Vita Zeta Research Articles

TEGDMA releasing in resin composites with different filler contents and its correlation with mitochondrial mediated cytotoxicity in human gingival fibroblasts.

Compositions of resin composite exhibit cytotoxicity, especially Triethylene-glycol-dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), yet the underlying mechanisms and its relationship with filler content are poorly understood. Here, specimens of five composites (VITA LC, VITA ZETA, Z350, Filtek P60, and AP-X), containing different filler size and weight, were immersed into culture medium for 72 h. After TEGDMA quantification, the resin composite eluates were used to incubate HGFs. Cellular viability was evaluated. Total reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS were detected to assess oxidative stress. Adenosine triphosphate and cytochrome c oxidase (CcO) activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and morphology, mitochondrial biogenesis regulators were analyzed to evaluate mitochondrial functions. Results showed that TEGDMA release negatively correlated to filler size and weight of tested composites. Although cell viability reduction was not significant, total and mitochondrial ROS production showed a positive relationship with the amount of TEGDMA in composite eluates. Furthermore, the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers and mitochondrial fusion protein, were markedly elevated in TEGDMA rich eluates, especially in VITA-LC group, shown as elongated mitochondrial morphology and aberrant mitochondrial functions. Overall, TEGDMA could elute easier from those resin composites with less filler content and cause oxidative stress in HGFs via mitochondria dysregulation. These data can be instructive to optimize the synthesis of resin composites from the perspective of biocompatibility. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 1132-1142, 2019.

Aging effect of pH on the mechanical and tribological properties of dental composite resins

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the microhardness and wear behavior alterations of dental resins exposed to strong acid and alkaline degradation regimens. Fifty specimens of AP-X, Z350, P60, VITA ZETA and VITA LC resins were distributed into 10 groups. The control group was not subjected to aging treatment, while the other nine groups were assigned to the following pH solutions: 1, 7 or 13 for 1, 13 or 20 d, respectively. Vickers microhardness and wear behavior of materials without aging served as the reference. Repeated measurements were conducted for other specimens. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology. Data were analyzed by repeated-measures one-way ANOVA, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) t-test (P ≤ 0.05) for multiple comparisons. The aging process was aggravated over time. Alkaline medium significantly decreased the microhardness and wear resistance of resins, and led to serious surface damage. AP-X, P60 and Z350 immersed in different media showed a lower degradation than the nanoresin. The mechanical degradation of resin composites was aggravated with increased aging time. Strong alkaline media induced the largest reduction in mechanical and tribological properties. Hybrid resin composites with high filler loading exhibited better mechanical performance than nanoresins with low filler loading under different pH conditions.

Friction and Wear Behaviors of Indirect Dental Restorative Composites

Under different simulated oral environments (distilled water, artificial saliva, and a cola soft drink) and with a small-amplitude reciprocating apparatus, the friction and wear behaviors of 5 types of indirect dental restorative composites relative to uniform Si3N4 balls were investigated. Test parameters were: normal load with 20 N, reciprocating amplitude (1,000 μm), and frequency (0.25 Hz). Tests lasting up to 5,000 cycles were conducted. The wear damage characteristics are discussed in detail based on an analysis of friction behaviors, SEM observations, and 2- and 3-D profile microscopy. The results indicated that the hybrid resin composites with high filler weight and well filler distributions, such as Filtek P60, possess better wear resistance than nano-filled composites, such as VITA ZETA and VITA LC, with relatively low filler weight. Artificial saliva and a cola soft drink could play important roles in lowering the friction coefficient and wear loss of dental composites. The cola soft drink displayed a better lubrication effect. The degree of sensitivity to changes in lubrication conditions varies with different dental composites. Abrasive wear is the main wear mechanism for the 5 composites, but brittle cracks and delamination are more common for VITA ZETA and VITA LC.

Conversion Degree of Indirect Resin Composites and Effect of Thermocycling on Their Physical Properties

This study evaluated the degree of conversion (DC) of four indirect resin composites (IRCs) with various compositions processed in different polymerization units and investigated the effect of thermal aging on the flexural strength and Vicker's microhardness. Specimens were prepared from four IRC materials, namely Gr 1: Resilab (Wilcos); Gr2: Sinfony (3M ESPE); Gr3: VITA VMLC (VITA Zahnfabrik); Gr4: VITA Zeta (VITA Zahnfabrik) using special molds for flexural strength test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (25 x 2 x 2 mm(3), ISO 4049), for Vicker's microhardness test (N = 80, n = 10 per group) (5 x 4 mm(2)) and for DC (N = 10) using FT-Raman Spectroscopy. For both flexural strength and microhardness tests, half of the specimens were randomly stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 24 hours (Groups 1 to 4), and the other half (Groups 5 to 8) were subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5 to 55 +/- 1 degree C, dwell time: 30 seconds). Flexural strength was measured in a universal testing machine (crosshead speed: 0.8 mm/min). Microhardness test was performed at 50 g. The data were analyzed using one-way and two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha= 0.05). The correlation between flexural strength and microhardness was evaluated with Pearson's correlation test (alpha= 0.05). A significant effect for the type of IRC and thermocycling was found (p= 0.001, p= 0.001) on the flexural strength results, but thermocycling did not significantly affect the microhardness results (p= 0.078). The interaction factors were significant for both flexural strength and microhardness parameters (p= 0.001 and 0.002, respectively). Thermocycling decreased the flexural strength of the three IRCs tested significantly (p < 0.05), except for VITA Zeta (106.3 +/- 9.1 to 97.2 +/- 14 MPa) (p > 0.05) when compared with nonthermocycled groups. Microhardness results of only Sinfony were significantly affected by thermocycling (25.1 +/- 2.1 to 31 +/- 3.3 Kg/mm(2)). DC values ranged between 63% and 81%, and were not significantly different between the IRCs (p > 0.05). While a positive correlation was found between flexural strength and microhardness without (r = 0.309) and with thermocycling (r = 0.100) for VITA VMLC, negative correlations were found for Resilab under the same conditions (r =-0.190 and -0.305, respectively) (Pearson's correlation coefficient). Although all four IRCs presented nonsignificant DC values, flexural strength and microhardness values varied between materials with and without thermocycling.

Influence of temperature on the visco-elastic properties of direct and indirect dental composite resins

Objectives The first aim of this study was to determine the visco-elastic properties of two direct (DiamondLite and Grandio) and two indirect (Artglass and Vita Zeta LC) dental composites over a wide range of temperatures, in order to avoid choosing a composite that would undergo sudden changes in its mechanical properties during service. Methods Within this objective the composites were tested immediately after fabrication or after storage at 37 °C, either in air or distilled water for 1 day, 7 or 90 days. During dynamic testing, the elastic modulus ( E′), viscous modulus ( E″) and loss tangent (tan δ) were determined using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) over a temperature range from 0 to 200 °C, at an approximate masticatory frequency of 1 Hz. Results Based on their high glass transition temperatures ( T g) and on the fact that materials are basically equilibrated at 37 °C in the mouth and are not thermal conductors, temperature changes from 37 °C are expected to be small and should lead to only modest changes in both moduli. However, composites might improve their initial degree of conversion when exposed to normal mouth temperature and higher temperatures due to the ingestion of hot food and beverages. This event can have positive and negative effects on the restoration, such as greater rigidity and additional micro-leakage, respectively. Significance According to these results it could be said that monitoring the visco-elastic properties of dental composites under conditions that simulate the oral environment seems to be a useful tool to predict their clinical performance as restorative materials.

Thermocycling effect on microhardness of laboratory composite resins

The aim of this study was to evaluate the thermocycling effect on microhardness of laboratory composite resins. 30 disks were fabricated, 5 mm of diameter and 2mm of width, using 3 laboratory resins: G1 (n=10) - RESILAB MASTER (Wilcos-Brasil), G2 (n=10) - Vita VMLC (VITA Zahnfabrik-Germany), and G3 (n=10) - Vita Zeta (VITA Zahnfabrik-Germany). Vickers microhardness (HV) of all specimens was evaluated using a microhardness tester FM-700 (Future Tech- 50 g/10s). The specimens were measured before and after the thermocycling (3.000 times and 12.000 times - 5° /55°C±1). The microhardness values before cycling were (mean±SD): G1: 55.50±4.6; G2: 35.54±2.5; G3: 27.97±1.6.; after 3.000 thermocycles: G1: 55.54±3,9; G2: 29.92±2,73; G3:21.01±1.4 and after 12.000 cycles G1:54.27±3.2; G2: 30.91±1.6. G3: 23.81±0.9. Variance analysis (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test was accomplished (p<0,05), the highest microhardness values were observed in G1; G2 and G3 showed reduction of microhardness values. It was concluded that, after thermocycling, the tested laboratory composites resins are susceptible to the decrease of surface microhardness.

Depth of cure and hardness of an indirect composite polymerized with three laboratory curing units

This study determined the hardness and curing depth of a light-activated indirect composite polymerized with three laboratory light-polymerizing units for the purpose of comparing the curing performance of the three units. A light-activated composite material for indirect application (Vita Zeta) was polymerized with three light-polymerizing units equipped with the following light sources: 1) one halogen lamp and two fluorescent lamps (alpha-Light II); 2) three halogen lamps (Twinkle HLG); and 3) one metal halide lamp (Twinkle LI). Knoop hardness and curing depth were determined for groups of five specimens using standardized testing methods. The results were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scheffé's S intervals (alpha = 0.05). The Knoop hardness number (KHN) generated with the halogen-fluorescent unit (12.5 KHN) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those produced by the halogen unit (13.9 KHN) and the metal halide unit (14.2 KHN). Of the three units, the halogen-fluorescent unit exhibited the lowest depth of cure. Both the hardness and curing depth of the composite were influenced by the laboratory polymerizing units employed.

Effect of pontic height on the fracture strength of reinforced interim fixed partial dentures

Objectives This in vitro study evaluated the fracture load of interim FPDs made with various materials and pontic heights. The hypothesis was that different materials and pontic heights result in different fracture resistance. Methods Groups of interim FPDs were fabricated with prosthodontic resin materials on two abutments with two different pontic heights (4.3 and 5.8 mm) and a pontic width of 4 units (19 mm) ( n = 3). The following materials were tested: (1) a thermoplastic polymer (Promysan Star ®), (2) Promysan Star ® with a veneering composite (Vita Zeta ®), (3) a non-impregnated polyethylene fiber reinforced resin (Ribbond ®) with a veneering composite (Sinfony ®), (4) an impregnated fiber reinforced composite system (Targis/Vectris ®), and (5) a conventional poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) (Biodent K+B, control group). After 5000 thermocycles, the FPDs were temporarily fixed with a provisional cement on the corresponding abutments and tested for fracture strength. One-way and two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni–Dunn's multiple comparison tests were performed for the statistical analysis ( α = 0.05). Results The mean fracture strength ranged from 83.0 to 625.9 N for a pontic height of 4.3 mm and from 97.2 to 893.7 N for a pontic height of 5.8 mm. Vectris ®/Targis FPDs of both pontic heights exhibited significantly superior fracture resistance compared to the corresponding Promysan, Promysan/Vita Zeta ®, Ribbond ®/Sinfony ® and Biodent groups. Except Biodent FPDs, fracture resistance of FPDs with a pontic height of 4.3 mm showed no significant differences compared to a pontic height of 5.8 mm for each material. Significance Material type of the FPDs has a significant influence on the fracture strength, whereas pontic height has no significant effect (except control group).

In vitro fracture resistance of four-unit fiber-reinforced composite fixed partial dentures

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of glass fiber-reinforcement on the fracture resistance of four-unit composite fixed partial dentures (FPDs) in the posterior region. A total of 70 FPDs were fabricated of the composites Sinfony, Vita Zeta and Targis. With each material, 10 FPDs were made without glass fiber-reinforcement and 10 were reinforced with the new glass fiber system EverStick. In addition, 10 FPDs were fabricated of the material combination Targis/Vectris. After thermocycling, all FPDs were loaded until failure in a universal testing machine. The FPDs were then cut and cross-sectional areas were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The load to fracture of the fiber-reinforced FPDs lay between 615 and 1191 N, which was significantly greater than the values found with unreinforced FPDs (between 178 and 307 N). The highest values were found with the combinations Targis/Vectris (1191 N) and Sinfony/EverStick (1137 N). SEM showed that the FPDs with EverStick reinforcement not only exhibited fracture lines in the fiber-composite interface, but also more often in the area of the fiber-reinforcement than was the case with the FPDs with Vectris reinforcement. The load to fracture was not significantly dependent on fiber quantity or course of fracture. It may be concluded that the fracture resistance of four-unit composite FPDs can be significantly raised by glass fiber frameworks (p<0.05). The reinforcement effect of EverStick depended significantly on the composite used (p<0.05).

Dynamic visco-elastic properties of dental composite resins

This study aimed to examine the visco-elastic properties of dental composites by dynamic mechanical analysis under the influence of clinically relevant temperatures and variable frequencies, after being stored in air or distilled water for up to 3 months. Two direct (Diamond Lite and Grandio) and two indirect (Artglass and Vita Zeta LC) composites were used. Samples were immediately tested (baseline) or stored at 37 degrees C, either in air or distilled water for 1 day, 7 or 90 days before testing. During dynamic testing, elastic modulus, viscous modulus and loss tangent were determined over a frequency range from 0.1 to 10 Hz at constant temperatures between 5 and 55 degrees C. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Turkey's-test. Elastic and viscous moduli were higher for direct than for indirect composites. No such evidence was found for loss tangent. Only the elastic modulus showed statistically relevant differences in the direct and indirect materials groups: Grandio showed higher modulus than Diamond Lite, while Artglass had higher modulus than Vita Zeta LC. The elastic modulus reduced with increasing temperature and decreasing frequency, while the loss tangent showed the opposite trend. The influence of temperature and frequency on viscous modulus was not conclusive. The elastic modulus was more sensitive to moisture than viscous modulus and loss tangent but all three properties showed no overall consistent trend in the results following the storage periods. Dynamic mechanical analysis was a valuable tool to characterize the visco-elastic properties of dental composites, thus giving us a greater insight into material behavior.

Mechanical properties and three-body wear of veneering composites and their matrices.

Fatigue as one of the major factors affecting three-body wear of resin composites is influenced by mechanical properties of the resin matrix. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine three-body wear (ACTA methodology), fracture strength, and Young's modulus of four veneering composites (Artglass old and new formula, Vita Zeta LC Composite, Targis) and one direct restorative composite (Z 100). Furthermore, three-body wear of the pure matrices of the materials was tested. The wear results were compared to Amalgam as reference material. It should be computed whether there exists a correlation between the wear results of resin composite and matrix alone. Wear of the veneering composites was significantly higher than of Z100 (13 microm) and Amalgam (14 microm; p < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test). Mean fracture strengths of indirect composites ranged from 127.5 MPa (Targis) to 71.6 MPa (Vita Zeta LC). The elastic moduli of the composites were between 2.9 and 12.8 GPa. The matrix wear rates did not differ significantly. Three-body wear results of complex resin composites are highly influenced by their filler content, filler particle size distribution, kind of filler particles, shape, and their silanization to the matrix. Due to this fact, three-body wear testing is an essential testing method and cannot be replaced by testing single material components.

In vitro resistance of reinforced interim fixed partial dentures

Statement of Problem. Comprehensive restorative dental treatment often necessitates the use of interim fixed partial dentures (FPDs) with high stiffness, especially in long-span restorations or areas of heavy occlusal stress. Purpose. This in vitro study evaluated the fracture load of interim FPDs made with various materials and span lengths. Material and Methods. Groups (n = 3) of interim FPDs were fabricated with prosthodontic resin materials on 2 abutments with 3 different pontic widths of 3 units (12 mm), 4 units (19 mm), and 5 units (30 mm). The following materials were tested: (1) a thermoplastic polymer (Promysan Star), (2) Promysan Star with a veneering composite (Vita Zeta), (3) a nonimpregnated polyethylene fiber reinforced resin (Ribbond) with a veneering composite (Sinfony), (4) an impregnated fiber reinforced composite system (Targis/Vectris), and (5) a conventional polymethyl methacrylate, Biodent K+B, (control group). After 5000 thermocycles in 2 water baths at 5° and 55° C, the FPDs were temporarily fixed with a provisional cement on the corresponding abutments and subjected to 3-point bending until fracture by a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis consisted of an analysis of variance (ANOVA, 1-way, 2-way) and Bonferroni-Dunn's multiple comparisons post hoc analysis for test groups (α =.05). Results. Fracture resistance (N) differed significantly for 3 (mean: 640 ± 146 N), 4 (626 ± 229 N), and 5 unit (658 ± 98 N) Targis/Vectris FPDs compared with the corresponding Promysan (284 ± 21 N to 125 ± 73 N), Biodent K+B (247 ± 91 N to 218 ± 85 N), and Promysan/Vita Zeta (95 ± 15 N to 82 ± 6 N) groups (P <.05). Significant differences were obtained for the 4 and 5 unit Targis/Vectris FPDs compared with the Sinfony/Ribbond FPDs (281 ± 25 N − 252 ± 74 N) for the corresponding pontic spans. Conclusion. Within the limitations of this in vitro study the impregnated fiber reinforcement may considerably enhanced the fracture resistance of interim FPDs of different span lengths. (J Protshet Dent 2003;89:170-4.)