Visual Means Research Articles

The resolution of face perception varies systematically across the visual field.

Visual abilities tend to vary predictably across the visual field-for simple low-level stimuli, visibility is better along the horizontal vs. vertical meridian and in the lower vs. upper visual field. In contrast, face perception abilities have been reported to show either distinct or entirely idiosyncratic patterns of variation in peripheral vision, suggesting a dissociation between the spatial properties of low- and higher-level vision. To assess this link more clearly, we extended methods used in low-level vision to develop an acuity test for face perception, measuring the smallest size at which facial gender can be reliably judged in peripheral vision. In 3 experiments, we show the characteristic inversion effect, with better acuity for upright faces than inverted, demonstrating the engagement of high-level face-selective processes in peripheral vision. We also observe a clear advantage for gender acuity on the horizontal vs. vertical meridian and a smaller-but-consistent lower- vs. upper-field advantage. These visual field variations match those of low-level vision, indicating that higher-level face processing abilities either inherit or actively maintain the characteristic patterns of spatial selectivity found in early vision. The commonality of these spatial variations throughout the visual hierarchy means that the location of faces in our visual field systematically influences our perception of them.

Clinical value of cognitive behavioral nursing model to patients with congenital glaucoma.

There have been studies on the use of cognitive behavioral nursing intervention (CBNI) but the main subjects were patients with secondary glaucoma and there are fewer studies on the care of congenital glaucoma. To explore the clinical value of cognitive behavioral nursing model in patients with congenital glaucoma. One hundred and fifty-three postoperative patients with congenital glaucoma treated in our hospital between January 2021 and December 2022 were prospectively selected for the study and randomly divided into a control group (n= 77) and an observation group (n= 76). The control group was given routine nursing, and the observation group was given cognitive behavioral nursing mode on the basis of the control group. Anxiety self-assessment scale (SAS), depression self-assessment scale (SDS), Connor-Davidson toughness scale, and treatment adherence evaluation scale were used to evaluate the psychological state, mental toughness, treatment adherence, treatment effect and nursing care satisfaction in the two groups before and after 2 weeks of intervention. The efficacy of the treatment was also assessed by determining the visual acuity (VA), intraocular pressure (IOP), and mean defective (MD) value of the visual field of the two groups of patients. After nursing, the SDS score (46.33 ± 6.16 versus 53.21 ± 5.94) and SAS score (44.41 ± 5.6 versus 52.82 ± 6.31) in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P< 0.05). The scores of optimism (11.55 ± 1.90 versus 8.20 ± 1.95), self-improvement (22.05 ± 3.60 versus 17.60 ± 4.30), tenacity (37.45 ± 3.10 versus 28.90 ± 4.55) and total score (71.35 ± 8.00 versus 56.85 ± 8.50) in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (P< 0.05). After care, the VA of the observation group (0.95 ± 0.22) was greater than that of the control group (0.84 ± 0.16), and the IOP (14.25 ± 0.58 versus 15.89 ± 0.67) and the MD (5.42 ± 0.46 versus 6.68 ± 0.49) of the observation group were less than that of the control group. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P< 0.05). The compliance (96.05% versus 85.71%) and nursing satisfaction (96.10% versus 85.71%) of the observation group were higher than those of the control group (P< 0.05). Cognitive-behavioural nursing care for glaucoma patients can improve patients' mental toughness, improve visual acuity, reduce intraocular pressure and mean visual field defect values, and have a positive effect on enhancing patients' treatment adherence and nursing satisfaction.

Latent fingerprint visualization with the novel white fluorescent fingerprint powders

Based on carbazole derivatives, a new fluorescent dye G-D was constructed. White fluorescent fingerprint powder was constructed by proportionally blending montmorillonite with G-D and the previously synthesized dyes (B-D and R-D). White fluorescent fingerprint powder is obvious in the dark and can be subjected to minimal fluorescent background interference. The white fluorescent fingerprint powder was successfully used to develop latent fingerprints left on various surfaces, including glass, tin foil, marble, acrylic plate with bright fluorescence, painted wood and coins. Impressively, the white fluorescent fingerprint powder also has excellent applications in developing aged fingerprints and replication. For complex criminal investigation activities, the white fingerprint powder with high resolution, wide applicability and real-time development is a competitive visualization means.

Analysis and mining of user behavior on e-commerce platforms based on decision trees and RFM models

User transaction behavior has driven the development of e-commerce. This article reveals the key role of the development of the e-commerce industry and user behavior in driving it through in-depth research on e-commerce sales data. Firstly, by grouping and summarizing user IDs through Pandas, a comprehensive user consumption situation was obtained, including consumption frequency, amount, etc., and user consumption behavior was visualized through visual means. On the basis of constructing effective features, Matplotlib was used to depict the number of users who receive coupons every week and day, providing a basis for the establishment of subsequent coupon distribution prediction models. By splitting the payment dates, an RFM model was constructed to analyze the purchase time period, frequency, consumption amount, and the proportion of each user's time behavior, forming a detailed user profile. Finally, the decision tree model is applied to predict the probability of coupon usage.

Tocilizumabuse for optic nerve compression in thyroid eye disease: a prospective longitudinal cohort.

To assess the effectiveness of tocilizumab in reverting the signs and symptoms of dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) in thyroid eye disease and the need for emergency orbital decompression. The secondary outcomes are to identify the optimal number of tocilizumab cycles to achieve the primary outcome, to analyze the association between thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), clinical activity score (CAS) and proptosis in response to the treatment and the need for rehabilitative orbital decompression. Prospective longitudinal cohort study that included 13 patients who had unilateral or bilateral dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) due to severe and progressive sight-threatening thyroid eye disease based on the CAS system. Patients were seen in this facility starting from July 2017, and all had received intravenous tocilizumab. Initial visual acuity mean was 0.52 ± 0.38 and the final were 0.93 ± 0.11 with a mean difference of 0.41 and P < 0.00245. The mean CAS prior to the initiation of the treatment was 7.92 ± 0.66 and the final was 2.85 ± 1.03 with mean difference of 5.07 and P < 0.00001. Initial mean proptosis was 24.85 ± 2.31 and the final was 21.78 ± 2.18 with a mean difference of 3.07 and P < 0.000497. No emergency orbital decompression was performed. TSI was high initially in all cases with a wide range of 2.4 to 40 IU/L and with a mean of 10.70 ± 13.40. The final TSI mean was 2.90 ± 3.90 with a mean difference of 7.81 and significant P value (P < 0.0272). Tocilizumab use in optic nerve compression showed promising results as it can be the primary or an alternative treatment option.

Building renovation Roadmapping: an automated methodology framework for energy efficiency improvement and sustainable renovation planning

ABSTRACT A significant portion of energy consumption currently derives from the building stock, which has harms both the environment and the living standard of occupants, while at the European level, the renovation rate of the current building stock remains low. This study presents a methodology for automated retrofitting scenarios in buildings that enhances user awareness through meaningful visualisations and fosters collaboration of renovation professionals with interoperable software solutions. Commercial design software (Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft ArchiCad) generates the Building Information Model (BIM) in the Industry Foundation Class (IFC) format. IFCs are processed by a parsing tool, which translates IFC files into a comprehensible data model. The proposed framework initially examines the asset-based elements and calculates as-designed energy consumption by extracting information from the produced data model. Based on conducted calculations, the proposed schema identifies mandatory renovation actions and generates scenarios for a variety of examined categories. The final output consists of a renovation roadmap that prioritises changes with the greatest impact based on the demand of the building’s stakeholders. The proposed methodology provides a promising approach to help building owners and stakeholders with the identification and prioritisation of energy-saving retrofitting actions, thus contributing to the achievement of energy efficiency goals.

Ab Interno Canaloplasty and Trabeculotomy Outcomes for Mild, Moderate, and Advanced Open-Angle Glaucoma: A ROMEO Analysis.

To determine if there was an association between severity of glaucoma and intraocular pressure (IOP) and medication (med) outcomes for patients in the ROMEO (Retrospective, Observational, Multicenter Evaluation of OMNI) study. Eleven ophthalmology practices in 8 US states. Post-hoc analysis of all eyes enrolled and treated with ab interno canaloplasty and trabeculotomy in the retrospective, multicenter ROMEO study. Eyes were grouped according to visual field mean deviation (MD): mild (MD better than -6 dB), moderate (MD between -6 and -12 dB), advanced (-12 dB or worse). IOP and med outcomes at 12 months were compared across groups. Least squares regression was used to assess the relationship of MD with month 12 IOP. Outcomes for 1st and last MD deciles were compared as a sensitivity analysis. One hundred and twenty-seven eyes were available for analysis including 79 mild, 42 moderate, 6 advanced. Most eyes had a reduction in IOP at Month 12 (70%) with most at 18 mmHg or less. Percentage IOP reduction was similar across the groups (mild 16.9%, moderate 18.6%, advanced 18.0%) with mean month 12 IOP between 14 and 16 mmHg. Medications were also reduced in all three groups; -0.8 (mild, P < 0.001), -0.55 (moderate, P < 0.05), and -1.0 (advanced, P = 0.139, ns). Regression analysis revealed no relationship between month 12 IOP and MD. Med reductions were observed for all groups with a reduction of 1 or more medications seen in (%, 95% CI) 69%, 59-79 (mild), 50%, 35-65 (moderate), and 60%, 21-99 (advanced). Secondary interventions tended to have greater incidence with worse MD likely reflecting lower desired IOP targets. Analysis of data from the ROMEO study suggests that similar meaningful IOP and med reductions can be expected across the range of disease severity studied.

Clinical efficacy of dexamethasone parabulbar injection in patients with Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

BackgroundNonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAAION) is a common optic neuropathy that often leads to significant visual acuity loss in patients. The present study evaluated the effects of parabulbar dexamethasone injection on visual outcomes in patients with NAAION. MethodsThis retrospective case-control study included patients diagnosed with NAAION between January 2019 and December 2022. Thirty-four patients with NAAION (34 eyes) received dexamethasone parabulbar injections, while 39 patients with NAAION (39 eyes) received oral corticosteroid treatment (control group). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), visual field (VF) defect, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of the affected eye were compared between groups at baseline and 2, 6, and 12 weeks post-treatment. ResultsMean BCVA significantly improved after 6 and 12 weeks in the injection groups compared with the control group (all P < 0.01). The visual field indices, mean deviation and pattern standard deviation significantly improved in the injection group compared with the control group after 2, 6, and 12 weeks (all P < 0.01). The RNFL showed a remarkable decrease in edema after 6 weeks (superior and nasal P values 0.005 and 0.013, respectively) in the injection group compared with the control group. Significant RNFL thinning was also observed in superior, inferior, temporal, and nasal quadrants in the control group after 12 weeks (all P values < 0.01). Also, fewer side effects were observed in the injection group compared to the control group. ConclusionsThe results of this study suggested that dexamethasone parabulbar injection might be a safe and effective intervention for relieving visual acuity and VF in patients with NAAION.

Reduction of Optic Disc Microvasculature and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Patients With Glaucoma

PurposeTo assess the relationship between the change of optic disc vessel density (ODVD) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. DesignRetrospective case series. MethodsFor 105 POAG patients, ≥ 5 consecutive optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) images were obtained during ≥ 2 years of follow-up.Based on enface OCTA imaging, ODVD was calculated as the ratio of pixels occupied by vessels below the internal limiting membrane within the temporal area of the optic cup, and ODVD reduction was determined when there was a statistically significant negative slope (P < 0.05) for any of the global, superior, or inferior sectors. The association between the rates of ODVD change and RNFL thinning was assessed by multivariable longitudinal linear mixed-effects model vs. time. ResultsDuring 2.9 ± 0.3 years of follow-up on the 105 participants with visual field mean deviation at baseline of 5.7 ± 4.8 dB, 46 (43.8%) showed ODVD reduction. Faster global RNFL thinning was associated with the smaller Bruch's membrane opening area (ß = 0.381; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.120 to 0.646; P = 0.006), optic disc hemorrhage (ß = -0.567; 95% CI, -0.909 to -0.228; P = 0.002) and faster rate of global ODVD change (ß = -0.090; 95% CI, -0.139 to -0.042; P = 0.001). ConclusionsReduction of optic disc microvasculature was associated with rapid RNFL thinning in POAG. This suggests a role for deep ONH circulation in the glaucoma pathogenesis.

Robust Intelligent Malware Detection Using Deep Learning

Abstract: In the modern era of technology, malicious software, or malware, holds a serious security hazard as computer users, businesses, and governments see an uptick in malware attacks. In attempts to identify unknown malware, current malware detection solutions use dynamic as well as static examination of malware signatures and behavior patterns, which takes time and is unsuccessful. Modern malware employs evasive strategies such as metamorphosis and polymorphism to rapidly alter its actions and produce a multitude of variants. Machine learning algorithms (MLAs) are being used more and more to do an efficient malware analysis because new malware is primarily versions of current malware. Extensive feature engineering, feature learning, and feature representation are needed for this. It is likely to fully eliminate the feature engineering stage by utilizing sophisticated MLAs like deep learning. Even though there have been a few fresh investigations in the field, the algorithms' performance is skewed by the training set. It is a prerequisite to reduce bias and figure out these techniques holistically in order to develop new, improved techniques for successful zero-day malware detection. This paper fills a vacuum in the literature by comparing and contrasting deep learning architectures with standard MLAs for malware detection, classification, and categorization using public and private datasets. The public and private dataset’s train and test splits, which were gathered during distinctly different periods, are not connected to one another in the experimental study. Furthermore, we provide a new method of image processing with ideal parameters for deep learning architectures and MLAs. In response to a thorough scientific assessment of these methodologies, deep learning architectures perform more efficiently than traditional MLAs. All in all, our work suggests a scalable and multimodal deep learning system for real-time malware detection through visual means. An improved technique for successful zero-day malware detection is the visualization and deep learning architectures for static, dynamic, and image processing based blended methods in a big data environment.

A Retrospective Comparison of Phaco-tube vs. Phaco-trabeculectomy in Glaucoma Patients

PurposeTo compare surgical outcomes of phacoemulsification combined with Baerveldt implantation (phaco-tube) or trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C (MMC) (phaco-trab) in patients without prior incisional ocular surgery. DesignSingle-center, retrospective, comparative case series. ParticipantsA total of 90 patients underwent surgical treatment, including 45 patients in the phaco-tube group and 45 patients in the phaco-trab group. MethodsEligible patients were identified using current procedural terminology (CPT) codes, and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed. Main Outcome MeasuresThe primary outcome measure was the rate of surgical failure (IOP ≤5 mmHg or >21 mmHg or reduced <20% from baseline on two consecutive study visits after 3 months, reoperations for glaucoma, or experienced loss of light perception vision). Patients who had successful surgical outcomes without use of glaucoma medications were classified as complete successes, while those that used glaucoma medications were classified as qualified successes. Secondary outcome measures were visual acuity (VA), visual field mean deviation (VFMD), intraocular pressure (IOP), glaucoma medication use, and complications. ResultsThe cumulative probability of failure was 6.7% in the phaco-tube group and 32.8% in the phaco-trab group after 3 years (P= 0.005; Restricted Mean Survival Time = 5.9 months, 95% CI = 1.4 to 10.4 months). IOP was 13.1 ± 3.4 mmHg in the phaco-tube group and 13.3 ± 6.2 mmHg in the phaco-trab group at 3 years (P= 0.90), and the number of glaucoma medications was 2.6 ± 1.5 in the phaco-tube group and 1.7 ± 1.3 in the phaco-trab group (P= 0.015). LogMAR VA was 0.39 ± 0.58 in the phaco-tube group and 0.43 ± 0.73 in the phaco-trab group at 3 years (P= 0.82) and VFMD was -18.3 ± 9.0 dB in the phaco-tube group and -14.1 ± 7.0 dB in the phaco-trab group (P= 0.16). Postoperative complications developed in 21 patients (47%) in the phaco-tube group and 15 patients (33%) in the phaco-trab group (P= 0.28). ConclusionsPhaco-tubes had a significantly lower rate of surgical failure compared to phaco-trabs after 3 years of follow-up. However, phaco-trabs used significantly fewer glaucoma medications at multiple postoperative timepoints and had a higher proportion of complete success.

White Matter Alterations of Visual Pathway in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Fixel-Based Analysis.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), particularly its sight-threatening complication, dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON), profoundly impacts patients' visual health. The pathological changes in the white matter (WM) fibers within the intracranial visual pathway in TED have been infrequently studied. Understanding these changes holds crucial importance for exploring the pathogenesis and prognosis of TED. To utilize fixel-based analysis (FBA) to clarify the type of microstructural damage occurring in the visual pathway in TED. Prospective. 28 TED with DON patients (11 males and 17 females), 28 TED without DON (non-DON) patients (12 males and 16 females), and 28 healthy controls (HCs) (12 males and 16 females). 3 T; multishell diffusion MRI using echo planar imaging. Fiber density (FD) and fiber-bundle cross-section (FC) were calculated to characterize WM microstructural alteration in TED visual pathway. The correlations between FBA metrics and visual field index and mean deviation were examined. One-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square, and Pearson correlation, were conducted with false discovery rate and family wise error corrections. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Both DON and non-DON groups showed significant FD loss in the right optic tract compared with HCs, with DON patients experiencing more severe FD loss. Only DON patients had FD loss in the right optic radiation (OR) compared with the non-DON patients and HCs, with no FC difference across groups. FD in DON patients' ORs significantly correlated with visual field index (r = 0.857) and mean deviation (r = 0.751). Both DON and non-DON affect the WM microstructure of the visual pathway to varying extents. Visual field metrics can reflect the severity of FD damage to the OR in the visual pathway of DON patients. 2. Stage 3.

Dynamic range issues and image information content when visualizing seismic data

The purpose of this review is to discuss the problem of seismic data visualization in relation to human vision capabilities based on the seismic signal dynamic range assessment. The ways of increasing the information content and efficiency of visualization methods in terms of increasing their resolution are considered. The conducted analysis has shown that the dynamic range of seismic recordings exceeds the capabilities of the human eye by 2–3 orders of magnitude and the capabilities of technical visualization means by 4–5 orders of magnitude. Color vision models are considered on example of the most versatile hardware additive RGB color model. The model was chosen based on the idea of the human vision system as a set of photosensitive cones that register red, green and blue colors and the human brain, which processes and forms a color image in one’s consciousness. The relationships between monochrome and color images perceived by the human eye based on several types of sensitive receptors have been established. It is concluded that the use of a color image significantly expands information capabilities. Thus, 8 grey steps are enough for the monochrome method of information output, whereas the use of color devices allows to increase the number of steps up to 14. The methodology for solving this problem consists in the application of new technologies based on the use of large-scale and three-dimensional images providing a significant increase in the values of luminous flux, resolution and contrast based on the expansion of the dynamic range taking into consideration the limits of human vision.

Survival of medical treatment success in primary open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

Background/aimsTopical agents to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) are the most common initial therapeutic measure in glaucoma prevention. This study aims to assess treatment success duration among patients initiating or intensifying...

Ceramic-on-Ceramic Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a Double Tapered, Proximally Coated Stem: 15 to 24-year Clinical and Radiologic Follow-Up

BackgroundTotal hip arthroplasty implant choice profoundly affects survivorship, complications, and failure modes. This study evaluates the long-term (average 18 year) outcomes of ceramic-on-ceramic hip arthroplasty using uncemented shells and stems. Despite an impressive 20-year cumulative percent revision of 5.9%, the hydroxyapatite proximally coated femoral components evaluated in this study have seen declining use since 2003. MethodsA review of 349 consecutive total hip arthroplasties from 1999 to 2007 was matched to 272 cases with registry data. A survivorship analysis included 274 hips (Group A) after excluding patients lost to follow-up and navigated cases. Group B comprised 135 patients who had complete datasets spanning a minimum of 15 years. ResultsKaplan-Meier analysis identified a 95.6% survivorship plateau at 16 to 24 years, with no significant impact from age, sex, component size, or original pathology. In Group B, EuroQol-5 Dimensions-5 Levels (EQ5D5L) scores indicated favorable outcomes in mobility, self-care, activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, with an EQ5D visual analog score mean of 79.24. Functional scores, including the Harris Hip Score, Oxford Hip Score, and Forgotten Joint Score, showed positive outcomes. Radiologic assessments revealed no osteolysis or loose components, with a mean Engh score of 21.69. Dorr classification identified bone quality variations. Better Engh scores corresponded to higher levels of patient satisfaction. Age at surgery was correlated with better functional scores, while sex influenced various outcomes. ConclusionsThis comprehensive study, spanning an average of 18.23 years, combined multiple patient-reported outcome measures with extensive clinical and radiologic follow-up. It reported a notably high survivorship rate for this implant combination but highlighted the declining use of the hydroxyapatite proximally coated femoral stem used in this study, potentially facing withdrawal risks in Australia. Level of evidenceTherapeutic Level IV.

Does a Healthy Weight Body Mass Index at Onset of Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Change the Outcomes? A United Kingdom Prospective Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) predominantly affects reproductive-aged females with obesity. However, the prevalence and impact of a healthy weight body mass index (BMI) at disease presentation is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the visual and headache outcomes stratified by the presenting BMI. This was a longitudinal prospective cohort study (IIH Life) based on a tertiary neuro-ophthalmology IIH service, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, United Kingdom, recruiting consecutive patients living with IIH between 2012 and 2021. Those with a presenting BMI were included. The outcome measures included visual outcomes of LogMAR visual acuity, Humphrey visual field perimetric mean deviation (PMD), optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements, and headache outcomes of frequency, severity, and Headache Impact Test-6 score. Three hundred seventy-five people with IIH and a documented baseline BMI. About 3.7% of the entire cohort had a healthy weight BMI at IIH presentation and 15.5% BMI < 30 kg/m2. The baseline PMD was worse in patients without obesity; however, OCT papilloedema measures were similar. The presence of obesity was associated with a small but significant greater worsening in visual acuity but slower macular ganglion cell layer loss. There was no impact on PMD or papilloedema prognosis related to baseline obesity. The headache outcomes showed heterogeneity, with worse baseline headache frequency in patients with obesity. No BMI group was associated with worse headache outcomes. Patients with a healthy weight BMI or those without obesity at baseline make up a small proportion of IIH patients. BMI at presentation does not appear to influence long-term visual or headache outcomes.

Comparison of macular changes according to the etiology of optic neuritis: a cross-sectional study.

To compare the macular structure including foveal thickness among patients with optic neuritis (ON) according to the etiology and to investigate the possible correlation between structural and visual outcomes. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, the clinical data of patients with aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G-related ON (AQP4 group, 40 eyes), myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG-related ON (MOG group, 31 eyes), and multiple sclerosis-related ON (MS group, 24 eyes) were obtained. The retinal thickness of the foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal regions were measured. Visual acuity (VA), visual field index and mean deviation were measured as visual outcomes. The AQP4 group showed a significantly thinner fovea (226.4±13.4 µm) relative to the MOG (236.8±14.0 µm, P=0.015) and MS (238.9±14.3 µm, P=0.007) groups. The thickness in the parafoveal area also was thinner in the AQP4 group, though the difference in perifoveal retinal thickness was not significant. Foveal thickness was correlated with VA in the AQP4 group (coefficient ρ=-0.418, P=0.014), but not in the MOG and MS groups (P=0.218 and P=0.138, respectively). There was no significant correlation between foveal thickness and visual field test in all three groups. The significant thinning in the fovea and parafoveal areas in the AQP4 group compared to the MOG and MS groups are found. Additionally, macular changes in AQP4-ON show a significant correlation with VA. The results provide the possibility that retinal structural damage could reflect functional damage in AQP4-ON, distinct from MOG-ON and MS-ON.

Visual and Pharmacotherapy Outcomes After Transverse Sinus Stenting for Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension

Background: Transverse sinus stenting (TSS) is an increasingly common treatment for patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). However, detailed neuro-ophthalmic evidence on visual and pharmacotherapy outcomes after TSS is scarce and heterogeneous. This study aimed to describe the visual outcomes of patients undergoing TSS for IIH and to ascertain the proportion of patients who could be weaned off intracranial pressure (ICP)-lowering medication postoperatively. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients with IIH from 2 tertiary academic neuro-ophthalmology practices who underwent TSS between 2016 and 2022 was performed. Indications for stenting included failure of pharmacotherapy, intolerance of pharmacotherapy, and acute vision loss from severe papilledema. Data on demographics, symptoms, visual function, pharmacotherapy, and TSS were collected. The paired Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare changes in visual acuity (VA) and visual field mean deviation (VFMD) between the baseline and most recent visits. Results: Of the 435 patients with IIH, 15 (13 women) met inclusion criteria. After TSS, ICP-lowering pharmacotherapy was discontinued in 10 patients and decreased in 4; 1 patient was not on ICP-lowering medication before TSS. All patients experienced resolution or improvement of symptoms (10 resolution, 4 improved, 1 asymptomatic before TSS) and papilledema (11 resolution, 4 improved) after stenting. Papilledema resolution was confirmed with optical coherence tomography–measured peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness (median decrease 147 µm, interquartile range 41.8–242.8 µm, P &lt; 0.001). Change in VA between the baseline and most recent visit was not significant, but VFMD improved significantly after stenting (median increase 3.0, IQR 2.0–4.2, P &lt; 0.001). No patient developed transverse sinus restenosis nor in-stent thrombosis postoperatively across a median venogram follow-up of 20.8 (11.3–49.8) weeks. In addition, no patient required subsequent surgical intervention for IIH. Conclusions: In this cohort of patients with IIH and fulminant presentation, medication resistance, or medication intolerance, TSS was an effective and safe treatment modality. Most patients were able to stop ICP-lowering medications while demonstrating striking improvement in symptomatology and visual function.

Longitudinal optical coherence tomography indices in idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) may result in optic nerve fiber loss and even atrophy. The timing of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) indices reaching the lowest point (nadir) and the factors that predict the patient's anatomical outcome are not known. We aimed to determine the timing and the factors that affect nadir retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The medical records of 99 IIH patients who were treated from December 2009 to January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean RNFL thickness at presentation was 263.5 ± 106.4 µm. The mean time to nadir was 7.9 ± 6.3 months. The average RNFL and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness at the nadir were 92.6 ± 14.5 µm (47% showed thinning) and 77.9 ± 27.8 µm (70% showed thinning), respectively. The Frisén disc edema stage and average RNFL thickness at baseline correlated with a longer time to nadir, (r = 0.28 P = 0.003 and r = 0.24, P = 0.012, respectively). The nadir average RNFL thickness and the nadir average GCC thickness (r = 0.32, P = 0.001, r = 0.29, P = 0.002, respectively) correlated with the baseline visual field mean deviation. The final anatomical outcome of IIH episodes in this study resulted in RNFL and GCC thinning. The time to RNFL nadir and its values correlated with IIH severity at presentation.

The Expression of Vietnamese Folk Art in the Painting Series “Technique du Peuple Annamite”

Vietnamese folk painting art, a traditional art form, is the quintessence of the nation's cultural heritage and historical significance, expressing rustic beauty but containing a Vietnamese culturally conscious mind. In order to preserve the typical beauty in the daily life of ancient Vietnamese people, a genre of folk painting rich in visual art and meaning appeared in the early 20th century. That expression is a set of paintings in an ethnographic research work by Henri Oger, a French scholar. The "Technique du peuple Annamite" series of paintings was produced in large quantities by Vietnamese artisans and reflects the daily life of the Vietnamese people in the capital Hanoi and the Red River Delta. This research was conducted to clarify the elements that create the folk character of the painting from the perspective of visual arts. The results of this study show that the paintings, from themes to forms of expression, all reflect the quintessence of Vietnamese folk art.