Visual Sensory Information Research Articles

Unpredictive linguistic verbal cues accelerate congruent visual targets into awareness in a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm

One of the most influential ideas within the domain of cognition is that of embodied cognition, in which the experienced world is the result of an interplay between an organism’s physiology, sensorimotor system, and its environment. An aspect of this idea is that linguistic information activates sensory representations automatically. For example, hearing the word ‘red’ would automatically activate sensory representations of this color. But does linguistic information prioritize access to awareness of congruent visual information? Here, we show that linguistic verbal cues accelerate matching visual targets into awareness by using a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm. In a speeded reaction time task, observers heard spoken color labels (e.g., red) followed by colored targets that were either congruent (red), incongruent (green), or neutral (a neutral noncolor word) with respect to the labels. Importantly, and in contrast to previous studies investigating a similar question, the incidence of congruent trials was not higher than that of incongruent trials. Our results show that RTs were selectively shortened for congruent verbal–visual pairings, and that this shortening occurred over a wide range of cue–target intervals. We suggest that linguistic verbal information preactivates sensory representations, so that hearing the word ‘red’ preactivates (visual) sensory information internally.

Effect of inhibition indexed by auditory P300 on transmission of visual sensory information

Early electroencephalographic studies that focused on finding brain correlates of psychic events led to the discovery of the P300. Since then, the P300 has become the focus of many basic and clinical neuroscience studies. However, despite its wide applications, the underlying function of the P300 is not yet clearly understood. One line of research among the many studies that have attempted to elucidate the underlying subroutine of the P300 in the brain has suggested that the physiological function of the P300 is related to inhibition. While some intracranial, behavioral, and event-related potential studies have provided support for this theory, little is known about the inhibitory mechanism. In this study, using alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD) and effective connectivity, based on the causal (one-way directed) relationship between alpha ERD and P300 sources, we demonstrated that P300's associated inhibition is implemented at a higher information processing stage in a localized brain region. We discuss how inhibition as the primary function of the P300 is not inconsistent with 'resource allocation' and 'working memory updating' theories about its cognitive function. In light of our findings regarding the scope and information processing stage of inhibition of the P300, we reconcile the inhibitory account of the P300 with working memory updating theory. Finally, based on the compensatory behavior of alpha ERD at the time of suppression of the P300, we propose two distinct yet complementary working memory mechanisms (inhibition and desynchronizing excitation) that render target perception possible.

Adaptive Driver-Automation Shared Steering Control via Forearm Surface Electromyography Measurement

Shared steering control has been developed to reduce driver workload while keeping the driver in the control loop. A driver could integrate visual sensory information from the road ahead and haptic sensory information from the steering wheel to achieve better driving performance. Previous studies suggest that, compared with adaptive automation authority, fixed automation authority is not always appropriate with respect to human factors. This paper focuses on designing an adaptive shared steering control system via sEMG (surface electromyography) measurement from the forearm of the driver, and evaluates the effect of the system on driver behavior during a double lane change task. The shared steering control was achieved through a haptic guidance system which provided active assistance torque on the steering wheel. Ten subjects participated in a high-fidelity driving simulator experiment. Two types of adaptive algorithms were investigated: haptic guidance decreases when driver grip strength increases (HG-Decrease), and haptic guidance increases when driver grip strength increases (HG-Increase). These two algorithms were compared to manual driving and two levels of fixed authority haptic guidance, for a total of five experimental conditions. Evaluation of the driving systems was based on two sets of dependent variables: objective measures of driver behavior and subjective measures of driver workload. The results indicate that the adaptive authority of HG-Decrease yielded lower driver workload and reduced the lane departure risk compared to manual driving and fixed authority haptic guidance.

Seeing It Is Like Touching It: Unraveling the Effective Product Presentations on Online Apparel Purchase Decisions and Brain Activity (An fMRI Study)

Unlike brick-and-mortar stores where consumers can use all of their senses to examine a product, online retailers must properly present products to shoppers via a computer-mediated interface. In this exploratory study, we investigate how the brain makes purchase decisions when it encounters different types of visual presentation strategies. Specifically, we use event-related fMRI to study brain activation preceding purchase decisions under three visual presentation strategies: (1) static picture, (2) image zooming, and (3) rotation video. Twenty-four (24) participants made 60 apparel purchase decisions. Utilizing machine learning, we study whether and how various neural circuits are engaged in purchase decision-making in regard to different types of visual sensory information. The functional neuroimaging results suggest high accuracy (highest: 95%, Rotation condition) in predicting purchase decisions using brain activity in the product evaluation process. Furthermore, cross-category validation reveals the activation patterns under the Rotation condition most successfully predict choices across the other two presentation conditions: this suggests a potential universal brain activity pattern in these apparel purchase decisions. Finally, we found some brain regions (such as the cerebellum) that are less likely to be associated with purchase decisions but are considered influential in predicting online apparel purchase decisions in the context of watching a rotation product video. The cerebellar activation may suggest association with spatial cognition and virtual navigation in addition to motor control. This study contributes to the research field of NeuroIS and online shopper study. The results provide empirical evidence to support the refined S-O-R theoretical model Jacoby (2002) and heuristic information process and inform the practical implications of sensory-engaging presentations in helping consumers to make online purchase decisions.

Control of Linear Head and Trunk Acceleration During Gait After Unilateral Vestibular Deficits

ObjectiveTo use clinically available inertial measurement units to quantify the control of linear accelerations at the head and trunk during gait in different sensory conditions in individuals with unilateral vestibular loss. DesignObservational study. SettingOutpatient research laboratory. ParticipantsIndividuals (n=13; mean age, 47.6±13.7y; 69% women) 6 weeks after vestibular schwannoma resection surgery and vestibular healthy participants (n=16; mean age, 29.7±5.9y; 56% women). InterventionNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasuresWalking speed normalized, root mean square values of cranial-caudal, medial-lateral, and anterior-posterior directed linear accelerations at the head and the trunk while walking in 2 visual sensory conditions (eyes open and eyes closed). ResultsLinear mixed models for each root mean square value were fit on the effects of group, condition, and group by condition. The group by condition effect was used to examine the primary hypothesis that individuals with vestibular loss would experience greater change in triplanar root mean square values at the head and trunk from the eyes open to eyes closed condition compared with the vestibular healthy group. The group by condition effect was found to be significant at the head in the cranial-caudal (β=0.39; P=.002), medial-lateral (β=0.41; P<.001), and anterior-posterior (β=0.43; P<.001) directions. The group by condition effect was also significant in the cranial-caudal (β=0.39; P=.002), medial-lateral (β=0.39; P<.001), and anterior-posterior (β=0.23; P=.002) directions at the trunk. ConclusionsParticipants who underwent vestibular schwannoma resection were more impaired in their ability to control accelerations at the head and trunk without visual sensory information than vestibular healthy participants. These impairments were detectable using clinically available inertial measurement units.

Anorexia nervosa and the size-weight illusion: No evidence of impaired visual-haptic object integration.

Body image disorders in anorexia nervosa (AN) patients and recovered AN (RAN) patients have been suggested to stem from aberrant integration of sensory information. Previous research by Case et al. (2012) used the size-weight illusion (SWI) to study multisensory integration in AN. Their results showed a diminished SWI in AN patients, which they interpreted as evidence of decreased integration of visual and proprioceptive information. However, their method did not distinguish between visual and haptic size information, which was presented concurrently while making weight judgements. Therefore, the reported effect might be attributed to integrating visual, haptic size cues, or a combination of both processes with proprioceptive input. Here, we use the SWI to investigate the integration of visual and haptic object-related sensory information in a sample of AN patients (n = 30), RAN patients (n = 29) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 29). We aimed to distinguish the contribution of visual and haptic object size by including separate visual and haptic SWI conditions. In addition to explicit measures, we included grip force measurements to assess implicit expectations about object weight. We further analysed the correlation between the SWI and a visual body size estimation (VSE) task. In contrast to Case et al. (2012), we found no evidence of differential SWI experience between groups. All participants reported a stronger visual SWI compared to haptic SWI. Grip force rate (but not peak) showed evidence of motor adaptation for the larger object in the visual condition. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the VSE and SWI, indicating no relation between perceived object weight and body size estimation. These results do not support the hypothesised impairment of visual-haptic object related integration in AN.

Velocity influences the relative contributions of visual and vestibular cues to self-acceleration.

Self-motion perception is based on the integration of visual (optic flow) and vestibular (inertial) sensory information. Previous research has shown that the relative contribution of visual and vestibular cues can change in real time based on the reliability of that information. The present study assessed whether initial velocity and acceleration magnitude influence the relative contribution of these cues to the detection of self-acceleration. Participants performed a simple response time task with visual and vestibular self-acceleration cues as targets. Visual optic flow was presented at three possible initial velocities of 3, 9, or 15m/s, and accelerated to result in three possible final velocities of 21, 27, or 33m/s. Corresponding vestibular cues were presented at magnitudes between 0.01 and 0.04g. The self-acceleration cues were presented at three possible stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): visual-first (by 100ms), in-sync, and vestibular-first (by 100ms). We found that presenting the cues in-sync resulted in the fastest responses across all velocities and acceleration magnitudes. Interestingly, presenting the visual cue first resulted in a relative advantage over vestibular-first at the slowest initial velocity of 3m/s, and vice versa for the fastest initial velocity of 15m/s. The fastest overall responses for visual-first and in-sync were observed at 9m/s. The present results support the hypothesis that velocity of optic flow can alter the relative contribution of visual and vestibular cues to the detection of self-acceleration.

Neural Interactions in a Spatially-Distributed Cortical Network During Perceptual Decision-Making.

Behavioral experiments evidence that attention is not maintained at a constant level, but fluctuates with time. Recent studies associate such fluctuations with dynamics of attention-related cortical networks, however the exact mechanism remains unclear. To address this issue, we consider functional neuronal interactions during the accomplishment of a reaction time (RT) task which requires sustained attention. The participants are subjected to a binary classification of a large number of presented ambiguous visual stimuli with different degrees of ambiguity. Generally, high ambiguity causes high RT and vice versa. However, we demonstrate that RT fluctuates even when the stimulus ambiguity remains unchanged. The analysis of neuronal activity reveals that the subject's behavioral response is preceded by the formation of a distributed functional network in the β-frequency band. This network is characterized by high connectivity in the frontal cortex and supposed to subserve a decision-making process. We show that neither the network structure nor the duration of its formation depend on RT and stimulus ambiguity. In turn, RT is related to the moment of time when the β-band functional network emerges. We hypothesize that RT is affected by the processes preceding the decision-making stage, e.g., encoding visual sensory information and extracting decision-relevant features from raw sensory information.

Recency memory effects in Macaques during sequential delayed match-to-sample task with visual noise

Visual object recognition requires both visual sensory information and memory, and its mechanisms are often studied using old-world monkeys. Wittig et al. (2014, 2016) reported that Rhesus monkeys and humans seem to adopt different strategies in a short-term visual memory task. The Rhesus monkeys seemed to rely on recency of stimulus repetition, whereas humans relied on specific memorization. We conducted experiments using a sequential delayed match-to-sample task with random dot visual noise using Rhesus and Japanese monkeys and found that recency effect was observed in both species. There were differences in the noise effect on behavioral performances across species.

Cognitive Load Theory and Human Movement: Towards an Integrated Model of Working Memory

Cognitive load theory (CLT) applies what is known about human cognitive architecture to the study of learning and instruction, to generate insights into the characteristics and conditions of effective instruction and learning. Recent developments in CLT suggest that the human motor system plays an important role in cognition and learning; however, it is unclear whether models of working memory (WM) that are typically espoused by CLT researchers can reconcile these novel findings. For instance, often-cited WM models envision separate information processing systems—such as Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974) multicomponent model of WM—as a means to interpret modality-specific findings, although possible interactions with the human motor system remain under-explained. In this article, we examine the viability of these models to theoretically integrate recent research findings regarding the human motor system, as well as their ability to explain established CLT effects and other findings. We argue, it is important to explore alternate models of WM that focus on a single and integrated control of attention system that is applied to visual, phonological, embodied, and other sensory and nonsensory information. An integrated model such as this may better account for individual differences in experience and expertise and, parsimoniously, explain both recent and historical CLT findings across domains. To advance this aim, we propose an integrated model of WM that envisions a common and finite attentional resource that can be distributed across multiple modalities. How attention is mobilized and distributed across domains is interdependent, co-reinforcing, and ever-changing based on learners’ prior experience and their immediate cognitive demands. As a consequence, the distribution of attentional focus and WM resources will vary across individuals and tasks, depending on the nature of the specific task being performed; the neurological, developmental, and experiential abilities of the individual; and the current availability of internal and external cognitive resources.

Differential investment in brain regions for a diurnal and nocturnal lifestyle in Australian Myrmecia ants.

Animals are active at different times of the day. Each temporal niche offers a unique light environment, which affects the quality of the available visual information. To access reliable visual signals in dim-light environments, insects have evolved several visual adaptations to enhance their optical sensitivity. The extent to which these adaptations reflect on the sensory processing and integration capabilities within the brain of a nocturnal insect is unknown. To address this, we analyzed brain organization in congeneric species of the Australian bull ant, Myrmecia, that rely predominantly on visual information and range from being strictly diurnal to strictly nocturnal. Weighing brains and optic lobes of seven Myrmecia species, showed that after controlling for body mass, the brain mass was not significantly different between diurnal and nocturnal ants. However, the optic lobe mass, after controlling for central brain mass, differed between day- and night-active ants. Detailed volumetric analyses showed that the nocturnal ants invested relatively less in the primary visual processing regions but relatively more in both the primary olfactory processing regions and in the integration centers of visual and olfactory sensory information. We discuss how the temporal niche occupied by each species may affect cognitive demands, thus shaping brain organization among insects active in dim-light conditions.

Auditory information for spatial location and pitch–height correspondence support young infants’ perception of object persistence

Perception of object persistence across occlusion emerges at around 4 months of age for objects moving horizontally or vertically. In addition, congruent auditory information for movement enhances perception of persistence of an object moving horizontally. In two experiments, we examined the effect of presenting bimodal (visual and auditory) sensory information, both congruently and incongruently, for a vertical moving object occlusion event. A total of 68 4-month-old infants (34 girls) were tested for perception of persistence of an object moving up and down, passing at each translation behind a centrally placed occluder. Infants were exposed to these visual events accompanied by no sound, spatially colocated sound, or congruent or incongruent pitch–height correspondence sounds. Both spatially colocated and congruent pitch–height auditory information enhanced perception of trajectory continuity. However, no impairment occurred when pitch–height sound information was presented incongruently. These results highlight the importance of taking a multisensory approach to infant perceptual development.

Can Real-time Biofeedback of Foot Clearance Data be used to Assist with Gait Rehabilitation following Stroke?, NHMRC

A new intervention for falls-risk minimization is proposed by providing additional visual sensory information to increase foot-ground clearance in order to walk more safely. A randomised controlled trial will be employed to assess the effects of biofeedback on foot-ground clearance during gait training. The outcome will be innovative biofeedback-based gait training that could significantly enhance existing stroke rehabilitation programs. Biofeedback is the provision of information, most commonly visual or auditory, of internal biological processes that would not otherwise be sensed. The theoretical and practical significance of biofeedback is in applications such as neurological rehabilitation, where it can augment, or substitute for, the lost information provided by normally functioning sensory systems. The group is undertaking a major National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) funded project in collaboration with two Melbourne hospitals (Royal Melbourne and Austin Hospital) using visually presented biofeedback of foot-ground clearance to re-train walking in stroke patients.

The Effect of Visual Experience on Perceived Haptic Verticality When Tilted in the Roll Plane.

The orientation of the body in space can influence perception of verticality leading sometimes to biases consistent with priors peaked at the most common head and body orientation, that is upright. In this study, we investigate haptic perception of verticality in sighted individuals and early and late blind adults when tilted counterclockwise in the roll plane. Participants were asked to perform a stimulus orientation discrimination task with their body tilted to their left ear side 90° relative to gravity. Stimuli were presented by using a motorized haptic bar. In order to test whether different reference frames relative to the head influenced perception of verticality, we varied the position of the stimulus on the body longitudinal axis. Depending on the stimulus position sighted participants tended to have biases away or toward their body tilt. Visually impaired individuals instead show a different pattern of verticality estimations. A bias toward head and body tilt (i.e., Aubert effect) was observed in late blind individuals. Interestingly, no strong biases were observed in early blind individuals. Overall, these results posit visual sensory information to be fundamental in influencing the haptic readout of proprioceptive and vestibular information about body orientation relative to gravity. The acquisition of an idiotropic vector signaling the upright might take place through vision during development. Regarding early blind individuals, independent spatial navigation experience likely enhanced by echolocation behavior might have a role in such acquisition. In the case of participants with late onset blindness, early experience of vision might lead them to anchor their visually acquired priors to the haptic modality with no disambiguation between head and body references as observed in sighted individuals (Fraser et al., 2015). With our study, we aim to investigate haptic perception of gravity direction in unusual body tilts when vision is absent due to visual impairment. Insofar, our findings throw light on the influence of proprioceptive/vestibular sensory information on haptic perceived verticality in blind individuals showing how this phenomenon is affected by visual experience.

Flexible robotic grasping strategy with constrained region in environment

Grasping is a significant yet challenging task for the robots. In this paper, the grasping problem for a class of dexterous robotic hands is investigated based on the novel concept of constrained region in environment, which is inspired by the grasping operations of the human beings. More precisely, constrained region in environment is formed by the environment, which integrates a bio-inspired co-sensing framework. By utilizing the concept of constrained region in environment, the grasping by robots can be effectively accomplished with relatively low-precision sensors. For the grasping of dexterous robotic hands, the attractive region in environment is first established by model primitives in the configuration space to generate offline grasping planning. Then, online dynamic adjustment is implemented by integrating the visual sensory and force sensory information, such that the uncertainty can be further eliminated and certain compliance can be obtained. In the end, an experimental example of BarrettHand is provided to show the effectiveness of our proposed grasping strategy based on constrained region in environment.

PID Controller Design for FES Applied to Ankle Muscles in Neuroprosthesis for Standing Balance.

Closed-loop controlled functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied to the lower limb muscles can be used as a neuroprosthesis for standing balance in neurologically impaired individuals. The objective of this study was to propose a methodology for designing a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller for FES applied to the ankle muscles toward maintaining standing balance for several minutes and in the presence of perturbations. First, a model of the physiological control strategy for standing balance was developed. Second, the parameters of a PID controller that mimicked the physiological balance control strategy were determined to stabilize the human body when modeled as an inverted pendulum. Third, this PID controller was implemented using a custom-made Inverted Pendulum Standing Apparatus that eliminated the effect of visual and vestibular sensory information on voluntary balance control. Using this setup, the individual-specific FES controllers were tested in able-bodied individuals and compared with disrupted voluntary control conditions in four experimental paradigms: (i) quiet-standing; (ii) sudden change of targeted pendulum angle (step response); (iii) balance perturbations that simulate arm movements; and (iv) sudden change of targeted angle of a pendulum with individual-specific body-weight (step response). In paradigms (i) to (iii), a standard 39.5-kg pendulum was used, and 12 subjects were involved. In paradigm (iv) 9 subjects were involved. Across the different experimental paradigms and subjects, the FES-controlled and disrupted voluntarily-controlled pendulum angle showed root mean square errors of <1.2 and 2.3 deg, respectively. The root mean square error (all paradigms), rise time, settle time, and overshoot [paradigms (ii) and (iv)] in FES-controlled balance were significantly smaller or tended to be smaller than those observed with voluntarily-controlled balance, implying improved steady-state and transient responses of FES-controlled balance. At the same time, the FES-controlled balance required similar torque levels (no significant difference) as voluntarily-controlled balance. The implemented PID parameters were to some extent consistent among subjects for standard weight conditions and did not require prolonged individual-specific tuning. The proposed methodology can be used to design FES controllers for closed-loop controlled neuroprostheses for standing balance. Further investigation of the clinical implementation of this approach for neurologically impaired individuals is needed.

Progress in artificial vision through suprachoroidal retinal implants

Retinal implants have proven their ability to restore visual sensation to people with degenerative retinopathy, characterized by photoreceptor cell death and the retina’s inability to sense light. Retinal bionics operate by electrically stimulating the surviving neurons in the retina, thus triggering the transfer of visual sensory information to the brain. Suprachoroidal implants were first investigated in Australia in the 1950s. In this approach, the neuromodulation hardware is positioned between the sclera and the choroid, thus providing significant surgical and safety benefits for patients, with the potential to maintain residual vision combined with the artificial input from the device. Here we review the latest advances and state of the art devices for suprachoroidal prostheses, highlight future technologies and discuss challenges and perspectives towards improved rehabilitation of vision.

Concussion History And Kinematics Of Dynamic Balance In Division I Athletes

A concussion is one of the most complex injuries in sports and can have potentially catastrophic results if not treated correctly. The central nervous system (CNS) integrates visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular sensory information to maintain balance during all movements. Ample clinical evidence exists that a concussion disrupts normal function of the CNS and results in postural instability. However, the long-term effects of concussion on balance control, particularly during dynamic functional movements, are not clear. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of concussion history on the kinematics of athletes performing dynamic balance tasks on dynamic balance on athletes. METHODS: Division I athletes without (n=5; 20.0±1.0 yrs) and with a history of concussion (n=5; 19.4±0.9 yrs 1.5±1.2 yrs post injury) performed dynamic balance tasks including gait, gait while stepping over an obstacle, get up and go (GUG), and GUG with a dual task. Speed was recorded for each task, and straightness of trajectory was calculated for normal gait and stepping over an obstacle as a root mean square (RMS) of the mediolateral deviation of the pelvis trajectory from a straight line. Cohen’s d effect sizes between groups were bootstrapped given the small sample size. Effect sizes greater than 0.8 were considered large, 0.5-0.8 moderate, and less than 0.5 as no effect. RESULTS: Athletes with history of concussion performed the dual task GUG 1.7 m/s slower than the control (large effect size: d=0.90). In addition, those with history of concussion performed normal gait with an RMS deviation of 30.9 cm compared to 25.1 cm in control (mod effect size: d=0.66) when instructed to maintain a straight trajectory. No effect of concussion history occurred for normal gait speed, speed of stepping over an obstacle, speed of GUG without dual task, or mediolateral deviation when stepping over an obstacle. CONCLUSIONS: Deficits in dynamic balance control during functional movements in Division I athletes were evident even as long as 1.5 years following concussion event. These data are part of a large prospective investigation (current enrollment: n=207), and athletes who sustain a concussion over the course of the study will be re-evaluated at regular intervals to observe changes in postural control during recovery.

Neuroanatomy of the Parietal Association Areas

The parietal association cortex comprises the superior and inferior parietal lobules, the precuneus and the cortices in the intraparietal, parietooccipital and lunate sulci. By processing somatic, visual, acoustic and vestibular sensory information, the parietal association cortex plays a pivotal role in spatial cognition and motor control of the eyes and the extremities. Sensory information from the primary and secondary somatosensory areas enters the superior parietal lobule and is transferred to the inferior parietal lobule. Visual information is processed through the dorsal visual pathway and it reaches the inferior parietal lobule, the intraparietal sulcus and the precuneus. Acoustic information is transferred posteriorly from the primary acoustic area, and it reaches the posterior region of the inferior parietal lobule. The areas in the intraparietal sulcus project to the premotor area, the frontal eye fields, and the prefrontal area. These areas are involved in the control of ocular movements, reaching and grasping of the upper extremities, and spatial working memory. The posterior region of the inferior parietal lobule and the precuneus both project either directly, or indirectly via the posterior cingulate gyrus, to the parahippocampal and entorhinal cortices. Both these areas are strongly associated with hippocampal functions for long-term memory formation.

레스토랑 스마트폰 어플리케이션 콘텐츠의 유형에 따른 정보 가치, 정보 감각, 사전지식의 역할에 대한 연구

As smart phone use is commonplace, mobile users’ perceived information value is a critical issue. As a result, various types of mobile application content have been developed and become important in the research field. It is proposed that there are relationships between mobile applications and content usage. In addition, we investigated the influence of controlled variables, information sense and prior knowledge, on the relationships between mobile applications and content usage. We found moderating effects on a user’s prior knowledge as well as visual, tactile, and auditory sensory information when using mobile applications. According to this study, the results showed a significant relationship between the type of restaurant content-aware mobile applications and users’ perceived information value. Also, sensory information and prior knowledge have been shown to act as a significant moderating factor. To sum up the results of this study, types of contents such as a location search or reservation enabler were perceived as useful by actual users. The possibility that information with the sensory properties can be an effective delivery means for restaurant visitors was confirmed by this research.