Level Of Visual Perception Research Articles

Global relations versus object relations in visual analogies

Based on the distinction between global and local levels of visual perception, here we studied different levels of reasoning in visual analogies. Specifically, we created problems that could be solved by inferring relations either between the global shapes (global path) or the underlying objects (object path). The problems varied in the saliency of the global shape, in the colour and familiarity of the objects, and in the presentation of the visual problem (simultaneous or sequential). The results of three studies showed that the global path was used more frequently than the object path, particularly for images with salient global shapes such as objects placed in a circle. However, neither colour nor object familiarity affected the tendency to use the object path. Importantly, the tendency to use the global path correlated with analogical problem-solving in other visual and verbal tasks. Overall, these findings suggest that the global precedence observed in image perception also applies to visual analogical reasoning. Furthermore, the tendency to use the global path can be regarded as an informative measure of individual differences.

Pseudo-Coloring as an Effective Tool to Improve the Readability of Images Obtained in an Electromagnetic Infiltration Process

The article presents a method of improving the readability of images obtained in the process of electromagnetic infiltration for sources processing information in a visual form (texts, images). The method uses the so-called technique of pseudo-coloring. The proposed method is based on LUT tables using the exponential function mapping the signal level of the compromising emanations into a point of the RGB color space. The conducted analyses showed that the proposed function determining the coefficients of the LUT table is an effective tool in the process of improving the level of visual perception, i.e., it increases the perception of shapes and the ability to extract elements from the background. In image processing, LUT can be identified as a color map, i.e., a structure that reflects the gray shade of an image pixel into its color representation in the RGB color space. The proposed method assumes the use of exponential functions for this reflection. As an assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed methods of pseudo-coloring images, both a subjective assessment based on the visual perception of a group of observers and an analytical assessment, which was carried out by analyzing the contrast of the assessed images, were adopted. This allowed for the same assessment and usefulness of the proposed function in determining the RGB value in the process of pseudo-coloring of images obtained during electromagnetic infiltration. The obtained results confirmed that the proposed method significantly improves contrast parameter of images, which is also confirmed by the visual assessment of these images.

Quantifying visual acuity for pre-clinical testing of visual prostheses

Objective. Visual prostheses currently restore only limited vision. More research and pre-clinical work are required to improve the devices and stimulation strategies that are used to induce neural activity that results in visual perception. Evaluation of candidate strategies and devices requires an objective way to convert measured and modelled patterns of neural activity into a quantitative measure of visual acuity. Approach. This study presents an approach that compares evoked patterns of neural activation with target and reference patterns. A d-prime measure of discriminability determines whether the evoked neural activation pattern is sufficient to discriminate between the target and reference patterns and thus provides a quantified level of visual perception in the clinical Snellen and MAR scales. The magnitude of the resulting value was demonstrated using scaled standardized ‘C’ and ‘E’ optotypes. Main results. The approach was used to assess the visual acuity provided by two alternative stimulation strategies applied to simulated retinal implants with different electrode pitch configurations and differently sized spreads of neural activity. It was found that when there is substantial overlap in neural activity generated by different electrodes, an estimate of acuity based only upon electrode pitch is incorrect; our proposed method gives an accurate result in both circumstances. Significance. Quantification of visual acuity using this approach in pre-clinical development will allow for more rapid and accurate prototyping of improved devices and neural stimulation strategies.

A Modeling Design Method for Complex Products Based on LSTM Neural Network and Kansei Engineering

Complex products (CPs) modeling design has a long development cycle and high cost, and it is difficult to accurately meet the needs of enterprises and users. At present, the Kansei Engineering (KE) method based on back-propagated (BP) neural networks is applied to solve the modeling design problem that meets users’ affective preferences for simple products quickly and effectively. However, the modeling feature data of CPs have a wide range of dimensions, long parameter codes, and the characteristics of time series. As a result, it is difficult for BP neural networks to recognize the affective preferences of CPs from an overall visual perception level as humans do. To address the problems above and assist designers with efficient and high-quality design, a CP modeling design method based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network and KE (CP-KEDL) was proposed. Firstly, the improved MA method was carried out to transform the product modeling features into feature codes with sequence characteristics. Secondly, the mapping model between perceptual images and modeling features was established based on the LSTM neural network to predict the evaluation value of the product’s perceptual images. Finally, the optimal feature sets were calculated by a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The experimental results show that the MSE of the LSTM model is only 0.02, whereas the MSE of the traditional Deep Neural Networks (DNN) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) neural network models are 0.30 and 0.23, respectively. The results verified that the proposed method can effectively grapple with the CP modeling design problem with the timing factor, improve design satisfaction and shorten the R&D cycle of CP industrial design.

An efficient fault classification method in solar photovoltaic modules using transfer learning and multi-scale convolutional neural network

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation is one of the remarkable energy types to provide clean and sustainable energy. Therefore, rapid fault detection and classification of PV modules can help to increase the reliability of the PV systems and reduce operating costs. In this study, an efficient PV fault detection method is proposed to classify different types of PV module anomalies using thermographic images. The proposed method is designed as a multi-scale convolutional neural network (CNN) with three branches based on the transfer learning strategy. The convolutional branches include multi-scale kernels with levels of visual perception and utilize pre-trained knowledge of the transferred network to improve the representation capability of the network. To overcome the imbalanced class distribution of the raw dataset, the oversampling technique is performed with the offline augmentation method, and the network performance is increased. In the experiments, 11 types of PV module faults such as cracking, diode, hot spot, offline module, and other classes are utilized. The average accuracy is obtained as 97.32% for fault detection and 93.51% for 11 anomaly types. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method gives higher classification accuracy and robustness in PV panel faults and outperforms the other deep learning methods and existing studies.

Percepcja wzrokowa uczniów z lekką niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

Introduction: Visual perception is an important cognitive ability, which influences other skills, including the mastery of school techniques by students with mild intellectual disabilities. An important goal of supporting of childhood education is to develop visual perception in all its aspects. Developing aspects such as hand-eye coordination, perception of figures and background, perception stability, spatial position and perception of spatial relationships has a positive effect on the math skills and writing and reading of early schoolchildren. Research Aim : The aim of the research was to learn about the functioning of students with mild intellectual disability in terms of 5 aspects of visual perception: visual and motor coordination, perception of the figure and background, perception of the constancy of shape, figure position and spatial relations, and to develop practical implications for developing this function. Method: The research used the method of diagnostic survey. The observation technique and the tool of M. Frostig and D. Horne “Visual Perception Test” were used to collect the data. Results: The level of functioning of the examined students with mild intellectual disability in terms of visual perception is below the norm. In all the subjects, a decrease in the level of visual perception was found in 3 of the examined areas; perception of the figure and background, shape and position of the figure. In terms of eye-hand coordination and the perception of spatial relations, the dominant students are those with the tested feature below their age norm. Conclusions : On the basis of the obtained results, guidelines for working with students were formulated in order to improve their functioning in the field of visual perception in all examined aspects.

МЕТОДИКА ТА МЕХАНІЗМИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ВІДЕОКОНТЕНТУ В РЕКЛАМНОМУ ІНТЕРНЕТ-СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

The article analyzes the peculiarities of video advertising on the Internet and in social networks in particular. It has been proven that despite the multimedia nature of Internet resources, video content is becoming the most popular among consumers. Such an arrangement of forces indicates the relevance and necessity of active involvement of video content in advertising activities.Video advertising becomes one of the most effective tools for the promotion of goods and services, as it provides a high level of visual perception and contributes to the formation of an emotional connection with the audience. Historically, it has been proven that for effective existence, enterprises should choose such a strategy in order to create reliable competitive advantages in the conditions of the market of free competition. One of the components of such strategies can be the use of video content and social networks to improve their positions in the market. To be competitive, it is necessary to look into the future and predict new trends. The main reasons why it is important to implement video marketing in the promotion strategy include the ability of video to convert ordinary consumers into customers, perfect compatibility with a smartphone, which is a tangible advantage in the era of total digitalization, and most importantly, video content helps to establish the most trusting relationship between the brand and the consumer. This format shows the company as transparent and honest as possible. In addition, the use of video content in social media profiles ensures high visibility. Users will watch, react and share videos. Based on the analysis of advertising video cases in the social networks YouTube, Instagram, and TikTok, conclusions were drawn regarding the features of advertising video content in social networks. Emphasis is placed on the formation of a complex of mechanisms for the use of video advertising in social networks. It has been proven that video advertising can be easily adapted to different content formats and target audiences, which provides flexibility and the ability to reach a wide range of consumers.

Visual Perception in External Lighting Conditions

LED street lighting is a topical trend in modern outdoor lighting. High light output of LEDs creates all conditions for modernization of electric lighting networks in Ukraine. Human vision is a complex process associated with retinal light perception. Vision is divided into: day vision, night vision, and twilight vision. The function of the eye is highly dependent on the distribution of brightness in the field of vision. The spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors varies for different wavelengths of the visible spectrum and different levels of light intensity. The rationing of the lighting installation is based on detailed studies of the observer’s visual performance depending on different lighting conditions. One of the main luminous parameters that can easily be measured objectively is illumination. Brightness as a function of illumination, the observer’s position and the spectral coefficient of the working surface reflection is more informative, but has some difficulty in measuring. There is a clear need to develop a system that would make it possible to uniquely assess the visual efficiency of a given spectral composition under certain observation conditions. It was decided to introduce the term equivalent brightness as the parameter of such a system. The difficulty of using the function Vek(λ,Lek) to calculate the equivalent brightness is the function’s dependence Vek(λ,Lek) on Lek. The aim of the study is to approximate the function of the relative spectral luminous efficiency in mesopathic regions by a set of standard CIE functions that do not depend on the value of equivalent luminosity. The calculation method Vek(λ,Lek) is proposed using only two normalized functions of the relative spectral radiation efficiency for day V(λ) and night V'(λ) vision. The use of such approximation function makes it possible to determine the equivalent brightness, which adequately reflects the level of visual perception under the conditions of ambient illumination, based on the photometric brightness of the light source. To calculate Vek(λ,Lek) we use the ICE recommended functions of relative spectral light efficiency for the twilight vision, which are based on the spectral composition of the blackbody radiation with a color temperature of 2042 K. The use of the developed methodology provides results that more accurately characterize the efficiency of light sources in outdoor lighting installations compared to the results of calculations obtained when using standard methods.

Visual Identity of Seaside City’s Cultural Landscape

The unification of modern cities is becoming a consequence of globalization. There is a leveling of their unique features: cultural, social and visual identity. A city without a bright expressed “face” - a recognizable visual image and stable semantic associations - inevitably loses its position in today’s highly competitive market. Urban identity is becoming one of the city’s competitive advantages in the context of globalization. The potential of urban identity lies in the possibility of forming a recognizable city, maintaining the true (authentic) urban meanings, the “spirit” of the city. In this regard, it is important to actualize the visual potential of the city, as well as the process of introducing unique visual components of the city’s cultural landscape into the concept of urban identity. The article examines the specifics of a maritime city’s urban identity, revealing the uniqueness of the city at the level of visual perception, which must be taken into account when elaborating a city development strategy.

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Electro-Optical Systems

According to present knowledge thermal imaging electro-optical surveillance systems with object detection are widely used in various fields of human activity. Thermal imagers use infrared radiation emitted by objects and people, so it makes possible to take a sight in complete darkness and miscellaneous weather conditions. Typical applications of this technology are security and surveillance systems, along with autonomous navigation industries in aircraft and ground vehicle. The aim of the work is to determine the necessary condition for an accurate parameter estimation of the electro-optical systems allowing for adverse externalities.First of all, the various infrared spectrum ranges will be considered and corresponding wavelengths will be pointed for each of the following. Thermal imaging cameras are capable of receiving emission from an object in the infrared spectral ranges, which have an atmospheric transparency window, i.e. MWIR and LWIR.<p >Then the structural diagram of the phased generation process of infrared images in thermal imaging systems will be discussed. It appears that, the image formation chain includes such components as irradiation source, optics, imaging sensor, read-out electronics, processing electronics, compression and transmission of data, decoding, search & track engine, display and finally human observer.The next chapter will describe the probability method of detecting objects based on the effective resolution of the depicted object. There will be resulted the table of visual perception levels, namely orientation, recognition, identification. And relative levels of perception will be provided the corresponding resolution of the image.The next section will analyze the factors affecting the objects identification. Before the radiation from the object reaches the thermal imaging sensor optics, it must go through many obstacles, which include atmospheric factors such as precipitation and air condition (humidity, temperature), solar radiation, etc. Various equations and models will be carried out to take into account the above factors. For example, Johnson's criterion, and a more advanced Target Task Performance recognition model.This paper considers the main criteria for detecting objects using electro-optical systems in the infrared range. The robust analysis of literature sources will be conduct and describe the basics of visualization and the infrared imaging in thermal systems. Then Johnson criteria, which is considering for calculating the efficiency of electro-optical systems, will be evaluated for validity using in real-world environment. Also, it will be pointed out, that the greatest negative contribution on visualization is made by weather and atmospheric conditions, clutter effects and density, motion-blur and defocusing, along with target properties – aspect ratio and viewing angle. Finally, it will be suggested prediction models and software packages that will help determine the real characteristics of the elaborate device and identify the weak link of the system.

Расчет визуального восприятия яркости в условиях низкой освещенности

Mesopic photometry, which studies visual perception of low-level optical radiation, is of great interest today in lighting engineering. It involves investigating human responses to visual observations in low light conditions in the object space, determining the optimum artificial illumination levels in industrial areas, and solving clinical perimetry problems. The estimation procedure for mesopic photometry recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) is based on computing a combination of photopic (daylight) and scotopic (nighttime) visual perception levels. This procedure being iterative makes it inconvenient to apply in engineering practice, as the number of iterative steps proves to be several dozens on average, exceeding a hundred in certain cases. As a result, the feasibility of using the CIE procedure instead of a purely photopic perception technique becomes questionable. The discrepancy in the results obtained via these methods informs the selection criterion. The paper compares computation results for perceived brightness in photopic and mesopic vision in low luminance conditions. We also establish whether it is possible to find analytical solutions using the CIE procedure. We show that, for radiation of a colour temperature in the range of 950--12000 K, the maximum computational discrepancy between photopic and mesopic vision scenarios lies in the --200--50 % range, while the minimum discrepancy is approximately 5 % for radiation characterised by a colour temperature of approximately 2000 K. We also present analytical solutions for several specific cases according to the CIE procedure

The Effects of Mind Games and Games Containing Physical Activity on Attention and Visual Perception Levels of Primary School Students

The aim of the research is to investigate the effects of mind games and games containing physical activity on the attention and visual perception levels of the primary school students. In this research, experimental design with pretest-posttest control group was used. The population of the study consists of seven-year-old children, and the sample consists of 160 volunteer students, who are chosen through purposeful sampling method and involved in game and physical activity group, mind games group, both physical activity and mind games group, and control group, studying at the Primary School in Kırşehir province in the 2017–2018 academic year. The data were collected by “Bourdon Attention Test (Letter Form)” and “Frostig Developmental Visual Perception Test”. A 14-week program was applied to the students in the experimental group and the students were given two hours of practice per day for three days a week. In the analysis of the data, arithmetic mean and standard deviation values of the pre-tests were calculated according to the group variables. The dependent sample t test was used to examine the differences of measurements within the group, one-way analysis of variance was used to make comparisons between the groups and the Tukey HSD analysis was used as a post-hoc analysis to determine the difference between the groups. According to the findings of the study, the attention and visual perception pre and post-test scores obtained from the experimental groups indicate that there is a significant difference in favor of the post-test scores. As a result, all experimental groups showed a significantly higher difference in visual perception and attention when compared to the control group. This result shows that applying mind games, games containing physical activity, both mind games and games containing physical activity together are effective in developing visual perception and attention.

Visual perception in early childhood education [Percepción visual en la primera infancia educativa

The objective of the research was to compare the level of visual perception in four-year-old children of the Innova Schools educational institutions in the districts of Rímac and San Martín de Porres. The research was biased with a quantitative approach of a basic type and with a non-experimental cross-sectional design of a comparative descriptive level. The sample was eighty. The technique was the observation and the checklist served as an instrument to collect the data through an inventory of visual perception TEORE, which was developed by the authors. The instrument was analyzed and accepted by three experts who validated the application; the reliability value was obtained with the KR20 test of 0.882. The result was a 100% achievement for the Innova Schools of Rimac and 97.5% for the San Martin de Porres. It was concluded that there are no significant differences in the variable visual perception in the four-year-old children of the educational institutions Innova Schools districts of Rímac and San Martín de Porres. Given this, it was concluded that the students of the Innova Schools of the Rímac campus have a better visual perception development than the students of the Innova Schools of San Martín; however, they could still strengthen this capacity.

A fast valley-based segmentation for detection of slowly moving objects

Moving object detection in a video sequence is the first and most important step in many computer vision applications. However, it is challenging for a machine to match with the human visual perception level. Motion information of slowly moving object is highly erroneous in comparison with fast moving object. Therefore, in real time, accurate segmentation of slowly moving objects is more challenging. In this paper, a fast and efficient segmentation algorithm is proposed for the detection of slowly moving object in a video sequence. The proposed method has three steps to extract the slowly moving object in a video. In the first step, an averaging frame difference method is proposed to extract the motion information. In the second step, a valley-based thresholding is proposed to segment all the frames of a video. In the final step, the motion information and spatial homogeneous region information are merged to extract the slowly moving object.

Sociální dovednosti předškolních dětí a jejich vliv na odklad povinné školní docházky a dosahovaný školní úspěch na konci 1. ročníku základní školy

The social skills of pre-school age children are one of the most important key areas that are aimed at from the point of view of upbringing and education in kindergartens/nursery schools. The insufficiently developed social skills of a child can create difficulties or even complications for pre-school-age children in the social age group of their peers and, at the same time, can have a truly significant influence on their future entrance to the first grade of primary school. The diagnosis of social skills is not a simple matter; it will always depend on the person responsible for performing it and how well the person knows the specific child, keeping in mind the child’s behaviour in a certain spectrum of situations − the child may react to one person in a very different way than to another one. Nevertheless, in the CLoSE Project an evaluation guide has been created and established and with its help selected pre-school teachers have evaluated more than 800 children out of a representative kindergarten sample in the Czech Republic. The evaluation guide consisted of eight specific scales and a general summarizing one that were related to readiness to commence school attendance. The scale contained five grades with a detailed description of the maximum scale grades. All the items and batteries taken together showed good psychometric qualities (internal consistency of 0.872) and served as suitable variables at the beginning of the longitudinal observation of the children, who were included in the CLoSE Project during the transitional period between their attendance of kindergarten and primary school. The aim of the research study presented here is to look closely at, use, and present the above-mentioned evaluation guide to children’s social skills and selected empirical outcomes, where the power to predict social skills is tested and evaluated compared to pre-mathematical skills and the level of visual perception. It could help parents make a decision about postponing the commencement of compulsory school attendance and predict the success that will be experienced at school at the end of the first grade of primary school as well. The results and outcomes of the research study indicate that a much more important role in the success of children at school is played by an earlier, i.e. previously diagnosed, level of pre-mathematical skills. However, when parents are making the decision about postponing the commencement of school attendance, the social skills of their children still prevail.

Analyzing the Reading Skills and Visual Perception Levels of First Grade Students

The purpose of this study was to analyze primary school first grade students' reading levels and correlate their visual perception skills. For this purpose, students' reading speed, reading comprehension and reading errors were determined using The Informal Reading Inventory. Students' visual perception levels were also analyzed using Beery-Buktenica Developmental Visual Motor Coordination Test. Results have shown that most of the students were in the anxiety (poor) level (75%) and the rest of the children were in the instructional level (25%). It has been found that instructional level first grade students had better scores in reading speed, reading comprehension, and reading errors. They also had significantly (p<0.01) better scores on the visual perception test. The Pearson correlation test also indicated that there is a positive relation between visual perception skills (visual perception and visual motor coordination) and reading levels. It has been suggested that students' visual perception skills should be supported for successful reading processes.

The Analysis of Reading Skills and Visual Perception Levels of First Grade Turkish Students

In this study, primary school first grade students' reading skills and visual perception levels were investigated. Sample of the study, which was designed with relational scanning model, consisted of 168 first grade students studying at three public primary schools in Kozlu, Zonguldak, in 2013-2014 education year. Students' reading level, reading comprehension, reading errors were determined by The Informal Reading Inventory, and their visual perception levels were determined with Developmental Test of Visual Perception-2. Data was coded in SPSS version 22.0. As a result of the study, the majority of students was identified at the level of anxiety while thirty four students was identified at the instructional level, it was also seen that there was no student at an independent level. Instructional level students had higher reading speeds and reading comprehension than anxiety level students significantly. Anxiety level students had higher reading error rates than instructional level students significantly. It was seen that instructional level students having higher reading levels had significantly higher general visual, motor-independent, and visual-motor perception than anxiety level students. While anxiety level students were above average , instructional level students are superior all visual perception abilities.There is a positive meaningful relationship between the all levels of visual perception, and reading speed, reading comprehension. As first grade students’ general visual perception, motor-independent visual perception, and visual-motor perception scores increased, reading speed and reading comprehension increased, reading error scores decreased.

Paths with more turns are perceived as longer: misperceptions with map-based and abstracted path stimuli.

When navigating, people tend to overestimate distances when routes contain more turns, termed the route-angularity effect. Three experiments examined the source and generality of this effect. The first two experiments examined whether route-angularity effects occur while viewing maps and might be related to sex differences or sense of direction. The third experiment tested whether the route-angularity effect would occur with stimuli devoid of spatial context, reducing influences of environmental experience and visual complexity. In the three experiments, participants (N=1,552; M=32.2 yr.; 992 men, 560 women) viewed paths plotted on maps (Exps. 1 and 2) or against a blank background (Exp. 3). The depicted paths were always the same overall length, but varied in the number of turns (from 1 to 7) connecting an origin and destination. Participants were asked to estimate the time to traverse each path (Exp. 1) or the length of each path (Exps. 2 and 3). The Santa Barbara Sense of Direction questionnaire was administered to assess whether overall spatial sense of direction would be negatively related to the magnitude of the route-angularity effect. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs) indicated that paths with more turns elicited estimates of greater distance and travel times, whether they were depicted on maps or blank backgrounds. Linear regressions also indicated that these effects were significantly larger in those with a relatively low sense of direction. The results support the route-angularity effect and extend it to paths plotted on map-based stimuli. Furthermore, because the route-angularity effect was shown with paths plotted against blank backgrounds, route-angularity effects are not specific to understanding environments and may arise at the level of visual perception.

Theoretical Debate and Brain Mechanisms of Repetition Blindness Effect

It has been over a quarter of a century since the repetition blindness(RB) effect was first reported by Kanwisher(1987) and the precise mechanism underlying RB has been extensively debated. Researchers proposed different theories to account for the effect,for example,it has been argued that RP occurs due to a failure at the visual perception level; alternatively,it has also been argued that RP involves failure to memorize the repeated stimulus. Meanwhile,RB is influenced by many factors,such as presentation durations,lags,experimental materials,spatial locations and tasks. The popularization of neuroscience technology such as ERP and f MRI in recent years allows researchers to reveal the brain activity of RB. As a kind of experimental method,researchers have applied RB effect to explore some phenomena of the visual perception. The current paper reviews these basic research topics. However,many aspects of repetition blindness are still worth of further exploration.

Sensible Media Simulation in an Automobile Application and Human Responses to Sensory Effects

A sensible media simulation system for automobiles is introduced to open up new possibilities for an in‐car entertainment system. In this paper, the system architecture is presented, which includes a virtuality‐to‐reality adaptation scheme. Standard data schemes for context and control information from the International Standard MPEG‐V (ISO/IEC 23005) are introduced to explain the details of data formats, which are interchangeable in the system. A sensible media simulator and the implementation of a sensory device are presented to prove the effectiveness of the proposed system. Finally, a correlation between learning styles and sensory effects (that is, wind and vibration effects) is statistically analyzed using the proposed system. The experiment results show that the level of satisfaction with the sensory effects is unaffected overall by the learning styles of the test subjects. Stimulations by vibration effects, however, generate more satisfaction in people with a high tactile perception level or a low visual perception level.