive and an electrical memory system (and thus a triple memory system). (2) Complex compartments can have up to three types of progeny: genetic descendants/children, pupils/learners and electricians. (3) Of particular importance to adaptation, any act of communication is a problem-solving act because all messages need to be decoded. Hence through problem-solving that precedes selection, life itself is the driving force of its own evolution (a very clever but counterintuitive and unexpected logical deduction). Perhaps, this is the 'vital force' philosopher and Nobel laureate (in 1927) Henri Bergson searched for but did not find.

Production prediction based on ASGA-XGBoost in shale gas reservoir

The advancement of horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies has led to an increased significance of shale gas as a vital energy source. In the realm of oilfield development decisions, production forecast analysis stands as an essential aspect. Despite numerical simulation being a prevalent method for production prediction, its time-consuming nature is ill-suited for expeditious decision-making in oilfield development. Consequently, we present a data-driven model, ASGA-XGBoost, designed for rapid and precise forecasting of shale gas production from horizontally fractured wells. The central premise of ASGA-XGBoost entails the implementation of ASGA to optimize the hyperparameters of the XGBoost model, thereby enhancing its prediction performance. To assess the feasibility of the ASGA-XGBoost model, we employed a dataset comprising 250 samples, acquired by simulating shale gas multistage fractured horizontal well development through the use of CMG commercial numerical simulation software. Furthermore, XGBoost, GA-XGBoost, and ASGA-XGBoost models were trained using the data from the training set and employed to predict the 30-day cumulative gas production utilizing the data from the testing set. The outcomes demonstrate that the ASGA-XGBoost model yields the lowest mean absolute error and offers optimal performance in predicting the 30-day cumulative gas production. Additionally, the mean absolute error of the unoptimized XGBoost model is markedly greater than that of the optimized XGBoost model, indicating that the latter, refined through the application of intelligent optimization algorithms, exhibits superior performance. The insights gleaned from this investigation have the potential to inform the development of strategic plans for shale gas oilfields, ultimately promoting the cost-effective exploitation of this energy resource.

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF BASTI MARMA W.S.R TO ITS SADYO PRANAHARATA

The unique concept of Ayurveda is Marmas. According to ancient scholars ,the description of total 107 Marmas in the body has been described . It is formed by the convergence of Mamsa, Sira, Snayu, Asthi and Sandhi and it is the site of vital energy . Marma are the endangered areas present in the body. Due to any trauma or injury on the region may cause loss of function of that region or organ or site & even death may occur which is dependent on the strength of the trauma. Acharya Sushruta has described Marma according to the surgery point of view .Acharya Charaka has given importance to Basti Marma by placing it in Trimarma of body ( Hridaya ,Basti, Shira ). Basti Marma is considered as one of the Sadyopranahara Marma due to which any injury to this Marma may cause peritonitis ,pelvic fracture and deep vein thrombosis. So, the injury or trauma on Basti region can causes death due to hypovolemic shock and pulmonary embolism .So this is very important to review the anatomical position of Basti and fatality of Basti Marma in present era .Now a days blunt trauma i.e road accidents, sports injury has become the leading cause of pelvic injury . So, it is very essential to understand about the Basti Marma and traumatic effect on the urinary bladder in the light of contemporary science .

The conservation of nervous energy: Neurophysiology and energy conservation in the work of Sigmund Exner and Josef Breuer

This article explores the assimilation of the law of energy conservation in the psychological sciences of the late nineteenth century by comparing two similar neurophysiological projects conceived in largely the same social milieu and at the same time – namely, Sigmund Exner's Project for a physiological explanation of psychic phenomena (1894) and Josef Breuer's “Theoretical” chapter for Studies on Hysteria (1895). As shall be demonstrated, even within the narrow context of fin-de siècle Viennese neurophysiology, energetic concepts were used in apparently similar models, but defending widely distinct perspectives on life and the mind. While Exner formulated his project with a view of reducing mental processes to the exchange of neuronal energy, thus eliminating remnants of vital force in psychology, and generally following the methodological precepts of organic physics and of the thermodynamic method, Breuer in turn formulated a model whereby the electricity of neuronal exchanges was considered equivalent to a modified version of vital forces. Although the difference in their approach cannot be reduced to a single factor, the article suggests that the role played by medical practice in theory-construction provides one key condition for the variation in their otherwise analogous projects. While Exner conducted his work exclusively within the physiological laboratory, and still shared the “therapeutic nihilism” characteristic of the Second Vienna Medical School, for Breuer instead theory was both intimately allied with, and secondary to, his medical practice.

Role of Viruddhahara in Ayurveda w.s.r. to Deshviruddha and Kaalaviruddha Aahara

Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine in India. It is a science and specialty of sensible carrying on those aids in achieving life expectancy. It puts a compliment on obstruction and recovery medicines despite different ways to deal with sanitizing and recovery. It can help each person with reaching the right decisions about their food, lifestyle, and exercise to re-establish a decent game plan between their body, cerebrum, and care, to re-establish a decent generally speaking plan between their body, mind, and care, thusly finishing the spread of disorders. Some unsatisfactory eating schedules, penchants, lifestyles, problematic food blends (e.g., milk and fish, melons and grain, yogurt, and meat or cooked Madhu, etc), periodic changes, checked sentiments, and stress factors can all act either together or freely to change the harmony of Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. According to the possibility of the explanation, either Vata, Pitta, or Kapha go through intensification or craziness which impacts the Agni (gastric fire) and makes Ama (harms). This Ama enters the circulatory framework and is circumnavigated all through the body, plugging up the channels. Systems for upkeeps of toxic substances in the blood achieve toxemia. This assembled noxiousness, when profoundly grounded, will step by step impact Prana (vital life energy), Ojas (obstruction), and Tejas (cell metabolic energy) and result in afflictions. This can be nature's undertaking at killing the harmfulness from the body. Each alleged contamination is a crisis of Ama noxiousness. Ama is the crucial inside justification behind all ailments, due to the annoyed Doshas.

Karmayoga Analysed through Spinoza’s Perspective on ‘Eternity’ and Bergson’s ‘Élan Vital’Karmayoga Analysed through Spinoza’s Perspective on ‘Eternity’ and Bergson’s ‘Élan Vital’

This study aims to unveil the dimensions of karmayoga on duty and action exposed in the Bhagavad Gita from the philosophical perspective of eternity postulated by Spinoza and the concept of élan vital (the vital force or impulse of life) propounded by Bergson. The karmayoga, the yoga of action, postulates the theory of niskama karma, the action that disregards the results. Likewise, it also advocates for renunciation in action: performing actions without being mentally attached to them leads one to an ideal stage because what one thinks becomes one’s will. If the doer performs actions with craving or desires, the purity of action manipulates itself. When the doer rises above these binding factors of action, the banalities of the mundane world become puny. Then one realizes that the creation dwells within, and attains liberation, attaining reality in the whole integrated form. The karmayoga paves the path for the welfare of living beings. This philosophy of action finds its vibrations in the philosophical tenets of Spinoza and Bergson. To explore these concepts, this study implements the qualitative approach to research and exploratory methods. Likewise, Spinoza’s perspective of eternity and Bergson’s élan vital have been applied as the major theoretical lens to unravel the underlying contents and themes of karmayoga. The study opens new perspectives to understand the concepts of the karmayoga from new standpoints.

Role of Digital Transformation on Carbon Performance: Evidence from Firm-Level Analysis in China

The continuous proliferation of the global digital wave has increased the contribution of firms’ digital transformation as a vital force propelling economic growth and sustainable development, highlighting the importance of digital transformation and the environment. However, only limited studies focused on how digital transformation influences carbon performance. To fill in this gap, this study investigates the impact of digital transformation on corporate carbon performance using a sample of 2286 Chinese A-share listed firms from 2008 to 2020 and employs the ordinary least squares (OLS) model as the principal research methodology. According to the results, the adoption of digital transformation strategies by firms exhibits a notable capacity to enhance carbon performance, which holds after a series of robustness tests. Green technology innovation and total factor productivity exhibit a partially mediating influence on the relationship between digital transformation and carbon performance. Further analyses reveal that enhanced green management practices and government subsidies have the potential to further amplify this positive effect. However, the impact is diminished by financing constraints and political connections. The findings of this research hold significance for firms striving for sustainable development within the era.

Metabolic Infrastructures: An Organic Analogy between Literal Imitation and Metaphor

Throughout history, nature and organisms have served as analogies for both design and the contemplation of architecture and cities. In this paper, the concept of metabolism as an organic analogy in architecture and the built environment is discussed by juxtaposing the two approaches. Literal imitation seen in interdisciplinary studies of urban metabolism offers a new applicative perspective for sustainable cities. On the other hand, the historical reference of Japanese Metabolism, from the 1960s, offers a relevant metaphoric example with an added poetic humanist spirit. Regarded through an infrastructure prism, the organic analogy of metabolism is discussed by employing themes of the relationship between organisms and environment, the correlation between organs, the relationship between form and function, and the principle of vitality. Furthermore, the concept of metabolic infrastructure is presented as a way of bridging the literal and metaphorical approach and as a possible tool to mitigate the metabolic rift.

Legal Entelechies: Public Cognition and Emergencies of the Inquisitorial Model

Entelechy is Greek for vital principle. To Aristotle, in De Anima, entelechy is the very definition of the soul, because the latter is nothing else than the vital principle of the being (to empsychon). In this article, I suggest the idea of legal entelechy to denote the kind of legal subject that comes defined as a soul, rather than as an actor or even a natural person—or a corporation. To begin the investigation into the legal entelechy I explore the affinity between the perhaps now expired science of the soul and the legal disciplines. I suggest, here, one particular aspect of the genealogy of this affinity, based on specific legal thinking in late antique and medieval Mediterranean sources from Jewish, Muslim, and Christian legal authors. Through them, we can see some of the ways in which the legal subject with a soul does political and social work.

Integration of Reversible Solid Oxide Electrolysis (rSOC) to Wastewater Treatment Plants for Sustainable Green Gas Production and Balancing of Green Power

Biogas produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) of sewage sludge and organic wastes at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) can present an important energy contribution to a sustainable society. This raw biogas contains typically 50-65 molar% methane (CH4) and 50-35 molar% carbon dioxide (CO2). The raw AD biogas can be further upgraded to biomethane (with over 98 molar% CH4). This is a sustainably produced gas of biological origin which has same usability and energetic properties as fossil natural gas. Either by use as biofuel in transportation, local combined heat and power (CHP) or directly fed into the gas grid, biomethane has become a vital non-fossil energy source in Europe but also other parts of the world.During the CO2 separation step of biomethane upgrading, substantial amounts of CO2 are emitted to the atmosphere. A methanation unit can convert this CO2 into sustainable Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG), with a strong potential to be used as additional biomethane (SNG-Biomethane). The methanation unit can replace the conventional carbon dioxide (CO2) separation unit for biomethane upgrading, but needs addition of hydrogen from water electrolysis, e.g. high performance Solid Oxide Electrolysis (SOE). Such SOE can also be built as a novel high-performance reversible Solid Oxide Electrolysis (rSOC), as demonstrated in the European H2020 project BALANCE. Besides the SOE mode, such rSOC can operate also in the opposite fuel cell direction (SOFC): In times when power demands exceed sustainable supply, the SOFC mode of the rSOC can convert raw AD biogas directly to electricity. In this way, WWTPs can act as energy storage solutions to buffer temporal electrical energy surplus and produce domestic sustainable SNG to the transport sector or the gas grid. At the same time, the rSOC provides a concept of zero-emission power production. To highlight the zero-emission potential of the rSOC, this paper emphasizes author’s earlier results from the European H2020 project DEMOSOFC, which demonstrated zero-local emission SOFC using raw biogas from WWTP sewage sludge and organic wastes.In this paper, profitability estimations for optimal rSOC and methanation investment and operation strategies at a modern city level WWTP in Finland, Europe, are presented. Power used in rSOC electrolysis mode (SOEC) origins from intermittent green power sources such as wind power, while power produced in rSOC fuel cell mode (SOFC) uses raw AD biogas. For the assessment, we utilize a dedicated Power-to-X optimization model which combines optimally power market operations, dimensions of renewable power sources, plant dimensions and operational scheduling strategies. The assessment showed high profitability using European gas crisis power market data 2021-2022, resulting in sustainable biomethane net production costs of 30-70 €/MWh.

Implications on Employee Engagement Due to Cyclical Preferences in Employee Behaviour and Communicative Actions: a Learning Experience

This paper focuses on the critical importance of human resources (HR) within organizations and the impact of human behaviour, especially cyclical preferences on organizational dynamics. It highlights the significance of employee engagement and attrition rates as key performance indicators for organizations. It identifies employee engagement as a vital force influencing morale, productivity, and retention decisions. The research presents a framework for understanding and enhancing employee engagement through transparent communication, trust, and mutual respect. The framework encompasses dimensions such as People, Process, Technology, and Culture, contributing to an evolving organizational culture. It explores the complexities of addressing cyclical preferences in employee behaviour and offers recommendations for improving employee engagement. The paper underlines the need for adapting HR practices in a rapidly changing technological landscape and proposes personalized models for HR to maximize employee engagement and satisfaction. It delves into the significance of addressing LGBTQ+ inclusion and equality within organizations. The research concludes by emphasizing the importance of embracing dynamic employee preferences, harnessing technology, and promoting transparent communication to create a positive work environment that fosters engagement and reduces turnover. It highlights the role of tailored policies and practices in promoting employee motivation, job satisfaction, and long-term organizational success.

Analyzing the Phosphorus Medication Critically in Order to Understand Its Various Miasmatic Presentations Through Examples from Clinical Practice

The true natural chronic diseases result from a chronic miasm and, when left untreated with remedies designed specifically for them, always worsen despite the best physical and mental care, tormenting the patient until the end of his life with increasingly painful symptoms. The most robust constitution, the best-regulated way of life, and the strongest vital force energy are not enough to eradicate them unless they are treated with anti-miasmatic remedies. This speaks clearly to the importance of understanding the concept of miasm and, therefore, its applicability in clinical practice. In view of the above facts, this study is aimed at learning about different miasmatic expressions of the phosphorus drug through 30 clinical cases. This study concluded that the trimisamatic nature of phosphorus showed miasmatic expression out of the psora in 10 cases. psoro-syphilitic miasm in 11 cases psoro-Sycotic in 6 cases and psoro-syco-syphilitic in 3 cases. Keywords: Phosphorous, Miasm, Constitution, Homoeopathy.

Unraveling Cultural Perceptions and Attitudes towards Dhat Syndrome in Asian American Communities: A Window into Diagnosis and Treatment Influences

Dhat syndrome is a culture-bound syndrome originating from South Asia, characterized by a strong belief in the harmful effects of semen loss on health. The fear is fueled by the belief that the loss of semen leads to physical and psychological problems, including a perceived loss of sexual potency and vital energy. This research aims to explore the cultural beliefs and attitudes surrounding Dhat Syndrome and its impact on Asian American populations. The goal is to examine the cultural attitude towards the diagnosis and treatment options of semen loss.

The Place of Cartoons in Value Education in the Digital Age: The Case of 'Rafadan Tayfa'

The main subject of the study is the analysis of the content of the cartoon movie Rafadan Tayfa in terms of values education in the context of justice, truthfulness, tolerance, compassion, industriousness, patience, respect, helpfulness, empathy, and greetings. The study is based on the root values determined by the Ministry of National Education. Values are an essential element that affects first one's behavior and then society. Children learn these values in many different ways. Especially television, one of the digital age products, is a communication tool that plays a significant role in value transfer with the programs it contains. This study is essential in answering how value education can be given in the digital age, especially by using television as a tool. In addition, this study is critical in revealing how and to what extent the cartoons broadcasted on children's channels that children can easily access address values. Document analysis technique, which is one of the qualitative research techniques, was used in the study. In our study, we tried to examine the root values in the first ten episodes of the cartoon Rafadan Tayfa broadcast in Turkey. As a result of the research, it was determined that the values of benevolence with the children always helping each other and the elders of the neighborhood, compassion with the behavior of the neighborhood residents to the dog Yumağ and other animals, respect for nature with the tradition of planting trees, respect for elders with the events they experienced with Uncle Basri, love for the little ones with Uncle Basri's behavior towards children, and unity and solidarity with their help to Uncle Nuri, the grocer. Each episode of the cartoon about Turkish neighborhood culture examined a different value around a different event, and the values were tried to be transferred to children appropriately. In particular, values such as benevolence, generosity, unity, respect for elders, and protection of the little ones were emphasized. It has been revealed that the cartoon is a good example of permanent teaching in the digital age in line with the principle of vitality. In our opinion, the cartoon, the subject of our research, has successfully transferred values and has been able to transfer the targeted gains to children appropriately. Our study has revealed that value education in the digital age can be realized through many different channels and other methods. The important thing is to catch up with the age, to be aware of the characteristics of children, and to provide technical competence.

Exploring the Science of Marma - An Ancient Healing Technique: Marma Therapy

Marma Science, an extraordinary gem in the vast treasure of Ayurvedic knowledge, represents the science of specific vital places in the body (Marmas), that are the ‘seats of life’ (Prana - the vital life force). As any injury to these parts may lead to severe pain, disability, loss of function, loss of sensation, or death, therefore, they hold an important place in the science of surgery. The ancient scriptures have strictly prohibited causing any injury to the Marmas. However, recent researches have used Marma stimulation for theraputic benefits, with encouraging outcomes. Looking at these mutually conflicting, important applications of Marma Science, the present study was undertaken for its in-depth analysis. Previously, we have explored different aspects of Marma Science in ancient and classical Indian scriptures. In addition, our other study have provided detailed description of the number of Marmas, their location, structures involved, classification, effect of trauma, etc., as per classical texts, as well as correlation with modern science. Previously, we also published its use in Yoga and other ancient Indian traditions, both as a therapeutic technique, as well as for self-defense and inflicting injury on the opponents. The present article explored its application as a therapeutic procedure (Marma Therapy). Different methods of Marma stimulation have been compiled. Therapeutic classification and applications of Marmas have been listed, and several research studies on Marma Therapy have been presented. Several mechanisms for the mode of action of Marma Therapy have been discussed. It is concluded that Marma Science holds significant promise as an effective therapeutic procedure.

Targeting mitophagy for neurological disorders treatment: advances in drugs and non-drug approaches.

Mitochondria serve as a vital energy source for nerve cells. The mitochondrial network also acts as a defense mechanism against external stressors that can threaten the stability of the nervous system. However, excessive accumulation of damaged mitochondria can lead to neuronal death. Mitophagy is an essential pathway in the mitochondrial quality control system and can protect neurons by selectively removing damaged mitochondria. In most neurological disorders, dysfunctional mitochondria are a common feature, and drugs that target mitophagy can improve symptoms. Here, we reviewed the role of mitophagy in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, stroke, and traumatic brain injuries. We also summarized drug and non-drug approaches to promote mitophagy and described their therapeutic role in neurological disorders in order to provide valuable insight into the potential therapeutic agents available for neurological disease treatment. However, most studies on mitophagy regulation are based on preclinical research using cell and animal models, which may not accurately reflect the effects in humans. This poses a challenge to the clinical application of drugs targeting mitophagy. Additionally, these drugs may carry the risk of intolerable side effects and toxicity. Future research should focus on the development of safer and more targeted drugs for mitophagy.

A case of Bell’s palsy successfully treated with homoeopathy

Bell’s palsy is an acute unilateral facial palsy of the lower motor neuron type predominantly affecting middle aged men. Although exact aetiology is unknown, but probable causes include entrapment of the nerve at the mental foramen and vasospasm due to external factors. Surgical management along with medical management provides an assuring relief for the Bell’s palsy sufferers, may produce adverse effects such as facial nerve palsy or post-surgical synkinesis. Homoeopathic medicines, when selected based on signs and symptoms, act on the vital force dynamically and gently restore the nerve functioning to normal. Here, we present a case of left-sided Bell’s palsy recovered with homoeopathic medicines prescribed on the basis of causation and side affinity. The recovery was assessed by the House Brackmann scale and the quality of life was assessed using the modified Naranjo criteria.

A discussion on the scientificity of the theory of vital principle as a relativistic phenomenon and the concept of minimum dose

The cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics are the five fundamental principles of biology. The vital principle collectively denotes these five basic principles. However, the energy or information on its own is insufficient to make life. Energy, information and preservation of information are necessary for the existence of life. The biological process of adaptation to environmental influences also helps the preservation process. All these provide evidence that the vital principle is relativistic. Similarly, Dr. Hahnemann advises that the smallest possible dose itself is sufficient to cure the disease. However, Hahnemann has not defined what exactly this ‘smallest possible dose’ or ‘minimum dose’ means, due to which there is ambiguity among homoeopaths. In his earlier periods of medical practice, he used mother tinctures and mother solutions to treat the patient. He encountered severe aggravations, which compelled him to dilute the medicine to avoid aggravation. However, low- and ultra-high dilutions of homoeopathic medicine have been observed to act on the five fundamental biological principles within the closed system (for example, epigenetic modification). Relating and using these well-established scientific principles help us to create better scientific homoeopathy. Thus, the vital principle is observed to have a relativistic phenomenon and the concept of minimum dose has been observed to be correlated with the principles of biology.

Fluid motherhood: gender, Chinese religions, and kinship maneuvers in the Buddhist women’s Southern Sea diaspora (1880–1960)

ABSTRACT Chinese kinship, the basis and vital force of Chinese societies, is defined by patrilineal descent; thus, it has an agnatic character. The Chinese kinship system was brought to Southeast Asia by Chinese communities in their various diasporic trajectories. Its patriarchal norms have been maintained through various social institutions, under which women were generally peripheral. This article utilizes new materials garnered from fieldwork on women’s temples in Singapore to demonstrate how unmarried, widowed, and unattached Chinese women organized themselves and their networks through matricentric religious establishments. Further, they reconfigured, rebuilt, and reorganized their kinships based on religious lineages, dialect groups, and mutual interests rather than blood. Through providing empirical insights into the gendering and religionizing of Chinese kinships in Southeast Asia, this article seeks to address the persistent male bias in studies of Chinese kinship, arguing for the need to consider non-normative family units that center around women and female religious leadership. Many of the religious women concerned were associated with Buddhism in some way; therefore, this article suggests that Buddhist “families” on the ground do not necessarily comply with traditional Buddhist monastic orders. Rather, they have fluid dispositions and diversified natures. The ambivalence that characterized these local forms of Chinese Buddhism enabled women to navigate and negotiate their multiple socioreligious identities and create their own spiritual homes in male-centered Chinese diaspora communities in Southeast Asia.

Homeopathic interventions against Salmonella typhi: A narrative review

This review discusses the importance of the antimicrobial action of homoeopathic medicine in the general management of typhoid. The main aim is to provide individualized homoeopathic treatment with symptomatic improvement, minimizing complications, and promoting early recovery. Justifying homoeopathy as preventive and curative in epidemic diseases. To review the effectiveness of homoeopathic medicine against Salmonella typhi by agar well diffusion and MIC value methods. Google scholar and PubMed databases were searched for this study to analyse the effects of homoeopathic medicine against Salmonella typhi. After scrutiny, shortlisted studies were reviewed for the study. The Google scholar search yielded 41 studies, a bibliography from 13 different sources books, and the Selection of 6 clinical rubrics from Radar 10-Synthesis Repertories after analysis of abstracts of 60 studies, 27 were shortlisted including five in-vitro and two in-vivo studies. Most of the studies showed the significance of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for homoeopathic medicine exhibited antibacterial potential against the related miniature organisms. The studies regarding antimicrobial action and other mechanisms of activity were heterogeneous. Homoeopathic remedies will allow the vital force immediately to deal with any exposure agents viz. various antigenic variants of salmonella. It appears to actuate resistant framework by initiating both T and B cells by the arrangement of antibodies. Further expansion of experimental studies is needed to know the exact action mechanism of homoeopathic medicines against Salmonella typhi.