Perception Of Visual Information Research Articles

Visual scanning patterns of a talking face when evaluating phonetic information in a native and non-native language.

When comprehending speech, listeners can use information encoded in visual cues from a face to enhance auditory speech comprehension. For example, prior work has shown that the mouth movements reflect articulatory features of speech segments and durational information, while pitch and speech amplitude are primarily cued by eyebrow and head movements. Little is known about how the visual perception of segmental and prosodic speech information is influenced by linguistic experience. Using eye-tracking, we studied how perceivers' visual scanning of different regions on a talking face predicts accuracy in a task targeting both segmental versus prosodic information, and also asked how this was influenced by language familiarity. Twenty-four native English perceivers heard two audio sentences in either English or Mandarin (an unfamiliar, non-native language), which sometimes differed in segmental or prosodic information (or both). Perceivers then saw a silent video of a talking face, and judged whether that video matched either the first or second audio sentence (or whether both sentences were the same). First, increased looking to the mouth predicted correct responses only for non-native language trials. Second, the start of a successful search for speech information in the mouth area was significantly delayed in non-native versus native trials, but just when there were only prosodic differences in the auditory sentences, and not when there were segmental differences. Third, (in correct trials) the saccade amplitude in native language trials was significantly greater than in non-native trials, indicating more intensely focused fixations in the latter. Taken together, these results suggest that mouth-looking was generally more evident when processing a non-native versus native language in all analyses, but fascinatingly, when measuring perceivers' latency to fixate the mouth, this language effect was largest in trials where only prosodic information was useful for the task.

Visual attention and phonological processing in children with developmental language disorder

IntroductionDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a neurobiological condition characterized by insufficient language and communication development, with no underlying physical, sensory, or cognitive explanations. A prominent feature among children with DLD is their struggle with phonological processing, a pivotal skill for later reading proficiency. Recent research suggests that children with DLD may also exhibit impairments in various non-linguistic cognitive abilities, including memory, attention, and perception. Of particular importance is visual attention, which plays a critical role in integrating visual perceptual information with diverse cognitive and linguistic processes.ObjectiveTo characterize visual attention during phonological processing tasks in Colombian children with DLD.MethodologyThis study employed a cross-sectional descriptive experimental design involving 20 children diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) and 20 children without language difficulties. All participants underwent language, vocabulary, and phonological awareness tests. Additionally, an experimental task utilizing the eye-tracking method was designed and administered to measure phonological processing with phonological and lexical distractors.ResultsChildren with DLD exhibited diminished performance on phonological awareness tasks, as evidenced by their lower scores. This was further supported by the experimental phonological processing task, where an interference effect was observed in the presence of lexical distractors for word recognition, but not with phonological distractors.ConclusionChildren with DLD demonstrated deficiencies in both phonological awareness and visual attention skills during linguistic and phonological processing tasks. They also exhibit reduced sensitivity in identifying phonological relations such as rhyme. The study discusses these findings along with their clinical implications, emphasizing the importance of assessing online processing abilities in children with DLD and considering the influence of other cognitive abilities on their linguistic performance.

Research on Color Attention Bias Caused by Olfactory Stimulation in Visual Search Task

People often connect and integrate information from different sensory channels to form cross-channel connection. Previous studies have proved that vision, as a dominant perception, will affect the perception and recognition of olfactory channels. This study attempts to prove experimentally that olfactory channels have an influence on the perception and recognition of visual information. Experimental method: Subjects were asked to search the target with a specific shape visually after deeply smelling fragrance card, and their respective reaction time was tested. The indicative of olfactory stimuli is regarded as an intragroup variable, and the forward and reverse correlation between target color and olfactory stimuli is regarded as an inter-group variable. The experimental results show that when the color associated with olfactory stimulation appears on the target pattern, it will speed up the visual search, but when the color associated with olfactory stimulation appears on the interference pattern, it will hinder the visual search speed. Conclusion: It is proved that olfactory cues will lead to visual attention bias to its associated colors, indicating that there is a cross-channel influence of olfactory stimuli on visual attention.

Macaque claustrum, pulvinar and putative dorsolateral amygdala support the cross-modal association of social audio-visual stimuli based on meaning.

Social communication draws on several cognitive functions such as perception, emotion recognition and attention. The association of audio-visual information is essential to the processing of species-specific communication signals. In this study, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging in order to identify the subcortical areas involved in the cross-modal association of visual and auditory information based on their common social meaning. We identified three subcortical regions involved in audio-visual processing of species-specific communicative signals: the dorsolateral amygdala, the claustrum and the pulvinar. These regions responded to visual, auditory congruent and audio-visual stimulations. However, none of them was significantly activated when the auditory stimuli were semantically incongruent with the visual context, thus showing an influence of visual context on auditory processing. For example, positive vocalization (coos) activated the three subcortical regions when presented in the context of positive facial expression (lipsmacks) but not when presented in the context of negative facial expression (aggressive faces). In addition, the medial pulvinar and the amygdala presented multisensory integration such that audiovisual stimuli resulted in activations that were significantly higher than those observed for the highest unimodal response. Last, the pulvinar responded in a task-dependent manner, along a specific spatial sensory gradient. We propose that the dorsolateral amygdala, the claustrum and the pulvinar belong to a multisensory network that modulates the perception of visual socioemotional information and vocalizations as a function of the relevance of the stimuli in the social context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding and correctly associating socioemotional information across sensory modalities, such that happy faces predict laughter and escape scenes predict screams, is essential when living in complex social groups. With the use of functional magnetic imaging in the awake macaque, we identify three subcortical structures-dorsolateral amygdala, claustrum and pulvinar-that only respond to auditory information that matches the ongoing visual socioemotional context, such as hearing positively valenced coo calls and seeing positively valenced mutual grooming monkeys. We additionally describe task-dependent activations in the pulvinar, organizing along a specific spatial sensory gradient, supporting its role as a network regulator.

PRESERVING THE HEALTH OF THE ORGAN OF VISION IN CHILDREN: ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

Background. The relevance of the study is due to the growing prevalence of ophthalmic pathology among children, in particular, the growing prevalence of refractive errors in early and older adolescence. The results of scientific research prove the presence of a direct correlation between the growth of the prevalence of ophthalmic pathology and the growth of the child's age and the amount of visual stress, which is primarily related to the educational process during school education. The effective organization of medical care should take into account modern medical and preventive technologies of early preventive intervention, as well as be comprehensive with the involvement of medical specialists (pediatric ophthalmologists, family doctors) and educators, family members, parents of the child for effective support and leveling of managed risk factors for the development of ophthalmic pathology.
 Aim: to study the modern organizational principles of preserving the health of eye care of children, to clarify the medical and social aspects of the formation of the burden of ophthalmic pathology from childhood in different countries of the world.
 Materials and methods. The materials for the research were publications of the results of modern scientific research on the study of medical and social aspects of preserving the ophthalmic health of children, the peculiarities of the organization of providing medical and preventive care to children with visual impairments. The methods for carrying out scientific research were: system approach and system analysis, as well as content analysis.
 Results of the study prove the prospects for the implementation of medical and preventive strategies in the provision of primary and specialized ophthalmic medical care, in view of the significant medical and social burden of ophthalmopathology, the distribution of nosologies by class of diseases of the eye and its accessory apparatus, which are most often found in certain age groups of the children's population, is presented. It has been proven that compliance with the optimal periodicity of medical and preventive examinations is necessary for the majority of ophthalmological nosologies diagnosed since childhood and involves long-term supervision. In children of preschool, preschool and early school age, efforts at early prevention and diagnosis of such ophthalmological nosologies as: refraction anomalies (astigmatism, hypermetropia, myopia) are justified. strabismus and amblyopia; accommodation disorders; lack of convergence. Untreated or untimely detected refraction anomaly, strabismus, amblyopia can lead to the development of irreversible loss of visual functions, blindness and even inhibition of the formation of the visual system with distorted perception of visual information, which without timely correction lead to the appearance of complications, progression of strabismus, decrease in visual acuity, amblyopia , asthenopia, headache and deterioration of general well-being.
 Conclusion. The important medico-social importance of disorders of visual functions in childhood is a serious problem for the health care system, public health and ophthalmology service, in particular. Reasoned expediency of applying measures to level the managed risk factors against the background of intersectoral interaction of doctors, educators, the child himself and his family. This approach allows you to prevent the negative impact of ophthalmic pathology on academic performance, activate physical development, and promote harmonious personality development.

Learning styles of the Armed Forces of Ukraine personnel undergoing English language courses

The preferred learning styles according to the Felder-Soloman method of military personnel of the Armed Forces of Ukraine with various military ranks studying English on four-month face-to-face foreign language courses based on the Foreign Languages Education and Research Center of the National Defense University of Ukraine were studied. Active, sensing and visual styles account for approximately 85% of students, while the remaining 15% have reflective, intuitive and verbal styles. The advantage of the sequential over global style is about 75%. No correlation was found between individual learning preferences, the results of the English language entrance test (four tests - listening, writing, reading and speaking), and officer ranks. The method of two-stage cluster analysis shows that respondents form two clusters (Silhouette cluster quality - 0.5-0.6) of approximately the same size according to the level of language proficiency. The most influential factor for cluster formation is the results of listening. Military personnel learning styles were compared with literature data on students' learning styles from 12 fields of study. Two fields (military and natural sciences) demonstrate the preferences toward four styles in all four dimensions; preferences in 2 directions (sensing and visual) and balance in the other two are characteristic of six fields of study. Four other studied fields have a propensity in only one dimension (visual perception of information).

Perception of Visual Information in a Digital Environment and Cognitive Styles

Perception of Visual Information in a Digital Environment and Cognitive Styles

О СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИИ ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОГО ПОРЯДКА СОБИРАНИЯ ДОКАЗАТЕЛЬСТВ В КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫХ СЕТЯХ

This article is aimed at identifying such a problematic aspect as the procedural procedure for collect-ing evidentiary information in computer networks. The author considers some previously put forward scientific proposals aimed at resolving problematic issues regarding the conditions and procedure for conducting investigative actions for the purpose of visual perception and research of information placed on local and network electronic media, as well as in computer networks. The definition of compulsory examination of an information system located on electronic media outside the place of the investigative action is given. The list of current legislation and current regulatory legal acts aimed at regulating relations arising from the interaction of preliminary investigation bodies and telecom operators providing connection services to information and communication networks, as well as organizers of the dissemination of information on the Internet is given. Particular attention is paid to the problems and prospects of obtaining such criminally significant information as cookies. Their definition is given; the classification of the main types is given. The necessity of supplementing the com-position of the information to be stored by the organizer of the dissemination of information on the In-ternet for the purpose of preventing and combating crime in the Russian Federation is indicated.

A Fish Eye View: Retinal Morphogenesis from Optic Cup to Neuronal Lamination.

The neural retina, at the back of the eye, is a fascinating system to use to discover how cells form tissues in the context of the developing nervous system. The retina is the tissue responsible for perception and transmission of visual information from the environment. It consists of five types of neurons and one type of glia cells that are arranged in a highly organized, layered structure to assure visual information flow. To reach this highly ordered arrangement, intricate morphogenic movements are occurring at the cell and tissue levels. I here discuss recent advances made to understand retinal development, from optic cup formation to neuronal layering. It becomes clear that these complex morphogenetic processes must be studied by taking the cellular as well as the tissue-wide aspects into account. The loop has to be closed between exploring how cell behavior influences tissue development and how the surrounding tissue itself influences single cells. Furthermore, it was recently revealed that the retina is a great system to study neuronal migration phenomena, and more is yet to be discovered in this aspect. Constantly developing imaging and image analysis toolboxes as well as the use of machine learning and synthetic biology make the retina the perfect system to explore more of its exciting neurodevelopmental biology.

Synaptic devices for simulating brain processes in visual-information perception to persisting memory through attention mechanisms

In the human brain, attention plays a crucial role in encoding information into memory. Therefore, focused attention during encoding enhances the likelihood of information being effectively encoded and stored in memory. This phenomenon is creatively replicated in our proposed synaptic devices, which regulate the forgetting curves by manipulating the gate voltage. Thus, the proposed transistor devices separate long-term memory from long-lasting memory. TiO2-based synaptic transistors are used to replicate brain functions, from vision processing to memory retention. The photosensitive nature of TiO2 enables the utilization of both photo- and electric stimuli. The electrical properties of the synaptic devices induced by photostimulation replicate the human-vision process, while those elicited by electric stimulation simulate memory-retention capabilities. By applying a shallow trap with a short lifetime, light stimulation can be utilized to mimic the effects of short-term memory. A deep trap with a long lifetime is employed in electrical memory to replicate the phenomena associated with persisting memory. A simulation of the MNIST recognition of an artificial neural network constructed with the measured synaptic characteristics exhibit an accuracy rate of 92.96%, which indicates that the proposed device can be successfully incorporated into neuromorphic devices.

Subjective assessment of occupational risk factors for health and psychoemotional state of health care workers under changed working conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic

We accomplished a cross-sectional study using a specifically designed questionnaire. The aim of our study was to examine subjective assessment of influence exerted on healthcare workers’ health and psychoemotional state by changed working conditions and use of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic. The examined healthcare workers were employed at a multi-field re-profiled in-patient hospital. We established a considerable change in the workplace setting of healthcare workers in an unfavorable epidemic situation. It involved longer contacts with hazardous biological and chemical factors, elevated work hardness and intensity as well as the necessity to use personal protective equipment for a long time. Longer use of personal protective equipment when tending COVID-19 patients was associated with higher frequency of several variable complaints made by the questioned healthcare workers. Respondents were more likely to report difficulty in breathing (p < 0.001) and some discomfort around the face and/or behind the ears (p = 0.035) when wearing a medical face mask / respirator; wearing goggles was likely to involve itching, redness and/or maceration in the area where goggles contacted the head (p = 0.009), headache (p = 0.002) and discomfort in the area where goggles contacted the head (p < 0.001); healthcare workers who wore medical gloves reported itching (p = 0.004) and skin peeling (p < 0.001); use of protective overalls led to elevated sweating (p < 0.001), feeling overheated (p < 0.001), thirst (p < 0.001), and palpitation (p = 0.012). A significant proportion of respondents experienced some difficulties in using personal protective equipment related to visual and auditory perception of information, physical discomfort, putting on and taking off personal protective equipment, performance of work requiring precise movements, and decreased work capacity. The frequency of such complaints grew statistically significantly during a period when a healthcare worker had to treat COVID-19 patients.

Optimization of Underground Cavern Sign Group Layout Using Eye-Tracking Technology

Efficient sign layouts play a crucial role in guiding driving in underground construction caverns and enhancing transportation safety. Previous studies have primarily focused on evaluating drivers’ gaze behavior in tunnels to optimize individual traffic sign layouts. However, the lack of a theoretical framework for visual perception of visual capture and information conveyed by sign groups hinders the measurement of drivers’ comprehensive visual perception and the layout optimization of sign groups. To address this gap, this study introduces a calculation method for sign group information volume and a visual cognition model, establishing a comprehensive evaluation approach for sign group visual cognition. Eye movement data, collected using eye-tracking technology, were utilized to evaluate the comprehensive visual perception and optimize the layout of sign groups. The findings indicate that a low information volume fails to enhance recognition ability and alleviate the psychological burden. Conversely, excessive information may result in overlooking signs positioned on the left and top. Furthermore, drivers are unable to improve cognitive efficiency and driving safety even with self-regulation when faced with an information volume exceeding 120 bits within a 100 m span. Overall, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method in promoting the long-term safety effect of temporary signage layouts in underground construction areas.

How age-friendly is the use of augmented reality in the learning process? A Systematic Survey

Augmented reality has a direct connection to the visual perception of information. Scientists lamented that individuals perceive 70 to 80 percent of the information they receive with their eyes. Based on the claim, it can be deduced that AR has a major role to play in the learning process. This study aims to determine whether AR is age-friendly and to enable its use for learning across all age groups at all educational levels. The study adopts a qualitative survey design. The population of the study includes all students currently in Sokoto State, Nigeria (across all levels). The purposive sampling technique is used to select 192 students who have experience using AR for learning. For the study, an instrument called AR Key Information Interview was developed. It was validated, a pilot study was conducted, and a reliability index of 0.83 was found using Chrombact Alpha. The study finds that AR is age-friendly and can be used at all educational levels. The study concluded that AR is one of the best technologies that can promote lifelong learning in the 21st century. The study therefore recommended that more AR be developed to facilitate the implementation of our national curriculum for sustainable national development.

A Novel No-Reference Quality Assessment Metric for Stereoscopic Images with Consideration of Comprehensive 3D Quality Information.

Recently, stereoscopic image quality assessment has attracted a lot attention. However, compared with 2D image quality assessment, it is much more difficult to assess the quality of stereoscopic images due to the lack of understanding of 3D visual perception. This paper proposes a novel no-reference quality assessment metric for stereoscopic images using natural scene statistics with consideration of both the quality of the cyclopean image and 3D visual perceptual information (binocular fusion and binocular rivalry). In the proposed method, not only is the quality of the cyclopean image considered, but binocular rivalry and other 3D visual intrinsic properties are also exploited. Specifically, in order to improve the objective quality of the cyclopean image, features of the cyclopean images in both the spatial domain and transformed domain are extracted based on the natural scene statistics (NSS) model. Furthermore, to better comprehend intrinsic properties of the stereoscopic image, in our method, the binocular rivalry effect and other 3D visual properties are also considered in the process of feature extraction. Following adaptive feature pruning using principle component analysis, improved metric accuracy can be found in our proposed method. The experimental results show that the proposed metric can achieve a good and consistent alignment with subjective assessment of stereoscopic images in comparison with existing methods, with the highest SROCC (0.952) and PLCC (0.962) scores being acquired on the LIVE 3D database Phase I.

A Design of Obstacle Avoidance and Grabbing Manipulator Based on Computer Vision for Warehouse Inspection Robot

The automatic manipulator has several potential applications in industrial systems. It is critical to research machine route planning and obstacle avoidance in order to fulfill the rising technical requirements. This work provides a technique for realizing the aforementioned tasks based on an enhanced obstacle avoidance algorithm that can automatically skip barriers and complete target sorting using visual identification and improved obstacle avoidance algorithms. The whole system consists of three parts: image collection, pose estimation and target grasping. Firstly, computer vision technology is used to recognize and locate target objects. Secondly, the robot's kinematics model is created, and combined with the visual perception information, the target grabbing and sorting are completed. Finally, the environment is built with Gazebo, and the robot is simulated. Simulation results verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the method.

Cortisol reactivity and emotional cognitive processes in healthy youth presenting elevated vulnerability to anxiety

Children diagnosed with anxiety disorders show altered reactive cortisol levels and emotional cognitive processes. To date, it remains unclear whether anxiety pathologies lead to these dysregulations or whether they are detectable in healthy children. If the latter is true, this may provide insight into their vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders. Various personality factors (anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, perseverative cognitions) have been found to increase one’s vulnerability to developing clinical anxiety. The purpose of this study was to examine whether vulnerability to anxiety was associated with cortisol reactivity, attentional biases towards threat, and perceptual information needed to identify emotional faces in healthy youth. In total, 114 children (8-12 y/o) were exposed to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children while saliva samples were collected for later cortisol quantification. Children completed two cognitive tasks to assess attentional biases and visual perception of emotional information. Vulnerability to anxiety was assessed using a composite score of the Childhood Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children, and the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire. Results showed that higher vulnerability to anxiety was associated with enhanced cortisol reactivity for boys, as well as faster reaction times to anger-related stimuli and less perceptual information needed to identify angry faces for boys and girls. These results indicate that endocrine and cognitive patterns characterizing anxiety disorders are detectable in healthy children who exhibit a high level of self-reported vulnerability to anxiety. These results could aid in the early identification of children at risk of developing an anxiety disorder.

Multimodal Presentation of Interactive Audio-Tactile Graphics Supporting the Perception of Visual Information by Blind People

Due to the limitations in the perception of graphical information by blind people and the need to substitute the sense of sight with other senses, the correct use of multimedia in the presentation of graphics is particularly important. The aim of the authors was to correctly present visual information in the tactile and audio form and to provide contextually selected information to reduce the existing cognitive barriers. In this article, the authors decided to research the method of exploring a tactile picture by a blind person and providing contextual and semantic information about the touched image elements using the developed tool for multimodal presentation of interactive audio-tactile graphics supporting the perception of blind people. The use of multimedia should improve the perception of the conveyed content. Therefore, the effectiveness of interpreting the information contained in the tactile image is verified by analyzing the tactile, audio, and contextual perceptions during the experiments. The following issues were considered in detail from the point of view of the blind and visually impaired: the recognition of shapes of image elements depending on their size and properties, the optimal width of elements displayed on the tablet screen, the time intervals between taps on an image element, and the acceptable length of graphic element audio description. The results from this study suggest the need to select the image presentation parameters in various perception channels to the user's needs. The findings of our research on tactile shape perception of geometric figures indicate potential problems in recognizing the shapes of figures in the case of wrong preparation of tactile pictures. In the case of a small difference in the proportions of the length of the sides of the figure or a slight difference in the measures of the angles of the figure sides, we have noticed that most blind people fail to recognize its shape. Considerable progress in improving such perception can be achieved by increasing the proportions in the lengths of the sides and the measures of the angles between the sides of the figure. Further steps concern introducing an alternative audio description of the properties of the figure so as to improve the interpretability of the figure shape. For most users, the width of a virtual line in a digital image displayed on a tablet should be around 5 mm for a corresponding 1 mm tactile line. The configuration of the time intervals defining the user's gestures (two-taps, three-taps) should be about 340 ms. Applying audio descriptions to tactile picture elements improves the understanding and interpretation of the information presented on it. Most participants in the test group accepted 5 to 10 seconds of voice prompts. Longer messages were incomprehensible, and details were hard to remember. In the proposed solution, the audio description can be divided into two or three different descriptions available to the user after tapping two or three times on an image element. It allows the user to decide on the amount of contextual information needed about the touched tactile picture element. The research attempted to show the typical values of various image presentation parameters and their ranges of values and indicated effective methods of their selection for a specific system user.

Lucy Richardson and Mean Modified Wiener Filter for Construction of Super-Resolution Image

The ultimate goal of the Super-Resolution (SR) technique is to generate the High-Resolution (HR) image by combining the corresponding images with Low-Resolution (LR), which is utilized for different applications such as surveillance, remote sensing, medical diagnosis, etc. The original HR image may be corrupted due to various causes such as warping, blurring, and noise addition. SR image reconstruction methods are frequently plagued by obtrusive restorative artifacts such as noise, stair casing effect, and blurring. Thus, striking a balance between smoothness and edge retention is never easy. By enhancing the visual information and autonomous machine perception, this work presented research to improve the effectiveness of SR image reconstruction The reference image is obtained from DIV2K and BSD 100 dataset, these reference LR image is converted as composed LR image using the proposed Lucy Richardson and Modified Mean Wiener (LR-MMWF) Filters. The possessed LR image is provided as input for the stage of bicubic interpolation. Afterward, the initial HR image is obtained as output from the interpolation stage which is given as input for the SR model consisting of fidelity term to decrease residual between the projected HR image and detected LR image. At last, a model based on Bilateral Total Variation (BTV) prior is utilized to improve the stability of the HR image by refining the quality of the image. The results obtained from the performance analysis show that the proposed LR-MMW filter attained better PSNR and Structural Similarity (SSIM) than the existing filters. The results obtained from the experiments show that the proposed LR-MMW filter achieved better performance and provides a higher PSNR value of 31.65dB whereas the Filter-Net and 1D,2D CNN filter achieved PSNR values of 28.95dB and 31.63dB respectively.

The Influence of the Socionic Characteristics of a Pilot on the Features of Perception and Interpretation of Displayed Flight Instrument Information

The article continues a series of papers by the authors of the results of the study on perception and interpretation by a pilot of visual information provided by flight instruments. The data presented refer to experiments conducted in 2021–2022 with a sample of 50 cadet pilots. According to V. A. Sychev, the wellknown aviation professor, in the piloting technique, perceptual errors are most common. Among many flight instruments important for piloting an aircraft, there is one whose influence on the «Loss of control in-flight» (LOC–I) problem is the greatest – this is the attitude indicator. Several catastrophes are associated with perceptual errors of the readings of attitude indicators. One of the most tragic accidents of this kind was the crash near Perm on September 14, 2008, of a Boeing‑737 aircraft.The paper presents the results of a comparative study carried out to identify individual differences in perception and interpretation by tested cadet pilots of the roll indications on the attitude indicator with the «inside-out» and «outside-in» display options. During task performance, the participants were presented with a sequential series of images in the form of slides with roll indications of the attitude indicator with different display options. The experiment was carried out using a stationary Eye Tracker Tobii REX device. The analysis and processing of the data obtained was carried out using a special computer software developed by A. P. Plyasovskikh at the All-Russian scientific Research Institute of Radio Equipment. The participants to the experiment underwent also psychodiagnostics using Keirsey and MM‑1 socionic tests. Results were subject to mathematical processing with correlation analysis and G-sign test.The arguments given by some authors in favour of the «outside-in» version of the indication were fully confirmed since the number of errors when determining the side of the roll on the «inside-out» display of the attitude indicator turned out to be seven times higher than on the «outside-in» display. The hypothesis that socionic characteristics are predictors of the pilot’s correct perception and interpretation of visual instrumental information has not been confirmed. It is possible that the absence of significant correlations was also influenced by the significant uniformity in the socionic characteristics of the surveyed persons.

Multivariate resting-state functional connectomes predict and characterize obesity phenotypes.

The univariate obesity-brain associations have been extensively explored, while little is known about the multivariate associations between obesity and resting-state functional connectivity. We therefore utilized machine learning and resting-state functional connectivity to develop and validate predictive models of 4 obesity phenotypes (i.e. body fat percentage, body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-height ratio) in 3 large neuroimaging datasets (n = 2,992). Preliminary evidence suggested that the resting-state functional connectomes effectively predicted obesity/weight status defined by each obesity phenotype with good generalizability to longitudinal and independent datasets. However, the differences between resting-state functional connectivity patterns characterizing different obesity phenotypes indicated that the obesity-brain associations varied according to the type of measure of obesity. The shared structure among resting-state functional connectivity patterns revealed reproducible neuroimaging biomarkers of obesity, primarily comprising the connectomes within the visual cortex and between the visual cortex and inferior parietal lobule, visual cortex and orbital gyrus, and amygdala and orbital gyrus, which further suggested that the dysfunctions in the perception, attention and value encoding of visual information (e.g. visual food cues) and abnormalities in the reward circuit may act as crucial neurobiological bases of obesity. The recruitment of multiple obesity phenotypes is indispensable in future studies seeking reproducible obesity-brain associations.