Visual Color Perception Research Articles

Effect of Blue Light Filter Intraocular Lens (IOL) on Colour Vision.

Purpose The objective of this study is to knowthe effect of blue light filter (BF) intraocular lenses (IOL) on colour vision of Sudanese patiens as BF IOLs are relatively new in Sudan and its effect on Sudanese patients is not yet studied. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional observational study. Data collection was done through interview andpretested structured questionnaire containing three sections: (i) personal data, (ii) past medical and ocular surgical history, and (iii) visual acuity (VA), the anterior and posterior segment exam result, and the D15photopic color vision test result. Results In this study, 206 eyes of 103 patients were enrolled. Of them, 57 (55.3%) were females and 46 (44.7 %) were males. The mean age of the participants was 58.38 years±11.488 (SD). Furthermore, 81 patients (78.64%) achieved normal D15 color vision test results, while 22 patients (21.4%) had abnormal results. There was a significant effect (P=.00) on photopic color vision perception. Finally, the gender-wise performance showed an insignificant difference (P=.933)with 78.3% of the males having normal D15 color vision test and the females having slightly better results with 78.9 %. Conclusions The results suggested that implantation of BF IOLs has a significanteffect on photopic color vision perception.

An Au25 nanocluster/MoS2 vdWaals heterojunction phototransistor for chromamorphic visual-afterimage emulation.

Color vision relies on three cone photoreceptors that are sensitive to different wavelengths of light. The interaction of three incident light wavelengths over time creates a fascinating color coupling perception, termed chromamorphic computing. However, the realization of this fascinating characteristic in semiconductor devices remains a great challenge. Herein, a mixed-dimensional optoelectronic transistor based on a novel metal nanocluster Au25(SC12H25)18 and two-dimensional MoS2 van der Waals (vdWaals) heterojunction is proposed for chromamorphic visual-afterimage emulation with red-green-blue three-color spatiotemporal coupling perception. This distinguished molecular-like electronic level of Au25 nanoclusters allows the transistor to have visible light-sensitive properties, endowing it with the ability to perceive color information. Moreover, the chromamorphic functions are realized using a color spatiotemporal coupling approach. By utilizing the photogating effect of light stimulus, the device exhibits visual experience-dependent plasticity in accordance with the Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro (BCM) learning rule. Most importantly, for the first time, intriguing visual afterimages could be implemented using a color sensitization approach based on a close relationship between visual persistence and negative afterimages. These results represent an important step towards a new generation of intelligent visual color perception systems for human-computer interaction, bionic robots, etc.

A Machine Learning Approach Investigating Consumers' Familiarity with and Involvement in the Just Noticeable Color Difference and Cured Color Characterization Scale.

The aim of this study was to elucidate the relations between the visual color perception and the instrumental color of dry-cured ham, with a specific focus on determining the Just Noticeable Color Difference (JNCD). Additionally, we studied the influence of consumer involvement and familiarity on color-related associations and JNCD. Slices of ham were examined to determine their instrumental color and photos were taken. Consumers were surveyed about color scoring and matching of the pictures; they were also asked about their involvement in food, familiarity with cured ham, and sociodemographic characteristics. Consumers were clustered according to their level of involvement and the JNCD was calculated for the clusters. An interpretable machine learning algorithm was used to relate the visual appraisal to the instrumental color. A JNCD of ΔEab* = 6.2 was established, although it was lower for younger people. ΔEab* was also influenced by the involvement of consumers. The machine-learning algorithm results were better than those obtained via multiple linear regressions when consumers' psychographic characteristics were included. The most important color variables of the algorithm were L* and hab. The findings of this research underscore the impact of consumers' involvement and familiarity with dry-cured ham on their perception of color.

“SHI JING” AND TRADITIONAL COLOR FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF VISUAL PERCEPTION OF COLOR IMAGE

This article is based on the study of a literary work before the Qin era “Shi Jing” (“Book of Songs”). The article will analyze the combination of perceived color with the literary language before the Qin, realistic reproduction, and symbolic color combination of the color language of “Shi Jing” with a political and educational function through the transformation of visual perception of color. The literary language of color, the “native” traditional colors and the aesthetic characteristics of the Chinese nation will be studied, which is the key to the early formation of the perception of Chinese color culture. At the same time, the color vocabulary of “Shi Jing” and “Songs of Chu” will be compared, aesthetic similarities and differences, as well as symbolic meanings of color in classical works of the south and north of the country will be interpreted. The study of pre-Qin literature and Chinese color culture in three-dimensional space-time, rather than in isolation, deeply explores the aesthetics of traditional colors and the social utility of politics and religion. This need is due to the fact that visual-sensory color research in literary and artistic works is an investigation of the cultural and id “native” color culture demonstrates enormous political and pedagogical utility.

ХОРОШИЙ, ПЛОХОЙ ЗЕЛЕНЫЙ

Рассматриваются разнообразные значения цветовых понятий и анализируются языковые игры, связанные со зрительным восприятием цвета в вариативных параметрах жизненного пространства. Сделана попытка систематизировать символику и обозначить «асимметрию» в толковании зеленого цвета, сформировать заключение о предпосылках и следствиях данного феномена. Полученные выводы могут иметь значение для исследования проблем понимания символики цвета и связанных с ним особенностей восприятия в современной культуре. The author explores the symbolism of the green colour. Biologists, chemists, botanists, florists, zoologists, artists, and other scientists have standardized, created catalogs, descriptions of colours and shades to eliminate possible errors and facilitate work. Scientists in various fields of knowledge have been interested in this topic for a very long time and comprehensively, ranging from how and in what order people recognized and named colours to assumptions about how a particular colour can affect a person or large groups of people in different circumstances and contexts. The article discusses the various meanings of colour concepts and analyses the language games associated with the visual perception of colour in the variable parameters of the living space. The history (social, cultural, symbolic) of the green colour is multi-layered and contradictory in different periods. The author made an attempt to systematize the symbolism and designate “asymmetry” in the interpretation of the green colour, to draw a conclusion about the prerequisites and consequences of this phenomenon. In Europe, at different times, it could mean luxury, prosperity, or misfortune, deceit. The green colour meant not just different meanings, but opposites: youth, love, life, and decay, poison, illness. In modern times, the green colour has a strong connection with life and prosperity. A person quite often expresses their feelings through the use of colour in one way or another. The analysis of the perception and influence of different colours on human behaviour and emotions is of great importance in psychology and related disciplines. At the moment, the basic principles of the impact of colour in marketing, advertising, positioning and brand policy are quite well studied, formulated and used. Green, like other colours, has an important place in communication and the transfer of meanings at various levels of modern culture. At the moment, there are a large number of studies and various sources of information regarding the origin, classification, history and meaning of colour, which confirms the relevance and interest in the research topic. However, blind spots, ambiguity and inconsistency in some of the findings indicate good opportunities for further work.

Experimental setting and protocol impact human colour preference assessment under multiple white light sources.

Psychophysical experiment is the most straightforward and reliable way to investigate the impact of lighting on visual colour perception. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted in order to investigate the impact of experimental setting and protocol on the obtained conclusions in visual tests regarding human preference on object colour in applied lighting research. Four light sources of 5,500 K, with Duv values of -0.01, 0, 0.015, and 0.02, were used to illuminate different kinds of objects including blue jeans, fruit and vegetables, bread, artware, fresh pork, and skin tones. The use of those experimental light sources and objects was to provide control study for our former research by deliberately changing certain experimental setup and protocol and testify the robustness of our former conclusions. The results show that some of our former findings, like the dominant impact of lighting on colour preference, the visual cognition process of light booth experiments as well as the correlation between the whiteness of lighting and colour preference, were found to be valid in typical light booth experiment. The impact of experimental object turned out to be much stronger under the newly designed protocol and the significance of sex difference on colour preference judgment was found to vary with experimental setup. These new findings highlight the influence of experimental setting and protocol on the validity of research findings, which we believe, could provide deeper understanding for the psychophysical results of current colour preference studies.

Investigation of CIE color spaces for differences in color differentiation thresholds in different regions of the color locus

The equidistance of the color space plays a significant role in determining the color difference in color transmission systems. Strictly equal contrasting color spaces can be considered only those color spaces in which equal changes in the visual perception of color are provided with an equal change in the color coordinates in this color space. Currently, the International Commission on Lighting (CIE) has adopted a number of color spaces called equal-contrast. The article presents the results of the study of color spaces adopted by CIE for equal contrast, i.e. on the differences in the thresholds of color differentiation in different areas of the color locus. The article investigated such color spaces as CIE 1931 (RGB), CIE 1931 (x, y), CIE 1960 (u, v), CIE 1976 (u*, v*), CIE LAB (a*, b*).

Osmium‐ and Cobalt‐Terpyridine‐Based Electrochromic Devices for “Smart” Signage Application: The Effect of Lighting on Color Perception (Adv. Electron. Mater. 10/2021)

Electrochromic Materials Olena V. Zenkina and co-workers utilize molecularly defined Os and Co complexes covalently embedded onto conductive support to create colorful, durable, and effective electrochromic materials for “smart” energysaving signage in article 2100460. The image represents the importance of external lightening on the visual color perception of the electrochromic devices. The most prominent difference in color and luminance was observed under 590 nm LED (yellow light).

Effect of Visual Color Perception on Autonomic Nervous Activity and Exercise Capacity in Healthy Male College Students

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual color perception on autonomic nervous activity and exercise capacity in healthy male college students.METHODS The subjects who were healthy male college student (n=10) were participated in 4 visual colors using by randomized crossover; clear color group (CG), red color group (RG), blue color group (BG) and green color group (GG). All subjects wore goggles for five minutes prior to the exercise to adjust to color, and they did not take off goggles until recovery after exercise. Significant differences between groups were determined by two-way repeated measures ANOVA.RESULTS As a result of this study, the low frequency (LF) was significantly higher in RG than those in GG. But the high frequency (HF) was significant higher in BG compared to GG. Exercise capacity such as maximum strength, muscle endurance, reaction time, power, agility and aerobic performance did not differ significantly between all groups.CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our findings suggested that perception of the visual color might be change autonomic nervous activity, while don’t influence exercise capacity.

Application of Blue Filters Increases the Usefulness of Moreland Test in Anomaloscopic Color Vision Assessment for Blue-Green Color Range.

The effect of blue light filters on the anomaloscopic examination was analyzed. Thirty subjects (18–43 y, 20 female, 10 male) without color vision disorders were examined in 4 filter conditions: no filter (F-0), Blue Control Hoya (F-BC), Med-1 JZO (F-Med1) and 450 Eschenbach (F-450). Both Rayleigh test (red–green axis) and Moreland test (blue–green axis) were performed. Application of F-BC filter shows negligible effect on color vision perception in both tests. Contrary to this, the application of strong F-450 filter causes significant shift in Moreland test towards tritanopy and the decrease in correlations of Moreland parameters with Rayleigh test parameters. The application of medium strong F-Med1 filter causes the slight shift in Moreland test towards the center of the Moreland scale and increases the Spearman correlations between Moreland and Rayleigh test parameters. This observation suggests that the about 15–40% reduction of blue diode intensity in the Moreland test may be beneficial in detecting mild changes in color vision perception in the blue-green axis and may improve its usefulness in evaluating the color vision perception disorders accompanying different illnesses, such as diabetes, glaucoma, neuritis optica, or cataract. The discussion concerning the modifications of Moreland test construction is also presented.

Perovskite Photosensors Integrated with Silver Resonant‐Cavity Color Filters Display Color Perception Beyond That of the Human Eye

AbstractOrganic hybrid perovskite‐based photosensors generally display high responsivities and ultrafast response speeds, but their high dark currents with low detectivities have impeded their commercial applications. In this study, these problems are overcome by modifying the device structure and performing defect passivation of the perovskite. An inverted ITO/NiOx/perovskite/PCBM/BCP/Ag structure is applied to minimize the leakage current from the interlayers. In addition, a urea additive is embedded and the thickness of the perovskite layer is optimized, resulting in an ultralow dark current (<2 pA), a peak detectivity of greater than 1.42 × 1014 Jones, and a high linear dynamic range (LDR) of up to 162 dB (in the response range from 20.25 to 6.80 × 10‐8 mW cm‐2). Using high‐purity color filters, combined with a well‐defined white light illumination system derived from a 3A solar simulator, the photosensitivity is evaluated under light of various hues and intensities (down to 10‐9 mW cm‐2). The optimized color sensors under blue, green, orange, and red hues of light display LDRs of greater than 139 dB in the mesopic vision regime (wavelengths: 400–700 nm) between 10‐6 and 10‐3 mW cm‐2—outperforming human visual color perception.

Image Content Enhancement Through Salient Regions Segmentation for People With Color Vision Deficiencies.

Color vision deficiencies affect visual perception of colors and, more generally, color images. Several sciences such as genetics, biology, medicine, and computer vision are involved in studying and analyzing vision deficiencies. As we know from visual saliency findings, human visual system tends to fix some specific points and regions of the image in the first seconds of observation summing up the most important and meaningful parts of the scene. In this article, we provide some studies about human visual system behavior differences between normal and color vision-deficient visual systems. We eye-tracked the human fixations in first 3 seconds of observation of color images to build real fixation point maps. One of our contributions is to detect the main differences between the aforementioned human visual systems related to color vision deficiencies by analyzing real fixation maps among people with and without color vision deficiencies. Another contribution is to provide a method to enhance color regions of the image by using a detailed color mapping of the segmented salient regions of the given image. The segmentation is performed by using the difference between the original input image and the corresponding color blind altered image. A second eye-tracking of color blind people with the images enhanced by using recoloring of segmented salient regions reveals that the real fixation points are then more coherent (up to 10%) with the normal visual system. The eye-tracking data collected during our experiments are in a publicly available dataset called Eye-Tracking of Color Vision Deficiencies.

Effect of microalgae addition on mineral content, colour and mechanical properties of breadsticks.

Microalgae has recently attracted considerable attention due to its potential as a high source of proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Hence, it can be a useful ingredient intended to increase the nutritional and technological value of food products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of microalgae biomass (Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis) on mineral content, colour and mechanical properties of breadsticks, and the colour, texture and rheology of doughs. Microalgae were shown to affect texture and rheology in doughs showing greater hardness values, although, a decrease in hardness, toughness, crispiness and brittleness parameters was seen in breadsticks. The main effects observed with microalgae addition were changes in dough colour, with visual colour perception, in all cases, of distinguished green colour tones. Breadstick colour was evaluated over 15 days of storage and showed colour stability. Furthermore, the mineral content of breadsticks increased, specifically, iron and selenium, both important compounds involved in human body functions. The incorporation of Chlorella or Spirulina in the formulation allows for the production of breadsticks classed as "high in iron and selenium food" and more stable in colour and texture.

Individual Differences in the Perception of Color Solutions.

The color of food is important for flavor perception and food selection. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the visual color perception of liquid samples among Finnish adult consumers by their background variables. Participants (n = 205) ranked six different colored solutions just by looking according to four attributes: from most to least pleasant, healthy, sweet and sour. The color sample rated most frequently as the most pleasant was red (37%), the most healthy white (57%), the most sweet red and orange (34% both) and the most sour yellow (54%). Ratings of certain colors differed between gender, age, body mass index (BMI) and education groups. Females regarded the red color as the sweetest more often than males (p = 0.013) while overweight subjects rated the orange as the sweetest more often than normal weight subjects (p = 0.029). Personal characteristics may be associated with some differences in color associations.

Daily variation of visual perception of colors: Preliminary studies.

Daily variation of visual perception of colors: Preliminary studies.

Теория и практика информационной концепции картографического метода исследования. Часть 2

The article presents practical aspects for the developed concept of the cartographic method of investigation on the basis of the cartographic information phenomenon and the opportunities of its transformation. The essence of information procedures, constructs and mechanisms was revealed. The experiments’ results on the psychology of visual color perception and shape for the optimal constructing cartographic symbols were presented. An example of creating a vector data warehouse was proposed; the opportunities of mapping based on it, and an example of interactive modeling cartographic information by the means of queries were disclosed. An example of creating an international geoportal, including a GIS for the management of a transboundary territory and a cartographic service on an open platform, was described. The essence of the cartographic research method as a social and technical process controlled by technological, social and historical mechanisms was established. The social and historical mechanism of the cartographic research method was presented in the form of continuous scientific and practical activities of the normative social system for the creation and use of cartographic information. The technological mechanism as a set of automated procedures and operations of transforming the space and time reality into a cartographic model was presented.

Optimizing colormaps with consideration for color vision deficiency to enable accurate interpretation of scientific data.

Color vision deficiency (CVD) affects more than 4% of the population and leads to a different visual perception of colors. Though this has been known for decades, colormaps with many colors across the visual spectra are often used to represent data, leading to the potential for misinterpretation or difficulty with interpretation by someone with this deficiency. Until the creation of the module presented here, there were no colormaps mathematically optimized for CVD using modern color appearance models. While there have been some attempts to make aesthetically pleasing or subjectively tolerable colormaps for those with CVD, our goal was to make optimized colormaps for the most accurate perception of scientific data by as many viewers as possible. We developed a Python module, cmaputil, to create CVD-optimized colormaps, which imports colormaps and modifies them to be perceptually uniform in CVD-safe colorspace while linearizing and maximizing the brightness range. The module is made available to the science community to enable others to easily create their own CVD-optimized colormaps. Here, we present an example CVD-optimized colormap created with this module that is optimized for viewing by those without a CVD as well as those with red-green colorblindness. This colormap, cividis, enables nearly-identical visual-data interpretation to both groups, is perceptually uniform in hue and brightness, and increases in brightness linearly.

Ripeness indexes and physicochemical changes of papaya ( Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol) during ripening on-tree

Abstract The degree of ripeness of fruits is a determining factor for consumption, marketing, and minimal processing. The aim of this study was to establish ripeness stages of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol) by describing the physicochemical changes and the relationships between different ripeness indexes during ripening stages on-tree (RST). Papayas from physiological (RST1) to consumption (RST5) ripeness, with three intermediate (RST2, RST3 and RST4) stages, and over-ripe fruits (ORF) were selected by visual color perception and days after anthesis. Physicochemical changes such as epicarp color, total soluble solids (TSS), mesocarp firmness (MF), moisture content, pH, and titratable acidity (TA) and sugar-acid ratio were determined. Multiple comparisons between stages were performed and the significance were determined by Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The relationship between color parameters, TSS, and MF was determined by Pearson correlation coefficient from RST1 to RST5. Parameters as L*, a*, b*, C*, and TSS values linearly increased during ripening; conversely, h° decreased as a result of color change from green to orange-red. Mesocarp firmness non-linearly decreased due to gradual softening of fruit tissues, it was higher at early stages and similar between later stages. Additionally, pH and TA values increased when ripening was developed. Fruits showed no significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) in moisture content indicating continuous water supply while fruits were still on-trees. TSS content and MF can be calculated (high R2 coefficient) by considering maximum and minimum h° values in each RST. The high correlation showed between ripeness indexes allowed to establish model equations for destructive tests values such as TSS and MF with nondestructive test such as CIEL*a*b* and CIEL*C*h° scales. Papayas on tree can be selected and harvested with quantitative parameters at desired ripeness while the ripening process elapses.

Seeing red: color vision in the largemouth bass.

How animals visually perceive the environment is key to understanding important ecological behaviors, such as predation, foraging, and mating. This study focuses on the visual system properties and visual perception of color in the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. This study (1) documents the number and spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors, (2) uses these parameters to model visual perception, and (3) tests the model of color perception using a behavioral assay. Bass possess single cone cells maximally sensitive at 535 nm, twin cone cells maximally sensitive at 614 nm, and rod cells maximally sensitive at 528 nm. A simple model of visual perception predicted that bass should not be able to discern between chartreuse yellow and white nor between green and blue. In contrast, bass should be able to discern red from all achromatic (i.e., gray scale) stimuli. These predictions were partially upheld in behavioral trials. In behavioral trials, bass were first trained to recognize a target color to receive a food reward, and then tested on their ability to differentiate between their target color and a color similar in brightness. Bass trained to red and green could easily discern their training color from all other colors for target colors that were similar in brightness (white and black, respectively). This study shows that bass possess dichromatic vision and do use chromatic (i.e., color) cues in making visual-based decisions.

Soft tissue behavior around dental implants placed in fresh extraction sockets and immediately restored in esthetic area: a preliminary short-term evaluation

Abstract Objective To assess the behavior of the peri-implant soft margin after immediate implant placement with immediate function, by (1) direct clinical measurements of peri-implant soft margin height and thickness, (2) measurements of peri-implant soft margin height on photographs and (3) the perception of dental professionals regarding the results considering esthetic parameters. Material and method The study included 8 patients with central or lateral incisors indicated to be extracted. Direct measurements of peri-implant soft margin height and thickness were done immediately before extraction (T0) and 1 (T1), 4 (T2), 8 (T3) and 12 (T4) months after the flapless insertion of the implant. Photographs were taken at the same time intervals. A questionnaire was filled in by implantology professionals regarding their visual perception of color and peri-implant soft margin architecture and harmony in the implant region using the photographs obtained at T4. Result The clinical results showed significant changes to the height of the peri-implant soft margin, but the photographic results did not show significant changes for this measurement. The thickness of the attached gingiva was maintained during all the observation period. Of the professionals interviewed, 35.2% noticed an altered peri-implant soft margin color of the implant region, 39.8% noticed a change in the peri-implant soft margin architecture and 12.5% noticed a change in the peri-implant soft margin harmony. Conclusion The soft tissues around immediate implants changed during this period, but did not affect the aesthetic outcome and in the opinion of professionals, the aesthetic results were satisfactory for these cases.