Natural Vision Research Articles

«ОКОЛОИГРОВЫЕ ФЕНОМЕНЫ» КАК ФОРМА СОВРЕМЕННОГО МИФОТВОРЧЕСТВА

The relevance of the subject “game-related phenomena” is associated with the increasing importance of new cultural phenomena in modern culture (cosplay, let’s play, video blogging, fan art, fan fiction), which nonetheless rarely become the subject of cultural and philosophical reflection. We suggest exploring “game-related phenomena” from the standpoint of modern mythmaking. The concept of “game-related phenomena” is proposed to denote a number of sociocultural phenomena related to video games, but which are not their immediate part (cosplay, let’s play, fan fiction, fan art, e-sports, etc.). The object of this research are cosplay and let’s play. The purpose of the article is to analyze these cultural practices as forms of modern mythmaking manifestation. It should be noted that there are very few works devoted to the study of “game-related phenomena” through the perspective of modern mythological consciousness. Cosplay is a specific practice of creating and wearing a costume that allows fans reconstruct the image of a fictional character in popular culture. In this work we highlighted the main approaches to the study of cosplay: cosplay as (1) a way of constructing an identity; (2) a form of escapism; (3) a mass culture phenomenon; (4) a subculture. We have also presented a critical reflection on a number of existing approaches. Let’s play is a video created by users in the process of walking through a particular video game, combining gameplay and commenting it. Main results of the research. Firstly, we have proven the imaginative nature of cosplay. A cosplayer is an active participant in the creative reality transformation and myth construction. A cosplayer appropriates cultural texts and images, creatively processes them, creating one’s own myth on their basis, which attracts the audience. Secondly, we have revealed mythological identification of a reality image and reality itself, as well as the work of the mystical participation. Mythological images created by a cosplayer are thought of as quite real, one can quite feasibly interact with them. The image depicted by a cosplayer is at the same time the original, which introduces him/her and the audience to something larger, for example, to the fictional world, to the fandom, etc. Mythological images and meanings constructed in the framework of cosplay have a sacred meaning. Thirdly, we have shown the interconnections of cosplay with archaic mysteries, carnival performances, medieval theatrical performances that transmitted the sacred into the real world. The cosplay phenomenon itself, in our opinion, is rooted in archaic ritualized practices within which the mythological narrative attained its being. However, unlike archaic mysteries, cosplay is more eclectic and kaleidoscopic in terms of constructing images with different semantic and symbolic content. Fourthly, we can interpret the let’s play as online storytelling. Like a myth narrator, a let’s player narrates on one’s own behalf, constructing one’s own story not based on the original source. Let’s play from the standpoint of studying forms of modern mythmaking appears before us as a space of imagination, creativity, and playing with the original source. A let’s player makes secondary marking of video game elements, building on new meanings and meanings based on them, which allows you give new meanings to original narratives. So, we have come to the conclusion that such “game-related phenomena” such as cosplay and let’s play can be considered as forms of modern mythmaking.

Whipping Homer, Cudgeling Shakespeare: Thinking Canon-Tradition

Whipping Homer, Cudgeling Shakespeare:Thinking Canon-Tradition Ranjan Ghosh (bio) Homer I deem worthy—in a trial by combat—of good cudgeling,and Archilochos the same. —Heraclitus (2001, Fragment 119) It may sound paradoxical, but any understanding of canon comes with canon-loading, with an engagement with "waste" and pleasure, turbulence and tradition; it's a world circumscribed by world-making, a system which just does not transcend itself but emerges from the negations that it builds and builds it. William Franke points out that we should not forget that currency was given to the term also by Polykleitos' Kanon, his Pythagoras-inspired treatise on sculpture with its classical ideal of perfect proportions and symmetry as the source of aesthetic beauty. This ideal was embodied most perfectly in his Doryphoros (circa 450 B.C.), a male nude sculpture which he named—like the lost treatise whose principles it illustrated—"Kanon." Given this polygeneticism bringing together multiple semantic backgrounds, typically normative terms such as "canon" and "revelation," as well as "divinity" and "prophecy," take on senses that evade the statically traditional. (Franke 2014, 2) Canon, thus, assumes a totalization with its own inherent stress and stocasticism; a totalizing system or gesture that need not stand hostile to "imaginative nature of human tradition and of the inextricably poetic nature of all our knowledge, which makes it an affair of relations without intrinsic limits—of continual, unbounded 'carryings over' ('meta-phor' in its etymological sense)" (Franke 2014). If a canonical text is considered beautiful its harmony is not about parts aggregating and cohering in summation to create the whole; there is an a "self-interrupting whole—one animated, as it were, by a 'too much' of pressure from within its midst" (Santner 2001, 136). [End Page 445] Harold Bloom is somewhat overbearingly right in pointing out that "all canonizing of literary texts is a self-contradictory process, for by canonizing a text you are troping upon it, which means you are misreading it. Canonization is the most extreme form of what Nietzsche called Interpretation, or the exercise of the Will-to-Power over texts" (Bloom 1975, 100). He points out that "tradition is not only a handing-down or process of benign transmission; it is also a conflict between past genius and present aspiration, in which the prize is literary survival or canonical inclusion" (Bloom 1997). Canon-formation has an interruptive-continuity with tradition—being enframed by tradition is also about producing tradition within a transactional metastability. Simon Bronner quite rightly sees in tradition a "conceptual softness": "given to emotional usage, tradition can appear imprecise, inconsistent, and infuriatingly elusive. At the same time, therein lies its significance, for it offers something essential in the human condition" (Bronner 1998, 10). If we analyze the complicated rapport between culture and tradition, we are somehow tempted to see what makes our culture of thinking and what makes us "traditional." Whether with Marx or Freud or Max Weber, tradition is considered as a dead lump that needs to be transcended—an "unreflective habit"—something that impedes progression by shouting out from the dead. Tradition promotes an unquestioning cycle of repetition, an encrustation that we do not consciously seek to alter. But if tradition is seen to declare a continuity with the past, the fact of being "traditional" is achieved through "critical thinking": what comes home is the realization that tradition conceals spaces for innovative introjections and zones of refiguration. This is made possible through our reconceptualization of the social, political and other disciplinary forces. Traditions, therefore, offer themselves to be invented, manipulated and rethought. They refuse to stay as mere voices from the past that reaffirm their unchangeability. Tradition is formed through "whipping" and with it comes our ways of forming and sustaining the canon. It is interesting to follow Josef Pieper here: The "trans" which inheres in tradition and which is so clearly articulated in the verb "transmettre" with which the French language indicates the action associated with tradition—this "trans" appears to indicate three places: first, the place from which something is taken to be transmitted; secondly, the place to which it is brought; thirdly, the place where the transmitter happens to be. To "transport...

『흰 어금니』에 나타난 자연과 문명그리고 생태학적 비전

『흰 어금니』에 나타난 자연과 문명그리고 생태학적 비전

DOMINATION OF VIOLENCE NEWS IN THE MEDIA: AN ANALYTICAL STUDY IN MEDIA PROCESSING

This analytical study discusses how the media is dealing with the violence news. The problem is that there are multiple treatments and different visions of the violence nature. Violence often leads to more violence, if promoted in an impartial manner. Therefore, the study aims at discussing the media treatment of violence news, analyzing the news treatments used by the media with the issues of violence, and showing the images of violence through the media. Through the descriptive analytical method, the topic was discussed in three sections. The main results were: exaggerating the presentation of news and scenes of violence; , And the degree of excitement of journalistic treatment, the level of moral responsibility in journalistic treatment of violence has declined. Keywords media, violence, terrorism

Cortical Interactions between Prosthetic and Natural Vision

Outer retinal degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), are among the leading causes of incurable blindness in the Western world [1]. Retinal prostheses have been shown to restore some useful vision by electrically stimulating the remaining retinal neurons [2]. In contrast to inherited retinal degenerative diseases (e.g., RP), typically leading to a complete loss of the visual field, in AMD patients the disease is localized to the macula, leaving the peripheral vision intact. Implanting a retinal prosthesis in the central macula in AMD patients [3, 4] leads to an intriguing situation where the patient's central retina is stimulated electrically, whereas the peripheral healthy retina responds to natural light stimulation. An important question is whether the visual cortex responds to these two concurrent stimuli similarly to the interaction between two adjacent natural light stimuli projected onto healthy retina. Here, we investigated the cortical interactions between prosthetic and natural vision based on visually evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded in rats implanted with photovoltaic subretinal implants. Using this model, where prosthetic and natural vision information are combined in the visual cortex, we observed striking similarities in the interactions of natural and prosthetic vision, including similar effect of background illumination, linear summation of non-patterned stimuli, and lateral inhibition with spatial patterns [5], which increased with target contrast. These results support the idea of combined prosthetic and natural vision in restoration of sight for AMD patients.

“COHERENCE OF THE WORLD”: NATURE IN GLEB SEMYONOV’s POEMS

Intertextual connections, interiorization (internalization), “naturalization” of man, change of visual “plans”, impressionistic vision of nature - these and many other methods define the poetics of the Leningrad poet Gleb Semyonov (1918 - 1982), as well as make his lyrics an exemplary model, demonstrating the “mechanisms” of the poetic landscape perception. This determines the purpose of the study and its practical significance.

La mirada de los viajeros y científicos decimonónicos sobre la movediza gea chilensis

This paper analyses the vision of Chilean nature and the impact of earthquakes on the physical body of Chile and in the national collective imagination, that were forged Chilean and foreign nineteenth-century scientists and travelers with some natural history studies as Mary Graham. And from such perceptions reflect on whether to take in to account this reality in the fields of public policy and education.

DOWNPOUR : FRAMES, FEELINGS AND FILE TYPES

The Form of the Work<strong></strong> The ontological fact that actions move within a dark and shifting circle of intention and consequences, that their limits are our own, that the individual significance of an act (like that of a word) arises in its being this one rather than every other that might have been said or done here and now, that their fate (like the fate of words) is to be taken out of our control - this is the natural vision of film. <strong>Stanley Cavell</strong> <a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/koukera/Desktop/vol_5_issue_2_december%202019/submissions/02_print_ready/articles/07Barnaby_Taylor/taylor_v5i2_2019.docx#_ftn1">^{^[1]}</a><div><br clear="all" /><hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /><div> <a title="" href="file:///C:/Users/koukera/Desktop/vol_5_issue_2_december%202019/submissions/02_print_ready/articles/07Barnaby_Taylor/taylor_v5i2_2019.docx#_ftnref1">^{^[1]}</a> Stanley Cavell, <em>The World Viewed</em>, (Harvard University Press, 1971, 1974, 1979), p. 153 </div></div>

Innovation ecosystems in banking and monetary sector: competitiveness versus sustainability

This paper addresses the innovation ecosystems configuration of the banking and monetary sector, checking its innovation orientation for competitiveness and sustainability. To achieve this objective, the actors’ perspective from the reframed Innovation Helix is applied. The main result is that the Banking and monetary authorities are rather centred on short-term system stability, which at the longer term can be counterproductive in terms of sustainability. Industry is mainly centred on competitiveness however increasingly taking into account the ‘green transition’. The society, academia and natural environment visions are strongly focused on sustainability. Currency innovations are envisaged at all the levels, bringing different proposals which can be complementary and that bring the potential of more bottom-up initiatives, collaboration and sustainability in socioecological dimension. Metamodern prospect enriches the standpoint.

Anthropological foundations of Polish Penal Law in the light of the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland

When making penal law regulations, the legislator is faced with axiological choices of tremendous impact, hence it should take into consideration the moral conditions that are inherent to the specific civilisation and culture, particularly interpreted from constitutional axiology. In the doctrine of penal law and penal sciences that aspire to influence the content of penal legislation, the perspective of constitutional values, principles and norms should always be taken into account. However, the constitutional context does not only offer strict and express legal rules, precisely formulated guarantees, imperatives and prohibitions, constitutional or competence-related provisions but also generally worded optimising norms and, often only implicit preferences, assumptions and axiological views of the author, among them the vision of human nature. The specific anthropological concept that the constitution-maker has assumed as the axiological basis of its law-making decisions proves to be heterogeneous and becomes a necessary reference point for various law-making and law-applying bodies, all recipients of legal norms, and also the representatives of scientific disciplines recommending changes to the law.The anthropological stance adopted in the Constitution can be inferred primarily from the principle of human dignity as well as from the foremost position of the personal freedom of the individual in the hierarchy of constitutional values or from the interpretation of the constitutional concept of common good. The principle of human dignity entails the axiomatisation of the normative content of the Constitution. The Constitution of the Republic of Poland, in its Article 30, does not aspire to re-invent the concept of the human being or prioritise specific rights and freedoms but only confirms that they exist and obliges public bodies to respect and protect them. The analysis of the content of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland reveals that it is founded on the personalistic concept of a human being. This indeterministic concept implies that the individual takes rational and free choices and socially relevant decisions manifested in their actions and is subject to liability, including penal liability, based on these actions. This is relevant to the definition of the paradigm of expert assessments of penal law and to the legislative effort.Under effective constitutional law, it is impossible to develop a system of penal law response based on such anthropological concepts as behaviourism, determinism, post-humanism, anti-humanism, trans-humanism, biotechnology, trans-species approaches, etc. The idea of the rejection of the subjective nature of a human being and departure from the classic rules of penal liability based on the perpetrator’s actions and guilt are out of the question. These notions should be interpreted in the light of personalistic anthropology. Any concepts that rationalise penal sanctions exclusively on the grounds of protection of public safety or crime prevention which make penal liability instrumental and objectify perpetrators are in conflict with constitutional axiology. Moreover, constitutional anthropology cannot endorse solutions that implement a strictly behavioural vision of crime response, that is, one in which the application of penal sanctions is understood as a kind of social engineering or correctional tool separated from liability. The perpetrator of a prohibited act cannot be subject to interventions regarded as forced therapy or psychotechnical correction of non-conformist attitudes and pathological personality. It is also unacceptable to attempt to treat animals or artificial intelligence as subjects of law or making them fall under penal liability.All in all, due to the hierarchical structure of the sources of law, any proposals and conclusions in the field of penal law-making and interpretation must be aligned not only with the norms but also with the axiology of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. If criminology and other penal sciences do not want to turn into purely theoretical science, detached from the axiological, legal and social reality of combating crime, and if their findings are to be taken into account in practical state policy, they must follow a paradigm consistent with the context of the fundamental values and norms embedded in the Constitution. From the perspective of constitutional anthropology, the paradigm of penal sciences that corresponds to the axiological assumptions behind the existing political system is the classical paradigm in which a human being is perceived as a rational, self-determining and free being, creating and responsible for their own actions. The property of scientific pursuits within the classical paradigm also confirms the repeated references of the constitution-maker to the concept of justice and the treatment of justice as the fundamental and universal value of the legal system.

A comprehensive review of conditional random fields: variants, hybrids and applications

The conditional random fields (CRFs) model plays an important role in the machine learning field. Driven by the development of the artificial intelligence, the CRF models have enjoyed great advancement. To analyze the recent development of the CRFs, this paper presents a comprehensive review of different versions of the CRF models and their applications. On the basis of elaborating on the background and definition of the CRFs, it analyzes three basic problems faced by the CRF models and reviews their latest improvements. Based on that, it presents the applications of the CRFs in the natural language processing, computer vision, biomedicine, Internet intelligence and other relevant fields. At last, specific analysis and future directions of the CRFs are discussed.

Composite Face Effect Predicts Configural Encoding in Visual Short-Term Memory.

In natural vision, visual scenes consist of individual items (e.g., trees) and global properties of items as a whole (e.g., forest). These different levels of representations can all contribute to perception, natural scene understanding, sensory memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Despite these various hierarchical representations across perception and cognition, the nature of the global representations has received considerably less attention in empirical research on working memory than item representations. The present study aimed to understand the perceptual root of the configural information retained in Visual Short-term Memory (VSTM). Specifically, we assessed whether configural VSTM was related to holistic face processing across participants using an individual differences approach. Configural versus item encoding in VSTM was assessed using Xie and Zhang’s (2017) dual-trace Signal Detection Theory model in a change detection task for orientation. Configural face processing was assessed using Le Grand composite face effect (CFE). In addition, overall face recognition was assessed using Glasgow Face Matching Test (GFMT). Across participants, holistic face encoding, but not face recognition accuracy, predicted configural information, but not item information, retained in VSTM. Together, these findings suggest that configural encoding in VSTM may have a perceptual root.

Evolving Artificial Perception by Integrating Nlp and Cv

This paper discusses the concept of integrating artificial perception of an artificial intelligence by integrating NLP and CV, this should be able to solve 50% of problems where the data is usually in a raw format and not understandable by the machine. This method helps in the automatic labelling and understanding the data so it is easier for the machine to understand and help in our day to day tasks. “Perception is the ability to become aware of something which is internal or in the external environment through the use of the 5 senses” this is a natural capability of humans but has never properly been achieved in a machine. In the past five years massive strides have taken place in both natural language processing and computer vision but none of these advancements have increased the intelligence and perception of computer systems in the dramatic way that was expected. This difference in what was expected and what has finally been delivered is due to the fact that both these fields have evolved separately whereas perception requires these two dimensions of hearing (Natural Language Processing) and vision (Computer Vision) to be integrated.

Die imaginierte Natur des Papstes – Die Chambre du Cerf in Avignon

Abstract In a private room for Clemens VI (1342– 1352) in the palace of the popes at Avignon, frescoes show a peaceful vision of nature with flowering trees, numerous birds, and hunting scenes. There is a strong contrast between the castle-like architecture of the tower in which the room is located and the expansive view of plants and animals offered by the paintings. All of the people in the frescoes are more or less youthful, some collecting fruits, some bathing, and others trying to catch birds or rabbits. It is a very selective impression of nature, with much left out. The experience of nature articulated in the same period by Francesco Petrarca uses very similar elements. Apart from all differences, the frescoes and the writings of Petrarca share a newly emerged interest in nature in the middle of the fourteenth century.

Literary production in Niger: The case of the novel

Literature, like all art, is in part geographically and historically determined. Despite its imaginary nature, literature maintains close ties with its context of emergence. African literature is in part an illustration of determinisms of this type and owes a great deal to colonial trauma. Nevertheless, it also draws on autochthonous myths – both old and new – on the colonial heritage, and on new mentalities generated by decolonisation and other factors. However, certain political and ideological choices visible in literary texts underline national specificities. My intention, as a citizen of Niger, is to contribute to bringing Nigérien literature, and the Nigérien novel, in particular, into the limelight. In fact, this production is only just emerging, as the first novel dates back to 1959. This paper focuses on the fundamental problem of the relation between the novel produced in Niger and the Nigérien society, and by extension, the relation between Nigérien literature and the society from which it is emerging. Based on a thematic study, in the spirit of socio-criticism, an attempt will be made to place a selected corpus of eleven novels, published between 1977 and 1993, in their context of emergence. The geographical (spatial and climatic) milieu is omnipresent and dominant in these works; focus on a traditional socio-cultural milieu is recurrent and is still of current importance, while the modern socio-cultural milieu is determinant but not quite as dominant as rural space. These are some of the basic elements composing the backdrop of Nigérien novelistic creation. They suggest aspects of a collective identity. Nonetheless these are not, in themselves, sufficient grounds on which to identify a specific literary production.

Optimizing the ICA-based removal of ocular EEG artifacts from free viewing experiments

Combining EEG with eye-tracking is a promising approach to study neural correlates of natural vision, but the resulting recordings are also heavily contaminated by activity of the eye balls, eye lids, and extraocular muscles. While Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is commonly used to suppress these ocular artifacts, its performance under free viewing conditions has not been systematically evaluated and many published reports contain residual artifacts. Here I evaluated and optimized ICA-based correction for two tasks with unconstrained eye movements: visual search in images and sentence reading. In a first step, four parameters of the ICA pipeline were varied orthogonally: the (1) high-pass and (2) low-pass filter applied to the training data, (3) the proportion of training data containing myogenic saccadic spike potentials (SP), and (4) the threshold for eye tracker-based component rejection. In a second step, the eye-tracker was used to objectively quantify the correction quality of each ICA solution, both in terms of undercorrection (residual artifacts) and overcorrection (removal of neurogenic activity). As a benchmark, results were compared to those obtained with an alternative spatial filter, Multiple Source Eye Correction (MSEC). With commonly used settings, Infomax ICA not only left artifacts in the data, but also distorted neurogenic activity during eye movement-free intervals. However, correction results could be strongly improved by training the ICA on optimally filtered data in which SPs were massively overweighted. With optimized procedures, ICA removed virtually all artifacts, including the SP and its associated spectral broadband artifact from both viewing paradigms, with little distortion of neural activity. It also outperformed MSEC in terms of SP correction. Matlab code is provided.

Unfold: an integrated toolbox for overlap correction, non-linear modeling, and regression-based EEG analysis.

Electrophysiological research with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) is increasingly moving from simple, strictly orthogonal stimulation paradigms towards more complex, quasi-experimental designs and naturalistic situations that involve fast, multisensory stimulation and complex motor behavior. As a result, electrophysiological responses from subsequent events often overlap with each other. In addition, the recorded neural activity is typically modulated by numerous covariates, which influence the measured responses in a linear or non-linear fashion. Examples of paradigms where systematic temporal overlap variations and low-level confounds between conditions cannot be avoided include combined electroencephalogram (EEG)/eye-tracking experiments during natural vision, fast multisensory stimulation experiments, and mobile brain/body imaging studies. However, even “traditional,” highly controlled ERP datasets often contain a hidden mix of overlapping activity (e.g., from stimulus onsets, involuntary microsaccades, or button presses) and it is helpful or even necessary to disentangle these components for a correct interpretation of the results. In this paper, we introduce unfold, a powerful, yet easy-to-use MATLAB toolbox for regression-based EEG analyses that combines existing concepts of massive univariate modeling (“regression-ERPs”), linear deconvolution modeling, and non-linear modeling with the generalized additive model into one coherent and flexible analysis framework. The toolbox is modular, compatible with EEGLAB and can handle even large datasets efficiently. It also includes advanced options for regularization and the use of temporal basis functions (e.g., Fourier sets). We illustrate the advantages of this approach for simulated data as well as data from a standard face recognition experiment. In addition to traditional and non-conventional EEG/ERP designs, unfold can also be applied to other overlapping physiological signals, such as pupillary or electrodermal responses. It is available as open-source software at http://www.unfoldtoolbox.org.

Augmenting Your Field of Vision

Abstract Where virtual reality isolates users from the world around them, augmented reality offers the best of both natural vision and digital information. It can provide real-time assistance to workers in remote locations, help workers learn new skills, or walk technicians through a repair. It provides a mobile and intuitive way for engineers to interact with sensor data, digital twins, and their physical counterparts. This article delves deeper into how automation, manufacturing, and design companies are exploring the value of this disruptive technology.

Functionally Distinct Gamma Range Activity Revealed by Stimulus Tuning in Human Visual Cortex.

Neocortical gamma activity has long been hypothesized as a mechanism for synchronizing brain regions to support visual perception and cognition more broadly. Although early studies focused on narrowband gamma oscillations (∼20-60Hz), recent work has emphasized a more broadband "high-gamma" response (∼70-150+ Hz). These responses are often conceptually or analytically treated as synonymous markers of gamma activity. Using high-density intracranial recordings from the human visual cortex, we challenge this view by showing distinct spectral, temporal, and functional properties of narrow and broadband gamma. Across four experiments, narrowband gamma was strongly selective for gratings and long-wavelength colors, displaying a delayed response onset, sustained temporal profile, and contrast-dependent peak frequency. In addition, induced narrowband gamma oscillations lacked phase consistency across stimulus repetitions and displayed highly focal inter-site synchronization. In contrast, broadband gamma was consistently observed for all presented stimuli, displaying a rapid response onset, transient temporal profile, and invariant spectral properties. We exploited stimulus tuning to highlight the functional dissociation of these distinct signals, reconciling prior inconsistencies across species and stimuli regarding the ubiquity of visual gamma oscillations during natural vision. The occurrence of visual narrowband gamma oscillations, unlike broadband high gamma, appears contingent on specific structural and chromatic stimulus attributes intersecting with the receptive field. Together, these findings have important implications for the study, analysis, and functional interpretation of neocortical gamma-range activity.

AAC and Artificial Intelligence (AI).

Artificially intelligent tools have given us the capability to use technology to address ever more complex challenges. What are the capabilities, challenges, and hazards of incorporating and developing this technology for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)? Artificial Intelligence can be defined as the capability of a machine to imitate human intelligence. The goal of artificial intelligence is to create machines that can use characteristics of human intelligence to solve problems and adapt to a changing environment. Harnessing the capabilities of AI tools has the potential to accelerate progress in serving individuals with complex communication needs. In this article, we discuss components of AI, including: (a) knowledge representation, (b) reasoning, (c) natural language processing, (d) machine learning, (e) computer vision, and (f) robotics. For each AI component, we delve into the implications, promise, and precautions of that component for AAC.