Visual Feedback Training Research Articles

Investigation of Motor Learning Effects Using a Hybrid Rehabilitation System Based on Motion Estimation.

Upper-limb paralysis requires extensive rehabilitation to recover functionality for everyday living, and such assistance can be supported with robot technology. Against such a background, we have proposed an electromyography (EMG)-driven hybrid rehabilitation system based on motion estimation using a probabilistic neural network. The system controls a robot and functional electrical stimulation (FES) from movement estimation using EMG signals based on the user's intention, enabling intuitive learning of joint motion and muscle contraction capacity even for multiple motions. In this study, hybrid and visual-feedback training were conducted with pointing movements involving the non-dominant wrist, and the motor learning effect was examined via quantitative evaluation of accuracy, stability, and smoothness. The results show that hybrid instruction was as effective as visual feedback training in all aspects. Accordingly, passive hybrid instruction using the proposed system can be considered effective in promoting motor learning and rehabilitation for paralysis with inability to perform voluntary movements.

A comparative study on the overlapping effects of clinically applicable therapeutic interventions in patients with central nervous system damage.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of anti-gravity treadmill (AGT) training, which provides visual feedback and Biorescue training on proprioception, muscle strength, balance, and gait, in stroke patients. A total of 45 people diagnosed with post-stroke were included as study subjects; they were randomized to an AGT training group provided with visual feedback (Group A), a Biorescue training group provided with visual feedback (Group B), and an AGT/Biorescue group that subsequently received AGT training and Biorescue training (Group C). A muscle strength-measuring device was used to evaluate muscle strength. Timed Up and Go and Bug Balance Scale assessment sheets were used to evaluate balance ability. Dartfish software was used to evaluate gait ability. The results of the study showed that Groups A and C had a significant increase in muscle strength compared with Group B; in terms of balance and gait abilities, Group C showed a significant increase in balance ability and gait speed and a significant change in knee joint angle compared with Groups A and B. In conclusion, this study suggests that including a method that applies multiple therapeutic interventions is desirable in the rehabilitation of stroke patients to improve their independence.

Student Competition (Knowledge Generation) ID 1973368

Background Individuals with an incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) have increased risk of falls during walking and standing. Our previous longitudinal pilot study demonstrated that a therapeutic system (FES+VFT system) using functional electrical stimulation (FES) and visual feedback training (VFT) improved the standing balance of individuals with iSCI. Purpose This study investigated the orthotic and acute therapeutic effects of FES in the FES+VFT system. Participants Fifteen individuals with iSCI will be recruited for this study. To date, four participants have completed the study. Methods The four participants completed three different sessions. In the first session, participants were evaluated for their balance, postural control and familiarized with the FES+VFT system. In the second and third sessions, the participant completed training sessions with the FES+VFT system with or without FES. Centre of pressure (COP) data were collected via force platforms. Before and after the training, the motor evoked potentials (MEP) of the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles were recorded. Results There was a greater increase in the total dynamic range of the COP with FES+VFT than VFT (Anterior posterior: increase of 17.5 ± 14.27mm, medial lateral: increase of 17.9 ± 19.45mm). Both the soleus and tibialis anterior muscles showed greater increases in MEP after FES+VFT than VFT (Soleus: 70.4 ± 31.1% vs 5.45 ± 29.1%; Tibialis Anterior: 115.3 ± 234.8% vs 11.0 ± 42.9%). Conclusions These findings suggest that FES improves the performance of VFT (positive orthotic effect) and increases the corticospinal connection (positive acute therapeutic effect) in individuals with iSCI.

Immediate Effect on Mu-rhythm of Somatosensory Cortex using Visual Feedback Training in Healthy Adults

Immediate Effect on Mu-rhythm of Somatosensory Cortex using Visual Feedback Training in Healthy Adults

Identifying priorities for balance interventions through a participatory co-design approach with end-users

BackgroundMost individuals living with spinal cord injuries/diseases (SCI/D) or stroke experience at least one fall each year; hence, the development of interventions and technologies that target balance control is needed. The purpose of this study was to identify and explore the priorities for balance-focused interventions and technologies from the perspectives of end-users to assist with the design of an intervention that combines functional electrical stimulation (FES) with visual feedback training for standing balance.MethodsTwo individuals with SCI/D, one individual with stroke, two physical therapists (PT) and one hospital administrator were recruited. Participants attended three focus group meetings that followed a participatory co-design approach. A semi-structured interview guide, developed from the FAME (Feasibility, Appropriateness, Meaningfulness, Effectiveness, Economic Evidence) framework, was used to lead the discussion, querying participants’ experiences with balance deficits and interventions, and FES. Meetings were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. An iterative and reflexive inductive thematic analysis was applied to the transcripts by three researchers.ResultsFour themes were identified: (1) Balance is meaningful for daily life and rehabilitation. Participants acknowledged various factors influencing balance control and how balance deficits interfered with participation in activities. End-users stressed the importance of continuing to work on one’s balance after discharge from hospital-based rehabilitation. (2) Desired characteristics of balance interventions. Participants explained that balance interventions should be tailored to an individual’s unique needs and goals, relevant to their lives, balance their safety and risk, and be engaging. (3) Prior experiences with FES to inform future therapeutic use. Participants with stroke or SCI/D described initial apprehension with FES, but experienced numerous benefits that motivated them to continue with FES. Challenges with FES were mentioned, including wires, cost, and time of set up. (4) Potential role of FES in balance interventions. Participants felt that FES would complement balance interventions; however, they had not experienced this combination of therapies previously.ConclusionsEnd-users described how their experiences with balance deficits, rehabilitation, and FES informed their priorities for balance interventions. The findings inform the design and implementation of future balance interventions for individuals with SCI/D or stroke, including an intervention involving FES and visual feedback training.

Effects of Visual Feedback on Balance and Risk of Fall among Geriatric Population

Introduction: Visual feedback training with a mirror is a technique that can improve postural stability by providing feedback on induced movements via a mirror image of the body image in the mirror. Balance training is considered to be an important aspect of a fall prevention program. Damage to balance ability causes difficulty in walking and performing functional activities. Hence, balance ability is the basis for independent movement and functional performance the aim is to find out the effects of visual feedback on balance and risk of fall among geriatric population. Aim and objectives: The aim and objective of the study is to find the effects of visual feedback on balance and risk of fall among geriatric population. Methodology: This study is an experimental study. A total of 30 geriatric population were selected based upon the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The participants were separated into two groups, the conventional group and the experimental group, each with 15 members. The detailed procedure was explained to the participants and a written informed consent form was obtained. Result: The values were statistically analyzed. The post-test mean value of Berg Balance scale in experimental group was 45.9 and conventional group was 43.2. This showed that Berg Balance Scale in experimental group was comparatively higher than conventional group. The post mean value of fall efficacy scale in experimental group was 4.80 and in conventional group was 5.93. This proves that fall efficacy scale in experimental group was comparatively less than conventional group. Conclusion: This study concluded that mirror visual feedback of experimental group was found more effective than conventional therapy in reducing risk of fall and increasing balance.

Sensor-based augmented visual feedback for coordination training in healthy adults: a scoping review.

Recent advances in sensor technology demonstrate the potential to enhance training regimes with sensor-based augmented visual feedback training systems for complex movement tasks in sports. Sensorimotor learning requires feedback that guides the learning process towards an optimal solution for the task to be learned, while considering relevant aspects of the individual control system-a process that can be summarized as learning or improving coordination. Sensorimotor learning can be fostered significantly by coaches or therapists providing additional external feedback, which can be incorporated very effectively into the sensorimotor learning process when chosen carefully and administered well. Sensor technology can complement existing measures and therefore improve the feedback provided by the coach or therapist. Ultimately, this sensor technology constitutes a means for autonomous training by giving augmented feedback based on physiological, kinetic, or kinematic data, both in real-time and after training. This requires that the key aspects of feedback administration that prevent excessive guidance can also be successfully automated and incorporated into such electronic devices. After setting the stage from a computational perspective on motor control and learning, we provided a scoping review of the findings on sensor-based augmented visual feedback in complex sensorimotor tasks occurring in sports-related settings. To increase homogeneity and comparability of the results, we excluded studies focusing on modalities other than visual feedback and employed strict inclusion criteria regarding movement task complexity and health status of participants. We reviewed 26 studies that investigated visual feedback in training regimes involving healthy adults aged 18-65. We extracted relevant data regarding the chosen feedback and intervention designs, measured outcomes, and summarized recommendations from the literature. Based on these findings and the theoretical background on motor learning, we compiled a set of considerations and recommendations for the development and evaluation of future sensor-based augmented feedback systems in the interim. However, high heterogeneity and high risk of bias prevent a meaningful statistical synthesis for an evidence-based feedback design guidance. Stronger study design and reporting guidelines are necessary for future research in the context of complex skill acquisition.

Effectiveness of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Visual Feedback Training in Improving Neuroplasticity and Lower Limb Function after Chronic Stroke: A Pilot Study.

After a stroke, sustained gait impairment can restrict participation in the activities listed in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model and cause poor quality of life. The present study investigated the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and visual feedback training (VF) training in improving lower limb motor performance, gait, and corticospinal excitability in patients with chronic stroke. Thirty patients were randomized into three groups that received either rTMS or sham stimulation over the contralesional leg region accompanied by VF training groups in addition to the conventional rehabilitation group. All participants underwent intervention sessions three times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures included the motor-evoked potential (MEP) of the anterior tibialis muscle, Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scores, Timed Up and Go (TUG) test scores, and Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Lower Extremity scores. After the intervention, the rTMS and VF group had significantly improved in MEP latency (p = 0.011), TUG scores (p = 0.008), and BBS scores (p = 0.011). The sham rTMS and VF group had improved MEP latency (p = 0.027). The rTMS and VF training may enhance the cortical excitability and walking ability of individuals with chronic stroke. The potential benefits encourage a larger trial to determine the efficacy in stroke patients.

Upper limb training using visual feedback for children with cerebral palsy

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate that if upper limb visual feedback training added to the usual therapy was effective on upper limb functions in children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Thirty-eight children with cerebral palsy (4-18 years) participated in the study. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups. Study group (n=19, mean age 8.50±3.40, 53% female) received visual feedback training plus usual therapy twice a week for 8 weeks, 16 sessions in total, while control group (n=19, mean age 10.60±3.80, 42% female) received only usual therapy. The participants’ Gross Motor Function Classification System levels were between I-III and spasticity levels were between ‘0’ to ‘1+’ according to Modified Ashworth Scale. Upper limb range of motion (ROM), grip and pinch strength, hand skills (Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT)), and functional abilities (Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ)) were assessed before and after treatment. Results: The change amount in shoulder flexion (p=0.004) and abduction (p=0.01), supination (p=0.019) and wrist flexion (p=0.004) and extension (p=0.00) ROM values; bilateral MMDT scores (p=0.003) were statistically significantly improved in study group compared to control group. Conclusion: Adding visual feedback training to the usual therapy program of children with cerebral palsy was found to be effective in some outcome measurements such as upper limb ROM and hand skills. In the long-term rehabilitation process, this new training method may be an alternative additive option for children, families, and physiotherapists.

Efficacy of Visual Feedback Training for Motor Recovery in Post-Operative Subjects with Knee Replacement: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To evaluate the effects of visual feedback training on motor recovery in postoperative patients with a total knee replacement (TKR). The performance of 40 first-ever TKR patients (27 females; mean age: 70.5 (67.2-74.0) years) was evaluated in a single center, single-blind, randomized controlled study. The patients were randomly and equally distributed into two demographically/clinically matched groups undergoing experimental or traditional treatments. All patients have been treated in a 1 h session, 2/day for 5 days a week, for six consecutive weeks. The first group ("control") underwent conventional physical therapy, whereas the experimental group received advanced knee training with visual feedback using the TecnoBody® device (Walker View 3.0 SCX, Dalmine (BG), Italy). The clinical scales and kinematic parameters coming from the gait analysis were evaluated to demonstrate the dynamic balance function in a standing position before and after each treatment. After the treatment, both experimental and control groups improved significantly and similarly, as measured by the clinical scales (Numeric Rating Scale for Pain and Barthel index). A significant boosting of the motor performance was detected in the experimental group with respect to the control group in the terms of symmetry index 84 (80.8-85.4) vs. 87.15 (84-92.8) p = 0.001 *; single stance support 34.9 (34.1-36.5) vs. 37.8 (36.6-38.9); p < 0.001; and obliquity parameters 58.65 (51.3-70.3) vs. 73 (62.3-82.1); p < 0.001. Applying visual feedback training in addition to traditional rehabilitation strategies improves the knee function and motor control in postoperative TKR patients.

Altered functional connectivity between primary motor cortex subregions and the whole brain in patients with incomplete cervical spinal cord injury.

To investigate the reorganizations of gray matter volume (GMV) in each subregion of primary motor cortex (M1) after incomplete cervical cord injury (ICCI) and to explore the differences in functional connectivity (FC) between the M1 subregions and the whole brain, and further to disclose the potential value of each M1 subregion in motor function rehabilitation of ICCI patients. Eighteen ICCI patients and eighteen age- and gender- matched healthy controls (HCs) were recruited in this study. The 3D high-resolution T1-weighted structural images and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) of all subjects were obtained using a 3.0 Tesla MRI system. Based on the Human Brainnetome Atlas, the structural and functional changes of M1 subregions (including A4hf, A6cdl, A4ul, A4t, A4tl, A6cvl) in ICCI patients were analyzed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and seed-based FC, respectively. Compared with HCs, no structural changes in the M1 subregions of ICCI patients was detected. However, when compared with HCs, ICCI patients exhibited decreased FC in visual related areas (lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus) and sensorimotor related areas (primary sensorimotor cortex) when the seeds were located in bilateral A4hf, A4ul, and decreased FC in visual related areas (lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus) and cognitive related areas (temporal pole) when the seed was located in the left A4t. Moreover, when the seeds were located in the bilateral A6cdl, decreased FC in visual related areas (lingual gyrus, fusiform gyrus, calcarine gyrus) was also observed. Our findings demonstrated that each of the M1 regions had diverse FC reorganizations, which may provide a theoretical basis for the selection of precise stimulation targets, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tCDS), meanwhile, our results may reveal the possible mechanism of visual feedback and cognitive training to promote motor rehabilitation.

SEMG-based hand posture recognition and visual-feedback training

sEMG-based hand posture recognition and visual-feedback training

SEMG-Based Hand Posture Recognition and Visual Feedback Training for the Forearm Amputee.

sEMG-based gesture recognition is useful for human–computer interactions, especially for technology supporting rehabilitation training and the control of electric prostheses. However, high variability in the sEMG signals of untrained users degrades the performance of gesture recognition algorithms. In this study, the hand posture recognition algorithm and radar plot-based visual feedback training were developed using multichannel sEMG sensors. Ten healthy adults and one bilateral forearm amputee participated by repeating twelve hand postures ten times. The visual feedback training was performed for two days and five days in healthy adults and a forearm amputee, respectively. Artificial neural network classifiers were trained with two types of feature vectors: a single feature vector and a combination of feature vectors. The classification accuracy of the forearm amputee increased significantly after three days of hand posture training. These results indicate that the visual feedback training efficiently improved the performance of sEMG-based hand posture recognition by reducing variability in the sEMG signal. Furthermore, a bilateral forearm amputee was able to participate in the rehabilitation training by using a radar plot, and the radar plot-based visual feedback training would help the amputees to control various electric prostheses.

The Effect of Visual Biofeedback Balance Training on Time to Stabilization and Kinetic Variables in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability

PURPOSE This study aimed to analyze the dynamic posture stabilization and kinematic variables between visual feedback and Y-balance training groups during jump-landing. METHODS Thirty-eight male players (age: 22.6 ± 1.12 years, height: 175 ± 3.54 cm, weight: 65.5 ± 5.11 kg) were included in this study, and chronic ankle instability was checked using Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). They were randomly assigned to the Visual biofeedback (Training group: TG, n = 19) and Y-balance groups (Control group: CG, n = 19) for four weeks. TG performed balance training using the Biodex balance system (BBS) and CG performed training using the Y-balance system. During jump landing, time to stabilization (TTS), force plate (COP, GRF); joint angle and moment were collected and analyzed. All analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0, and Bonferroni was used for repeated measured ANOVA and post-hoc. RESULTS The results indicated that there was an interaction between TG and CG in terms of AP and ML directions of TTS (<i>p</i> < 0.05). AP/ML TTS of the TG for the post-test was smaller than that for CG (AP: <i>p</i> = 0.000; ML: <i>p</i> = 0.046). ML TTS of the TG for post-test was smaller than at pre-test (<i>p</i> = 0.041), and AP TTS of the CG for ankle joint moment (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was an interaction between TG and CG in terms of dorsiflexion (DF) and plantarflexion (PF) of joint moment (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Ankle moment of the CG for post-test decreased than at pre-test (DF: <i>p</i> = 0.040, PF: <i>p</i> = 0.032), and ankle dorsiflexion moment of the CG for post-test was decreased than at pre-test (<i>p</i> = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS Balance ability was achieved more effectively through visual biofeedback training than Y-balance training. Therefore, we recommend balanced training with visual feedback on chronic ankle instability.

An exploratory study on the effect of a four-week stroboscopic vision training program on soccer dribbling performance

BACKGROUND: Perceptual-cognitive skill is a crucial component of expert performance in sport as expert athletes rely on the integration and processing of sensory information to execute complex actions. One of the topics of interest to skill acquisition researchers is therefore how the perceptual-cognitive system can be trained, and how that affects sport skill performance. One of the methods suggested to be able to aid in the training of perceptual-cognitive skill is restricted visual feedback training. Recently, stroboscopic vision glasses have been proposed as a tool that can restrict visual feedback during sport training and may therefore provide a useful tool for training sport-specific skills.However, despite its use in practice, evidence for the beneficial effect of stroboscopic vision on sport-specific performance across youth athletes with a range of performance levels is currently lacking. AIM: Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of a four-week soccer training program with (experimental group) or without (control group) stroboscopic vision on the dribbling performance of relatively fast and slow dribblers. METHOD: To measure dribbling performance, this study used the Ugent Soccer dribbling task. RESULTS: A Repeated Measures MANOVA revealed that four weeks of stroboscopic vision training did not improve soccer dribbling skill measured through the time taken to complete the dribbling task as well as the number of touches of the ball while dribbling. CONCLUSION: While stroboscopic vision can likely lead to short term changes in perceptual-cognitive skill, it is likely not related to persistent changes in soccer dribbling performance in youth soccer players.

Game-like interactive exercise versus visual feedback in patients with chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy post mastectomy: A randomized comparative study

Background Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is one of the most frequent side effects of antineoplastic agents, with a prevalence of 19 to 85%. In terms of clinical manifestations, CIPN is primarily a sensory neuropathy with motor and autonomic alterations of varying intensity and duration. CIPN consider as major problem for both cancer patients and survivors, as well as for their healthcare providers, possibly increasing the risk of falling. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of game-like interactive exercise versus visual feedback training on the risk of falling and sensory integration in patients with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy after mastectomy. Methods: In this randomized comparative study, 30 female patients diagnosed with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy after mastectomy were randomly allocated into two equal groups; group (A) underwent game-like interactive exercise using the Biodex Balance System (BBS), while group (B) underwent a visual feedback training program using BBS. The treatment was applied for three sessions per week for four consecutive weeks. All subjects in both groups were assessed using the fall risk index and sensory integration test (sway index) in four sensory conditions at baseline and at the end of the study for both groups.

Applicability of Mobile Based Electromyography Visual Biofeedback Training to Improvement of Muscle Activity and Joint Range of Motions of Stroke Patients: A Pilot Study

Abstract Background Recently, a lot of visual feedback training equipment using the electromyography in a mobile environment has been developed. These devices are small, easy to use, and inexpensive. Despite the various advantages of such equipment, it is still not widely used in the clinical field, and research on it is lacking. Objective The purpose of this study is to introduce the mobile-based electromyography visual feedback training equipment and evaluate the usability for the muscle activity improvements in stroke patients. Methods This study was conducted in 12 patient with chronic stroke. To evaluate the usability of mobile-based electromyography training equipment, this research compared the immediate effects of the traditional tactile feedback training and the mobile-based electromyography training on 12 stroke patients. The MVIC muscle activity of the tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris and gluteus maximus as well as the range of motion of the ankle dorsiflexion, hip joint extension and knee joint extension were measured before and after intervention. Resutls As a result of this study, the tibialis anterior, quadriceps femoris, and gluteus maximus muscle activity were all significantly different in mobile-based electromyography visual feedback training. In the comparison of the effects on the range of motion, there was a significant difference in mobile-based electromyography visual feedback training only in the knee extension. Conclusions Mobile-based electromyography visual feedback training is expected to be able to improve muscle activity and range of motion in stroke patients more effectively than conventional tactile training.

Effects of Visual Feedback During Balance Training on Knee Function and Balance Ability in Postoperative Patients After Knee Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of visual feedback training on knee function and balance ability in postoperative patients with knee fracture.MethodsA clinical randomized controlled trial with 104 participants, randomly assigned (1:1) to a visual feedback training group or a control group. Eligible participants were evaluated using Lysholm scores, the Tinetti scale, and the evaluation module of TecnoBody® to demonstrate dynamic balance function in a standing position before treatment and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment.ResultsBoth visual feedback training and control groups improved significantly in the Lysholm and Tinetti scores after 8 weeks. Compared with the control group, the TecnoBody® tests included centre of pressure path length, and the area over centre of pressure movement, both of which significantly improved in the visual feedback training group at 8 weeks after treatment. There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of their Lysholm scores and Tinetti gait before the intervention and 4 weeks after treatment.ConclusionApplying visual feedback training in conjunction with traditional rehabilitation strategies may improve knee function and motor control in postoperative patients with knee fracture. Although visual feedback training does not have a short-term effect on knee function and gait, this method could be a useful addition for rehabilitation of knee fracture patients.LAY ABSTRACTThis study used the TecnoBody® (PK-254P, Bergamo, Italy) to evaluate balance in the standing position of all participants. This equipment provides data on the centre of pressure path length and the area over which the centre of pressure moves. The Lysholm score was used to assess knee function, and the Tinetti scale to assess motor control. Applying visual feedback training in conjunction with traditional rehabilitation strategies could decrease postural sway and increase motor control in postoperative patients with knee fracture, as well as subsequently improve knee function and balance ability. There were no adverse effects due to the combined rehabilitation programme.

The Effect of Postural Balance and Fall Efficacy on Bilateral Visual Feedback Training with Visual Targets in Stroke Patients

The Effect of Postural Balance and Fall Efficacy on Bilateral Visual Feedback Training with Visual Targets in Stroke Patients

Visual guidance can help with the use of a robotic exoskeleton during human walking

Walking is an important activity that supports the health-related quality of life, and for those who need assistance, robotic devices are available to help. Recent progress in wearable robots has identified the importance of customizing the assistance provided by the robot to the individual, resulting in robot adaptation to the human. However, current implementations minimize the role of human adaptation to the robot, for example, by the users modifying their movements based on the provided robot assistance. This study investigated the effect of visual feedback to guide the users in adapting their movements in response to wearable robot assistance. The visual feedback helped the users reduce their metabolic cost of walking without any changes in robot assistance in a given time. In a case with the initially metabolic expensive (IMExp) exoskeleton condition, both training methods helped reduce the metabolic cost of walking. The results suggest that visual feedback training is helpful to use the exoskeleton for various conditions. Without feedback, the training is helpful only for the IMExp exoskeleton condition. This result suggests visual feedback training can be useful to facilitate the use of non-personalized, generic assistance, where the assistance is not tuned for each user, in a relatively short time.