Internet Of Things Vision Research Articles

Internet of things: a survey of challenges and issues

Internet of things (IoT) is the promising and future internet. The IoT is a network of connected sensors, actuators, and everyday objects that are used in various domains, such as healthcare, airports, and military. As it connects everything around us to the internet, the IoT poses a number of severe challenges and issues as compared to the conventional internet. Currently, there are massive studies on the IoT, these studies mostly cover IoT vision, enabling technologies, applications, or services. So far, a limited number of surveys point out comprehensively the challenges and issues of the IoT which considered unique to this future internet and which must be faced and tackled by different research communities. In this paper, well-known IoT challenges and issues (e.g., reliable cooperation, standards, protocols, operational, data, and software) have been surveyed alongside many directions. Furthermore, the paper also raises awareness of work being achieved across a number of research communities to help whoever decided to approach this hot discipline in order to contribute to its development.

IOT BASED WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SMART CITY USING IR

The Internet of Things (IoT), as expected infrastructure for an envisioned concept of Smart City, brings new possibilities for the city management. IoT vision introduces promising and economical solutions for massive data collection and its analysis which can be applied in many domains and so make them operate more efficiently. In this paper, we are discussing one of the most challenging issues - municipal waste-collection within the Smart City. To optimize the logistical approach of waste collection, we use own algorithm. The solution provides imports of better efficient garbage-truck routes. As an output, we provide a set of simulations focused on the mentioned area. If the dustbin fills, we get some alert via the Buzzer also send the SMS to the authorized person at a particular time they didn’t response we will intimate to the higher authorized persons.

Internet of Things: A Scientometric Review

Internet of Things (IoT) is connecting billions of devices to the Internet. These IoT devices chain sensing, computation, and communication techniques, which facilitates remote data collection and analysis. wireless sensor networks (WSN) connect sensing devices together on a local network, thereby eliminating wires, which generate a large number of samples, creating a big data challenge. This IoT paradigm has gained traction in recent years, yielding extensive research from an increasing variety of perspectives, including scientific reviews. These reviews cover surveys related to IoT vision, enabling technologies, applications, key features, co-word and cluster analysis, and future directions. Nevertheless, we lack an IoT scientometrics review that uses scientific databases to perform a quantitative analysis. This paper develops a scientometric review about IoT over a data set of 19,035 documents published over a period of 15 years (2002–2016) in two main scientific databases (Clarivate Web of Science and Scopus). A Python script called ScientoPy was developed to perform quantitative analysis of this data set. This provides insight into research trends by investigating a lead author’s country affiliation, most published authors, top research applications, communication protocols, software processing, hardware, operating systems, and trending topics. Furthermore, we evaluate the top trending IoT topics and the popular hardware and software platforms that are used to research these trends.

IoT’s Tiny Steps towards 5G: Telco’s Perspective

The numerous and diverse applications of the Internet of Things (IoT) have the potential to change all areas of daily life of individuals, businesses, and society as a whole. The vision of a pervasive IoT spans a wide range of application domains and addresses the enabling technologies needed to meet the performance requirements of various IoT applications. In order to accomplish this vision, this paper aims to provide an analysis of literature in order to propose a new classification of IoT applications, specify and prioritize performance requirements of such IoT application classes, and give an insight into state-of-the-art technologies used to meet these requirements, all from telco’s perspective. A deep and comprehensive understanding of the scope and classification of IoT applications is an essential precondition for determining their performance requirements with the overall goal of defining the enabling technologies towards fifth generation (5G) networks, while avoiding over-specification and high costs. Given the fact that this paper presents an overview of current research for the given topic, it also targets the research community and other stakeholders interested in this contemporary and attractive field for the purpose of recognizing research gaps and recommending new research directions.

Reducing EMF exposure from WSNs using transmission scheduling

SummaryThere is increasing pressure from the public to study the effects of electromagnetic field exposure and reduce this exposure for future networks or, at the least, keep it at a constant level. According to the World Health Organization, no link has been found between low levels of exposure to radio waves (as emitted by WiFi devices or mobile phones) and adverse health effects, but reducing exposure has other benefits besides public acceptance, such as reduced interference and improved network performance. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have rarely been studied from an exposure point of view, but their continuing expansion as part of the new Internet of Things vision is slowly bringing them to the spotlight. This work presents a novel evaluation of WSN emissions, using the Exposure Index proposed by the Low EMF Exposure Future Networks (LEXNET) project. Together with this evaluation, a method of reducing exposure by intelligently scheduling WSN transmissions is also proposed. The scheduling method is evaluated using a proposed scenario (compatible with evaluations of other technologies performed in LEXNET) both from a theoretical perspective and in a practical implementation, and results are compared with a baseline solution. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Multi-Modal Context-Aware reasoNer (CAN) at the Edge of IoT

Abstract: Future Internet is expected to be driven by prevalence of the Internet of Things (IoT). This prevalence of IoT promises to impact every aspect of human life in the foreseeable future where computing paradigm would witness huge influx of IoT data. Context is gaining growing attention to make sense of the data and it is envisaged that context-aware computing would act as an indispensable enabler for IoT. Contextualizing the collected IoT data enables to reap value from the data and to harvest the knowledge. Reasoning the contextualized data, that is, context information is imperative to the vision of harvesting knowledge. Edge computing is also expected to play a vital role in IoT to reduce dependency on cloud based solution, to achieve faster response, and to provide intelligence closer to the IoT things. The combination of context-awareness and edge solution would be inseparable in the future IoT. Furthermore, IoT vision comprises of different IoT applications controlled by a capable controller at the edge, an edge controller necessitates to counter the challenge of providing knowledge for each of the IoT applications. Therefore, such a controller requires to offer different context-aware reasoning to alleviate the intelligence-of-things. In view of this, this paper proposes a multi-modal context-aware reasoner the aim of which is to provide knowledge at the edge for each IoT application. The context-aware reasoning has been verified with rules-based and Bayesian reasoning for three IoT applications and initial results suggest that it is promising to realize such multimodal reasoning at the edge with low latency.

A Lightweight XMPP Publish/Subscribe Scheme for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

The development of wireless technology like Internet Protocol version 6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks, which defines IP communication for resource-constrained networks enables communication on the lower layers, while the diverging and incompatible application layer protocols lead to barriers in the way of information transferring between heterogeneous networks. Fortunately, extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP) is a preferential protocol to solve the problem of interoperability between heterogeneous networks. Hence, it is attractive to extend XMPP to the Internet of Things (IoT). However, XMPP protocol is initially designed for the Internet where the equipment is rich in resources, considering the characteristics of the IoT, the XMPP protocol needs to be optimized to meet the requirements of IoT, e.g. , downsized protocol, publish/subscribe service and sleeping mechanism. In this paper, by staying true to the IoT visions, we propose a lightweight XMPP publish/subscribe scheme for resource-constrained IoT devices to perform data exchange either periodically or upon any value change. According to the subscriber’s needs, the publisher can adjust the data information published to the server. Inherit the merits of XEP-0060, the server maintains and manages the publish/subscribe relationships with multiple subscribers, as well as distributes the received data sent by publisher to all subscribers, yielding less complexity of publication and energy efficiency. In addition, the proposed scheme strongly supports publish/subscribe architecture of the sleeping clients that actually prolongs the lifetime of battery-powered devices. Thus, based on the standardized XMPP protocol, we present a down-sized and trimmed XMPP to implement this scheme. Through the experimental results, we demonstrate our work on optimizing and improving XMPP publish/subscribe scheme for resource-constrained IoT devices and show the simplicity and efficiency of this scheme.

Study of Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions

Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure, infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT), wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us, and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of enabling wireless technologies such as RFID tags and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is the the next revolutionary technology in transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive queries increases significantly. This paper presents a Cloud centric vision for worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near future are discussed. A Cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on interaction of private and public Clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and distributed computing directed at technological research community.

SeCoMan: A Semantic-Aware Policy Framework for Developing Privacy-Preserving and Context-Aware Smart Applications

This paper is intended to provide a solution for developing context-aware smart applications preserving the users' privacy in the Internet of Things (IoT). In this sense, we present a framework called Semantic Web-based Context Management (SeCoMan) aimed at offering a set of predefined queries to provide applications with information about indoor location of users and objects, as well as context-aware services. SeCoMan uses a semantic-oriented IoT vision where semantic technologies play a key role. In fact, SeCoMan uses Semantic Web for modeling description of things, reasoning over data to infer new knowledge, and defining context-aware policies. SeCoMan also defines a layered architecture, including functions related to the management of the users' privacy in a manner that accommodate IoT requirements, in addition to not affecting system performance nor introducing excessive overheads. A thorough discussion on other related works, together with some experiments to measure the throughput and scalability, confirm that SeCoMan is a solution that improves the most relevant proposals existing so far.

Vision, applications and future challenges of Internet of Things

Purpose – The emergent field of Internet of Things (IoT) has been evolving rapidly with a geometric growth in the number of academic publications in this field. The purpose of this paper is to review the literature of IoT in past 16 years using rigorous bibliometric and network analysis tools, offering at the same time future directions for the IoT research community and implications for managers and decision makers. Design/methodology/approach – The authors adopted the techniques of bibliometric and network analysis. The paper reviewed the articles published on IoT from 2000 to 2015. Findings – This study identifies top contributing authors; key research topics related to the field; the most influential works based on citations and PageRank; and established and emerging research clusters. Scholars are encouraged to further explore this topic. Research limitations/implications – This study focusses only on vision and applications of IoT. Scholars may explore various other aspects of this area of research....

An Exhaustive Review on Internet of Things from Korea’s Perspective

After the World Wide Web in 1990s and the mobile internet in 2000s, we are gradually moving towards one of the potentially most distinct phase of internet revolution--The "Internet of Things (IoT)". IoT is an emerging concept, based on the convergence of legacy technologies, like RFID, WSN and smart objects, for connecting billions of "things". Such a massive connectivity generates a huge data for analysis, processing, mining and storage . Moreover, the inherent heterogeneity of IoT is also raising significant technical and application challenges. Many countries are innovating and adapting IoT for the development of the country's economy. Korea, being a digitally advanced country, is already ranked second in "suitability of preparedness for IoT opportunities". In this paper, we first mention the vision, capabilities and status of IoT. Next, we discuss the architectural requirements and popular global IoT projects. Subsequently, we review the history, research plans and applications of Korean IoT. Finally, our work concludes with a list of major open issues and challenges faced by the Korean IoT industry with pointers to possible solutions.

Risk of an epidemic impact when adopting the Internet of Things

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the main types of sector-based resistance that affect the success of the innovation, and specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), with particular reference to professional football, as a prime example of how institutions can prevent the IoT from being used. The starting point for the research is the assumption that innovation has to address institutional obstacles in the form of economic and cultural resistance. The main purpose of the paper, however, is to highlight resistance at individual level and resistance that is company specific and sector specific, in connection with the introduction of the IoT in professional sport, and the risk of an epidemic effect in relation to the general acceptance of (or opposition to) the IoT. Design/methodology/approach – Research is based on the qualitative analysis of a specific football industry case, with reference to the introduction of innovation within the sports sector. Findings – Sector-based resistance in the football industry can influence other sectors. Scepticism and lack of trust in the IoT vision create obstacles put in place by sectorial institutions. Sector-based resistance propels the obstacles to a more general level, affecting how the IoT vision is acknowledged in every business sector. This leads to a chain-reaction, whereby the general resistance induces sector-based institutions to delay the process of adopting IoT instruments, because of the unresolved cultural and economic issues. Research limitations/implications – This research, which examines how the potential of the IoT can be exploited, is based on a single case study. Originality/value – Supranational regulations addressing the introduction and governance of the IoT are important; however, sector-specific self-regulations must not be underestimated, because of the risk of general, widespread scepticism against the IoT.

Internet of Things

Purpose – An empirical testing on IBM smart cities projects was applied so as to demonstrate that the combination between the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and the implementation of the Open Innovation (OI) model within smart cities which has been changed the development of urban areas and effected firms’ innovativeness. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A case study methodology on a leading multinational firms deeply involved in smart cities projects has been chosen. Findings – From this study it emerged how IBM: has a clear vision of smart cities and IoT; adopt a worldwide OI approach to smart cities; delineate-specific strategies and create OI units ad hoc for smart cities’ projects. Research limitations/implications – The major limitation of this work is that the analysis presented has been developed only on one case of multinational firm that operate in smart cities contexts. Practical implications – Recommendations will be made both to public and private actor in order to plan and implement efficient strategies to improve their performances. Originality/value – The concept of smart city has become quite popular between scholars and practitioners in the era of digital economy. Cities become smart developing new urban area using new Information and Communication Technologies such as mobile devices, the semantic web, cloud computing, and the IoT. Smart cities make innovation ecosystem, joining together different forces like knowledge-intensive activities, institutions for cooperation and learning, and web-based applications collective intelligence. This research is of importance and significance to scholars, government, and firms who need to understand the relevance of smart cities in the current economy.

Implementation of True IoT Vision: Survey on Enabling Protocols and Hands-On Experience

Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to become a driver in an emerging era of interconnected world through the advanced connectivity of smart devices, systems, and services. IoT goes beyond a broad range of Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication technologies and covers a wide variety of networking protocols. There exist solutions like MQTT or SIP collecting data from sensors, CoAP for constrained devices and networks, or XMPP for interconnecting devices and people. Also there is a plethora of standards and frameworks (OSGi, AllJoyn) bringing closer the paradigm of IoT vision. However, the main constraint of most existing platforms is their limited mutual interoperability. To this end, we provide a comprehensive description of protocols suitable to support the IoT vision. Further, we advocate an alternative approach to already known principles and employ the SIP protocol as a container for M2M data. We provide description of data structures and practical implementation principles of the proposed structures (JSON and Protocol Buffers are discussed in detail) transmitted by SIP as a promising enabler for efficient M2M communication in the IoT world. Our reported findings are based on extensive hands-on experience collected after the development of advanced M2M smart home gateway in cooperation with the operator Telekom Austria Group.

Advances in Methods and Techniques for Processing Streaming Big Data in Datacentre Clouds

Internet of Things (IoT), a part of Future Internet, comprises many billions of Internet connected Objects (ICOs) or ‘things’ where things can sense, communicate, compute and potentially actuate as well as have intelligence, multi-modal interfaces, physical/ virtual identities and attributes. The IoT vision has recently given rise to emerging IoT big data applications [2] , [3] e.g. smart energy grids, syndromic biosurveillance, environmental monitoring, emergency situation awareness, digital agriculture, and smart manufacturing that are capable of producing billions of data stream from geographically distributed data sources.

Middleware for Internet of Things: A Survey

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisages a future in which digital and physical things or objects (e.g., smartphones, TVs, cars) can be connected by means of suitable information and communication technologies, to enable a range of applications and services. The IoT's characteristics, including an ultra-large-scale network of things, device and network level heterogeneity, and large numbers of events generated spontaneously by these things, will make development of the diverse applications and services a very challenging task. In general, middleware can ease a development process by integrating heterogeneous computing and communications devices, and supporting interoperability within the diverse applications and services. Recently, there have been a number of proposals for IoT middleware. These proposals mostly addressed wireless sensor networks (WSNs), a key component of IoT, but do not consider RF identification (RFID), machine-to-machine (M2M) communications, and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), other three core elements in the IoT vision. In this paper, we outline a set of requirements for IoT middleware, and present a comprehensive review of the existing middleware solutions against those requirements. In addition, open research issues, challenges, and future research directions are highlighted.

An IoT-Aware Architecture for Smart Healthcare Systems

Over the last few years, the convincing forward steps in the development of Internet of Things (IoT)-enabling solutions are spurring the advent of novel and fascinating applications. Among others, mainly radio frequency identification (RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), and smart mobile technologies are leading this evolutionary trend. In the wake of this tendency, this paper proposes a novel, IoT-aware, smart architecture for automatic monitoring and tracking of patients, personnel, and biomedical devices within hospitals and nursing institutes. Staying true to the IoT vision, we propose a smart hospital system (SHS), which relies on different, yet complementary, technologies, specifically RFID, WSN, and smart mobile, interoperating with each other through a Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)/IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN)/representational state transfer (REST) network infrastructure. The SHS is able to collect, in real time, both environmental conditions and patients’ physiological parameters via an ultra-low-power hybrid sensing network (HSN) composed of 6LoWPAN nodes integrating UHF RFID functionalities. Sensed data are delivered to a control center where an advanced monitoring application (MA) makes them easily accessible by both local and remote users via a REST web service. The simple proof of concept implemented to validate the proposed SHS has highlighted a number of key capabilities and aspects of novelty, which represent a significant step forward compared to the actual state of the art.

Implementation and Evaluation of Four Interoperable Open Standards for the Internet of Things.

Recently, researchers are focusing on a new use of the Internet called the Internet of Things (IoT), in which enabled electronic devices can be remotely accessed over the Internet. As the realization of IoT concept is still in its early stages, manufacturers of Internet-connected devices and IoT web service providers are defining their proprietary protocols based on their targeted applications. Consequently, IoT becomes heterogeneous in terms of hardware capabilities and communication protocols. Addressing these heterogeneities by following open standards is a necessary step to communicate with various IoT devices. In this research, we assess the feasibility of applying existing open standards on resource-constrained IoT devices. The standard protocols developed in this research are OGC PUCK over Bluetooth, TinySOS, SOS over CoAP, and OGC SensorThings API. We believe that by hosting open standard protocols on IoT devices, not only do the devices become self-describable, self-contained, and interoperable, but innovative applications can also be easily developed with standardized interfaces. In addition, we use memory consumption, request message size, response message size, and response latency to benchmark the efficiency of the implemented protocols. In all, this research presents and evaluates standard-based solutions to better understand the feasibility of applying existing standards to the IoT vision.

WiSEGATE: Wireless Sensor Network Gateway framework for internet of things

With internet of things vision, computing systems get the ubiquity of real world. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology plays a critical role for the construction of this paradigm. Hence, WSN technology should be adapted to support interoperability with the commodity internet entities. Since technological background of WSN and IP networks do not fit each other, this effort is not a straightforward process. In this paper, we introduce WiSEGATE which addresses end-to-end reliable interconnection problem between multiple internet entities and sensor nodes. WiSEGATE is a prototype of a new web server which supports three tier service scheme with a data acquisition mechanism of WSN to access the physical data in particular locations in the real world. In WiSEGATE, an interconnection gateway handles operations required for the interoperability. Since this gateway maintains reliable TCP/IP connections of the interconnected entities, the resource constraint sensor nodes on WSN do not require a TCP/IP stack for handling end-to-end connections. A lightweight service layer is implemented on a sensor node for operations required by the interconnection. The strength and novelty of the model lies in the fact that this lightweight service layer relieves extra memory usage for end-to-end connection management. For determining limits of the proposed model, firstly, we examined the steps for request/response mechanism and modeled the gateway as a queueing system. By doing this, we derive a definition of the request traffic. For proof of concept, we performed comprehensive tests in simulation and real testbed environments for WLAN connection. WiSEGATE can achieve reasonable response times up to 80 simultaneous connections from remote entities to WSN when WLAN PER is less than 0.2.

Cognitive Machine-to-Machine Communications for Internet-of-Things: A Protocol Stack Perspective

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communications enables networked devices to exchange information among each other as well as with business application servers and therefore creates what is known as the Internet-of-Things (IoT). The research community has a consensus for the need of a standardized protocol stack for M2M communications. On the other hand, cognitive radio technology is very promising for M2M communications due to a number of factors. It is expected that cognitive M2M communications will be indispensable in order to realize the vision of IoT. However cognitive M2M communications requires a cognitive radio-enabled protocol stack in addition to the fundamental requirements of energy efficiency, reliability, and Internet connectivity. The main objective of this paper is to provide the state of the art in cognitive M2M communications from a protocol stack perspective. This paper covers the emerging standardization efforts and the latest developments on protocols for cognitive M2M networks. In addition, this paper also presents the authors' recent work in this area, which includes a centralized cognitive medium access control (MAC) protocol, a distributed cognitive MAC protocol, and a specially designed routing protocol for cognitive M2M networks. These protocols explicitly account for the peculiarities of cognitive radio environments. Performance evaluation demonstrates that the proposed protocols not only ensure protection to the primary users (PUs) but also fulfil the utility requirements of the secondary M2M networks.