Visual Means Research Articles

Messing up Visual Management Studies: A Problematizing Review

AbstractManagement studies are increasingly turning to visual materials to generate rich insights on the complexities in organizational life, thereby developing visual management studies (VMS). In this paper, we conduct a problematizing review to re‐imagine VMS so that it is better equipped to deal with the complexities or, from our perspective, the messiness in organizational life. Informed by theoretical readings in visual studies and reflexivity we analyse this research domain with three questions: (1) How is the visual conceptualized? (2) How is visual meaning decided? and, (3) how is the visual researcher depicted? Our findings show how the studies in our review tend to converge on an orderly form of knowledge production, missing out on the domain's messy potential. Our proposal is to mess up VMS through rediscovering visual, social and philosophical perspectives that theorize the visual, cultivating the polysemy of the visual and working with the ‘inter‐situality’ of visual meaning, thereby ensuring that, as visual researchers, we take responsibility for the visual in our research decisions.

Semi-supervised spectral classification of DESI white dwarfs by dimensionality reduction

Abstract As a new generation of large-sky spectroscopic surveys comes online, the enormous data volume poses unprecedented challenges in classifying spectra. Modern unsupervised techniques have the power to group spectra based on their dominant features, circumventing the complete reliance on training data suffered by supervised methods. We outline the use of dimensionality reduction to generate a 2D map of the structure of an intermediate-resolution spectroscopic dataset. This technique efficiently separates white dwarfs of different spectral classes in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument’s Early Data Release (DESI EDR), identifying spectral features that had been missed even by visual classification. By focusing the method on particular spectral regions, we identify white dwarfs with helium features at 90percnt recall, and cataclysmic variables at 100percnt recall, illustrating rapid selection of low-contamination samples from spectroscopic surveys. We also demonstrate the use of dimensionality reduction in a supervised manner, outlining a procedure to classify any white dwarf spectrum in comparison with those in the DESI EDR. With upcoming surveys promising tens of millions of spectra, our work highlights the potential for semi-supervised techniques as an efficient means of classification and dataset visualisation.

Visual recovery following pituitary adenoma surgery: prognostic value of optical coherence tomography and suprasellar tumour volume

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the effects of preoperative parameters such as retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, visual acuity (VA), visual field (VF), and tumour volume on postoperative outcomes in patients with pituitary adenoma. DesignRetrospective study. ParticipantsTwo-hundred and seventy-six eyes from 142 patients were included. MethodsAll patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation both before and 12 months after the surgery. RNFL thickness was analyzed using optical coherence tomography. VF testing was carried out using the automated Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer 3. Two primary visual field (VF) parameters, mean deviation (MD), and pattern standard deviation (PSD), were recorded. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on their visual field outcomes: the MD recovery group and the nonrecovery group. MD recovery was defined as an MD value greater than −2 dB at the 12-month postoperative follow-up visit. ResultsThe mean BCVA was significantly improved postoperatively compared with the preoperative values (P = 0.001). Preoperatively, the upper, temporal, and inferior RNFL values were significantly higher in patients with normal visual fields compared to those with abnormal visual fields (P = 0.001 for upper and temporal, P = 0.008 for inferior). Preoperative suprasellar tumour volume was found to be lower in the MD recovery group (P = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that preoperative inferior RNFL thickness were significantly associated with MD recovery (P = 0.023), and preoperative temporal RNFL thickness were significantly associated with VA recovery (P = 0.047). ConclusionRNFL thickness, VF parameters, and suprasellar tumour volume can serve as important prognostic indicators in patients with pituitary adenoma.

Multimodality of political digital discourse on Twitter social media

As a communication tool, social media has linguistic aspects ranging from letters to discourse, so it is important to be researched from a linguistic scientific point of view to find its meaning. This research aims to identify, elaborate, and analyze digital discourse on Twitter social media related to political elements. This research is based on the multimodal meaning related to communication modes in the form of signs such as writing, images, photos, videos, and other forms that have visual meaning in finding meaning in a communication in twitter posts. The method of this research is qualitative descriptive. The research data is in the form of posts on Twitter accounts that contain political elements. The data analysis technique in this study goes through the reduction and classification stage based on the use of communication modes in digital political discourse. Data collection techniques are carried out by documenting, listening, and taking notes. The results of the research are in the form of identification and explanation of how multimodal has meaning and meaning in digital political discourse on Twitter social media and the contribution of semiotic fashion in the form of writings, images, photos, videos, and other forms that have visual meaning in digital political discourse on Twitter social media as relevance regarding the views of the interests of discourse producers, digital discourse makers with certain semiotic modes to realize discourse, and interests aimed at the creation of political digital discourses such as identity politics, politics of struggle, and power politics.

Asymmetric Glaucoma and Corresponding Hearing Impairment.

Background/Objectives: This study aims to explore the potential relationship between unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma and ipsilateral hearing impairment. Methods: In this retrospective study, visual and hearing functions were assessed in patients with unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma. Correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, visual field mean deviation (MD) values, and pure tone audiometry (PTA) measurements across various frequencies were analyzed to explore potential associations between visual and ipsilateral hearing functions. Differences in PTA values between ears ipsilateral to the more affected glaucomatous eyes and the contralateral ears were studied for statistical significance. Results: Twenty-six patients with unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma were included in the study. Significant differences in hearing thresholds between the ears corresponding to the more severely glaucomatous eyes and the contralateral ears were found at 0.7, 1, 1.5, and 3 kHz (p < 0.05). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed in the speech frequencies (0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 kHz) between ears corresponding to glaucomatous or more affected glaucomatous eyes and the contralateral ears (p = 0.016). Furthermore, a moderately positive correlation was found between differences in MD and PTA values at 0.125 kHz (r = 0.50; p = 0.01). Conclusions: This study highlights a potential association between unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma and ipsilateral hearing impairment, particularly at speech-relevant frequencies. These findings underscore the importance of integrated sensory assessment in the management of glaucoma patients, suggesting that early detection and intervention for concurrent hearing loss could enhance overall quality of life.

Video consultations among registered nurses in public sector and associated factors

Abstract Background In digital health services, including services for older people, video consultations can enhance access to care while enabling interaction through audio and visual means. Registered nurses are pivotal in digital care delivery and there is a need for more understanding regarding the use of video consultations in nursing. This study aims to examine factors associated with nurses’ video consultations in the public sector. Methods The Finnish ‘Survey on information systems for registered nurses’ was delivered for registered nurses in March 2023. The respondents were asked whether their work had included video consultations in the past six months. Binary logistic regression was used to examine if career stage and digital skills (basic IT-skills, proficiency in data security, skills in digital working environments) were associated with nurses’ video consultations, adjusted for working unit and location of employment. Results The study included 2,525 public sector nurses (92.7% female, mean age 47.34, SD 10.47). Of them, twelve percent had used video consultations with patients. Most nurses used video consultations in outpatient units (63.3%), whereas they were less used among those working in acute care (3.3%), housing services (3.3%) and home-based services (8.2%). Early-career nurses had lower odds (OR .38, 95% CI .19-.73) of video consultations compared to mid-career nurses. Nurses who had good skills in working in digital environments (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.26-3.39) had greater odds of video consultations than those with poorer skills. Conclusions The study suggests a limited adoption of video consultations among public sector nurses, particularly among early-career professionals. Increasing targeted support and training, and the availability of tools for various patient service needs in video consultations, are needed. By recognizing the importance of nurses’ digital skills, digital care delivery could be enhanced and potential public health benefits promoted. Key messages • Relatively few registered nurses used video consultations in the public sector. More research is needed to explore if their usage could be increased safely for patients, also in early nursing careers. • Proficiency in digital work environments is imperative for ensuring the quality of care in video consultations. Therefore, collaborative efforts are required to enhance professionals’ digital skills.

Monitoring of the inertization of cargo tanks of LNG class vessels

The results of monitoring the inertization of cargo tanks of vessels intended for the transportation of liquefied natural gas are given. It is determined that the mandatory stage of cargo operations in the port of unloading of liquefied natural gas is the inertization of tanks. It is noted that on gas-carrying vessels, the following sources of inert gases can be: flue gases of vessel's auxiliary boilers; gases generated in the inert gas generator during the burning of liquid fuel in them; directly chemically pure inert gas (usually nitrogen). It is also stated that the inertization of cargo tanks is carried out by one of two methods: either dilution of the gas atmosphere (which is the process of mixing two environments), or replacement of the gas atmosphere (in which the gases supplied to the tank form a dividing layer and gradually displace the residual vapors cargo). The stability and integrity of the dividing layer determines the inertization quality of cargo tanks. Control of the state of the dividing layer in the cargo tank is impossible with optical or visual means of control, which is caused by the opaque environment inside the tank. In this regard, it is proposed to determine the integrity of the separating layer, as well as the level at which it is located in the cargo tank, by measuring the concentration of inert gas in the volume of the tank. Research was carried out on a gas carrier with a cargo capacity of 42,563 m3. Inertization of the vessel's cargo tanks was ensured with the help of nitrogen, which was generated by an inert gas generator using the Pressure Swing Adsorption technology. Nitrogen concentration monitoring in the volume of the cargo tank was performed at levels corresponding to 5 %, 20 %, 50 %, 80 % and 95 % of the tank depth. Research on determining the effect of nitrogen pressure entering the cargo tanks for their inertization on the stability and integrity of the dividing layer was carried out in the range of 0.95–1.05 MPa. The duration of the experiment was 210 minutes, fixation of nitrogen concentration values was performed every 30 minutes. As a result, optimal pressure values were established, according to which the inertization is ensured in the minimum time. The critical pressure values at which the separation layer breaks down were also determined.

Sodium bicarbonate use in the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

This retrospective case-control study from 2008 to 2022 aimed to determine the effect of adjunctive sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) on treatment outcomes of and side effects of acetazolamide (ACZ) for the treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). Retrospective data was collected via chart review. 288 eyes of 144 patients with IIH, including those taking ACZ alone (control group, n = 89) vs. ACZ and NaHCO3 (treatment group, n = 56). The primary outcome measure was time to IIH resolution. Secondary outcomes included retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFL), visual field mean deviation (VFMD), visual acuity (VA), discontinuation ACZ, and patient-reported side effects of ACZ. Cox proportional hazards model for the primary outcome yielded a hazard ratio of 0.800, which was statistically insignificant (95% CI, 0.57-1.13; p = 0.200). There was no significant difference between groups when comparing RNFL, VFMD, VA, surgical intervention, or discontinuation of ACZ. The treatment group was more likely to experience side effects from ACZ prior to starting sodium bicarbonate therapy (p < 0.001). Among the treatment group, 92.7% remained on NaHCO3 until IIH resolution, and 9 of 12 (75%) subjects reported significant improvement in ACZ-related side effects. Sodium bicarbonate does not appear to impact treatment outcomes in patients taking acetazolamide for IIH. Sodium bicarbonate may represent a reasonable adjunctive medication to help mitigate acetazolamide-related side effects in this group of patients.

Refractive outcomes following simultaneous silicone oil removal and ciliary sulcus intraocular lens implantation.

This study aimed to assess the refractive outcomes following the combined intervention of silicon oil (SO) removal and ciliary sulcus intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in aphakic eyes after phacovitrectomy. A retrospective examination of medical records from patients who underwent a combined procedure of SO removal and ciliary sulcus IOL implantation from 2019 to 2022 was performed. The primary outcomes of interest included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), predictive error (PE) and mean absolute predictive error (MAE). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare outcomes between patients with and without intraoperative posterior capsulotomy. The cohort comprised 40 eyes from 40 patients, with a mean duration of SO tamponade of 5.17 ± 1.48 months. A significant improvement in UDVA was observed from 1.58 ± 0.31 logMAR to 0.99 ± 0.31 logMAR one month postoperatively (P < 0.01). The PE was -0.73 ± 0.86 diopters (D), and the MAE was 0.90 ± 0.67 D, with 37.50% and 57.50% of cases achieving PE within ±0.5 D and ±1.0 D, respectively. No significant differences in UDVA, PE, or MAE were found between the capsulotomy and non-capsulotomy subgroups (all P > 0.05). However, a lower proportion of eyes in the capsulotomy group achieved PE within ±1.0 D compared to the non-capsulotomy group one month postoperatively (38.90% vs. 72.70%, P = 0.03). The combined procedure of SO removal and sulcus IOL implantation resulted in a mild myopic shift in postoperative refraction. Intraoperative posterior capsulotomy seems to increase the lability of postoperative refractive outcomes.

Dance Culture in Screen and Stage Discourse

The purpose of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis and determine the specifics of the director's means of adapting choreographic art in the screen plane. Research methodology. In the development of the topic, an interdisciplinary approach was used, based on the application of such general scientific methods as: a system of theoretical methods – induction, deduction, complex art analysis, synthesis. This enabled the author to study the factual material of choreographic numbers on stage and screen. The method of generalisation and systematisation was used in order to argue the originality of screen direction in the presentation of choreographic art. The use of analytical and systematic methods was effective and useful for researching the art history aspect of the given problem. The scientific novelty of the article is the delineation by the researcher of the vectors of mutual influence and mutual enrichment of choreographic and audiovisual arts in the modernisation of visual and expressive means of directorial skill in the screen and stage plane; in revealing the peculiarities of the director's activity in the presentation of choreographic works in screen productions, which became the subject of a special study for the first time; in the identification of creative dominants in the production of screen works in which choreographic experience is adapted. Conclusions. It is substantiated that screen direction not only popularises, but also with the help of audiovisual means opens up new opportunities for showing works of choreographic art (in particular, folk dance), the work of choreographers, choreographers, choreographic groups, and individual performers.

Two-Year Retrospective Study of Cataract Surgery and Schlemm Canal Hydrus Microstent in Black and Afro-Latino Patients.

The Hydrus Microstent has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of Open-angle Glaucoma. We previously reported 1-year results of the Hydrus Microstent in Black and Afro-Latino patients. Here we report two-year results of the Hydrus Microstent in Black and Afro-Latino patients with mild to moderate open-angle glaucoma. This was a retrospective, nonrandomized study that was carried out at two private practices in Harlem, NY and Queens, NY. This study consisted of Black and Afro Latino patients who had a Hydrus Microstent implanted for the treatment of glaucoma. The evaluated parameters were intraocular pressure (IOP), reductions in the number of medications, mean deviation on visual field test and visual acuity. We excluded persons with advanced glaucoma and incomplete data. We included those with mild to moderate glaucoma and had complete two-year follow-up data. The study consisted of 86 patients and 86 eyes. The mean age was 69.The mean pre-op IOP was 14.1 on 2.17 medications. At two years the mean IOP was 14 (p = 0.651) on 0.42 medications (p = 0.000003); 88% of patients were medication free (p = 0.651), The MD on the visual field changed little from -5.73 preoperatively to -5.21 at two years. There were 3 intraocular pressure spikes and 1 case of hyphema that were treated and had complete resolution. No patients required secondary surgery. Our results show that at two years the Hydrus Microstent can maintain low intraocular pressures, reduce medication burden and, in aggregate, experienced little change in visual field Mean Deviation in Black and Afro Latino patients with mild to moderate glaucoma.

Visualizing Authority: Rise of the Religious Influencers on the Instagram

Roles of various social media influencers—ranging from health and beauty to security—in our society have increasingly become essential topics in the study of social media. However, little is known about the rise of religious influencers in the Global South and the way they negotiate the idea of religious authority in today’s society. To address this gap, this study investigates the way in which religious influencers project their authority through the visual means of Instagram. This study collects Instagram posts ( n = 9,801) from three Islamic religious influencers in Indonesia—the largest Muslim-populated country and the third largest democracy in the world—with a combined follower count of 30 million people. Content analysis is then used to uncover the main strategies in which a sense of authority is visualized in their posts. The findings demonstrate that Indonesian religious influencers mainly used a close-up approach—friendly and informal appearance—to negotiate their visual authority as opposed to the rigid, more distant approach of traditional religious figures. However, to mitigate the risk of becoming too close and losing the respect and veneration of their followers, they adopt strategic distancing through the use of visual versus textual contrast, setting, and focus. The results extend scholarly discussion on religious influencers in the Islamic faith and their visual authority enactment on social media.

A SEMIOTIC STUDY OF CARICATURE: THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN AMERICA AND CHINA

Visual communication is a compound process, which requires broad knowledge of semiotics. Semiotics is the education of signs and symbols. In what way these signs and symbols are interpreted is studied under semiotics. It has many concealed signs and connotations, for example: brand name, logo, package design, color, punch line and trade mark, etc. The present study presents one of the most significant philosophies and replicas of visual social semiotics, namely, Kress and van Leeuwen’s "Grammar of Visual Design". It involves the description of semiotic resources, what can be said and done with images (and other visual means of communication) and how things people say and do with images can be interpreted. Thus, the communicative values of signs in a caricature are a portrait with the volume turned up. A caricature is a painting, or more commonly a picture, of an object or item in which the characteristics and structure have been blurred and exaggerated to ridicule or satirize the topic. Thus the current study aims at studying some caricatures nonverbally through analyzing the image and colours of it. The study tackles semiotics; specifically social semiotics, caricature, the elements of analyzing caricature, which are: image, word, and colour. The first part carries on the introduction of the current study as well as tackling the problem of the study, the literature review of semiotics in general and social semiotics in particular. The second part carries on the data and its analysis through the model, as well as the visual results, finally, giving the conclusion.

실감형 미디어아트의 시각 의미 연구 - 디스트릭트(d’strict) 작품을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to analyze the visual meaning of realistic media art. First, realistic media art, Roland Barthes' semiotics, and Bernd H. Schmitt's experiential marketing are the background of academic analysis. Second, after categorizing district works by category, the semiotic meaning of each work is analyzed, and five types of experiential marketing are analyzed. This study limited the scope of the study to the works that won the main prize at the ‘iF Design Awards in Germany from 2020 to 2024, and then conducted a case analysis in the commercial service sector and the art service sector. As a result of the study, it was found that both sectors are the same in that they take sensory marketing and emotional marketing, but there is a difference in that the commercial sector focuses on behavioral marketing and the art sector focuses on cognitive marketing. Finally, this study suggests a theoretical basis that can contribute to the development of realistic media art by combining the semantic function of the semiotic perspective with the experiential marketing strategy.

Longitudinal evaluation of circumpapillary structure-function and vasculature-function relationships in acute and sub-acute nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

PurposeTo investigate the global and regional correlations between longitudinal structure-function (S-F) and vasculature-function (V-F) using circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) thickness measurements, circumpapillary vessel density (cpVD) and the corresponding/final visual outcomes at different stages of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). MethodsThirty eyes of 30 patients with acute NAION were included. LogMAR best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), mean deviation (MD) and visual field index (VFI), cpRNFL thickness and cpVD across different retinal layers were examined at baseline, 2 weeks and 1 month after diagnosis. Potential correlations between the Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters and visual outcomes were investigated in both acute and sub-acute NAION. ResultsSignificant global and regional correlations in S-F relationship were identified exclusively in sub-acute stage (p < 0.05). However, among the OCTA parameters for the acute NAION, the temporal cpVD in superficial vessel complex (SVC) and inner retinal layer (IRL) exhibited positive correlations with corresponding and final visual acuity and visual field outcomes. In the sub-acute stage of NAION, the cpVD of global or temporal section in radial peripapillary capillary (RPC), SVC and IRL were positively correlated with visual outcomes. ConclusionSignificant longitudinal V-F relationships exist both globally and regionally, in acute and sub-acute NAION. The cpVD parameters of the SVC and IRL are potentially valuable for evaluating corresponding and final visual outcomes and highlights the importance of monitoring cpVD over cpRNFL thickness in acute NAION.

Postoperative Changes of Fusional Vergence in Children Intermittent Exotropia

: This study aimed to evaluate changes in fusional vergence after strabismus surgery and to explore predictive parameters and the impact of fusional vergence on surgical outcomes. All patients diagnosed with intermittent exotropia (IXT) between March 2015 and October 2017 were included. Orthoptic assessments, including visual acuity, cover test, and mean fusional vergence (breakage/recovery, both negative and positive), were measured using a synoptophore. Subjects with symptomatic exotropia who underwent strabismus surgery were included. The primary outcome measure was the surgical success (SS) rate at a 6-month follow-up, with adverse effects such as over-correction and under-correction also evaluated. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Surgical success was achieved in 62 patients (75.61%) at the 6-month follow-up. The postoperative fusional divergence breakpoints for the SS group and the surgical failure (SF) group were -7.52 ± 4.14 degrees and -10.00 ± 5.96 degrees (P = 0.040), respectively. The postoperative fusional convergence breakpoints for the SS group and the SF group were 10.03 ± 4.36 degrees and 4.65 ± 7.27 degrees (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. The postoperative amplitude of fusional divergence was higher in the SS group compared to the SF group (P = 0.008). There was a significant difference in the duration of deviation (2.08 ± 0.84 vs. 4.23 ± 1.36, P &lt; 0.001) between the groups, suggesting that the success rate of surgery is affected by the cumulative disease duration. Subjective deviation (-8.00 vs. -11.00, P = 0.049) and the amplitude of fusional divergence (6.52 ± 4.10 vs. 4.80 ± 2.59, P = 0.032) were also significantly different between the SS and SF groups. Postoperative breakpoints of fusional divergence and convergence, as well as the amplitude, were distinct between the SS and SF groups. Duration of deviation, angle of deviation, and subjective deviation were independent factors for (SS). Subjective deviation exhibited a predictive index for (SS) and may also reflect the severity of strabismus.

Auditory areas are recruited for naturalistic visual meaning in early deaf people

Congenital deafness enhances responses of auditory cortices to non-auditory tasks, yet the nature of the reorganization is not well understood. Here, naturalistic stimuli are used to induce neural synchrony across early deaf and hearing individuals. Participants watch a silent animated film in an intact version and three versions with gradually distorted meaning. Differences between groups are observed in higher-order auditory cortices in all stimuli, with no statistically significant effects in the primary auditory cortex. Comparison between levels of scrambling revealed a heterogeneity of function in secondary auditory areas. Both hemispheres show greater synchrony in the deaf than in the hearing participants for the intact movie and high-level variants. However, only the right hemisphere shows an increased inter-subject synchrony in the deaf people for the low-level movie variants. An event segmentation validates these results: the dynamics of the right secondary auditory cortex in the deaf people consist of shorter-length events with more transitions than the left. Our results reveal how deaf individuals use their auditory cortex to process visual meaning.

The Image of the US Army in American movies: The Soft Power of American Cinema

The formation of the army's image has acquired newfound significance in our time. Paradoxically, alongside the spread of humanist ideology, the number of violent conflicts worldwide is increasing. These stimulates the need for propaganda aimed at shaping the image of the army and enhancing the attractiveness of service. As one of the world's largest military forces, the US army has engaged in a diverse array of conflicts with over 750 military bases in approximately 80 countries (Kohli 2020). A diverse range of tools is employed to shape the image of the US army, including media, recruitment campaigns, social media, public events, etc. Among these tools, movies have their specific role. While traditionally intended for entertainment, movies have been used for over a century as a means to shape public opinion. This article delves into the main attributes of the US Army as a social institution, analyzing its four fundamental characteristics: the Militia Tradition, Mobilization Miracles, Man-Mindedness, Maritime Influence, the weapon and the enemy as distinctive attributes. Additionally, it features the seven core values of the US Army: Loyalty, Duty, Respect, Selfless Service, Honor, Integrity, and Personal Courage. The article provides a detailed analysis of how various components of movie production tools communicate the attributes and core values of the US Army and contribute to shaping its image, examining a high-viewership movie “Interceptor” (2022). The goal of the study was to find out the image of the US Army that “Interceptor” projects and to identify the verbal and visual communicative means it uses for this purpose. The content analysis made it possible to distinguish verbal and visual elements of the movie, encompassing human voice, mise-en-scène, as well as film editing techniques, to identify and highlight the messages and ideas conveyed about the attributes of the US Army.

Makna Sampul Majalah Tempo tentang Pemilihan Umum edisi Januari 2024

Tempo magazine covers use strong visuals and striking illustrations to highlight the main topics of each issue. This research analyzes the visual meaning of three covers of the January 2024 edition of Tempo magazine—"Angan-anganan Satu Lapir," "Omon-omon Bansos," and "Operator President Jokowi"—using Charles Sanders Pierce's semiotic theory and visual analysis. This study examines elements such as illustrations, typography, colors and symbols on the cover to reveal the messages and themes conveyed. Qualitative methods are used to explore the message the magazine wants to convey. The research results show that cover design with the right use of color, typography, layout, visual identity, illustrations and infographics plays an important role in shaping readers' perceptions. Colors such as dark red and white reflect political pressure and honesty, while light blue creates a sense of stability. These symbols are effective in conveying the political dynamics of the 2024 Presidential Election in Indonesia and the impact of loyalty to President Jokowi on the election process and support for his son's candidacy.

Are Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-like Structures with an Elevated Optic Disc Still a Diagnosis Dilemma?

ObjectiveTo identify clinical characteristics that would help make or rule out the diagnosis of Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in patients referred for papilledema (PE) with peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) DesignA retrospective cohort study SubjectsAll patient referred for PE excluding PE with Frisén grade ≥ 3, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, compressive optic neuropathy. Patients were divided into 2 groups:Group1= isolated PHOMSGroup2= PHOMS associated with IIH MethodsWe analyzed the location of PHOMS based on OCT-EDI and calculated their volume Main outcome MeasuresP RNFL,GCC, PHOMS’ volume Results154 patients (308 eyes) were included, mean age was 29 with female predominance (78%). PHOMS were associated to these etiologies : IIH(38.3%) isolated (35.7%), posterior uveitis (11%),optic disc drusen (ODD)(10%), and tilted optic disc (5%). An MRI was obtained in 83.1% of cases. More than half of the MRIs were interpreted as consistent with IIH. However, only 39.7% of these patients had confirmed IIH with 44.5% of sensitivity and 55.5% of sensibility. PHOMS were overrepresented in the nasal region (95.5%).The location of PHOMS in the superior and/ or inferior quadrant was significantly associated to IIH or optic dusc drusen, while their presence in the temporal or nasal sector was strongly associated to isolated lesions. PHOMS mean and median volume were 1.66 μm3 and 1.50 μm3 respectively. There was a significant difference in PHOMS volume with higher volume in IIH patients (p=0.0037). Follow up of these patients at 3 and 6 months demonstrated no significant changes in visual function, as per visual field mean deviation, and visual acuity measurements as well as Ganglion cell layer (GCL).Mean pRNFL, showed a decrease of -4.225 μm at 3 months and of –6.489 μm at 6 months, when compared to initial measurement independing of the etiology. ConclusionIsolated PHOMS should be considered as a distinct entity. In asymptomatic patients, PHOMS should be carefully studied. Nasal or temporal location, small volume, stable aspect over the course of weeks or months, are so suggestive of this entity. This strategy would considerably reduce the impact on patients’ anxiety and morbidity.