Visible Space Research Articles

Visibility Model of Tangible Heritage. Visualization of the Urban Heritage Environment with Spatial Analysis Methods

The methodological approach of the study proposes an innovative yet adaptive way to define and preserve heritage sites and their elements. In the case study, the proposed methodology guides the design/planning research of heritage sites by linking the perceptual behaviour with the information of the built environment. Visibility is the tool to measure the level of exposure of specific urban elements from a particular perspective. While isovist analyses define visibility in the built environment, fields of view from the periphery of heritage sites are applied to calculate visible or invisible areas by the observer. The purpose of the current study is the evaluation of the identification of the elements to be protected, by modelling both the heritage environment and the heritage elements according to the visibility criteria. For this purpose, I illustrate my approach by using visibility analyses and Space syntax analysis in the case of the Sulukule neighbourhood, the leading renewal project, in Istanbul. This area used to have notably cultural–historical assets–historic land walls, the lifestyle of Roma people—but now the renovation works carried out in the Sulukule case study site have affected the identity of the “visible” and “known” space of the historic quarter.

와카 표현과 공간 -『만요슈』를 중심으로-

This study surveys Waka in terms of the concepts of visible and invisible space. Some Waka is written with either a visible or an invisible spatial setting, and some have both spatial settings. The different spatial settings reflect the author’s generational mood or style. This study clarifies the definitions of visible and invisible space and tries to interpret Man’yōshū 8–12 from the perspective of the definitions. The analysis identifies the fact that Waka commonly uses visible space. Zōka and Sōmon in Volumes 8 and 10 are the specific visible space where the main body of the Waka is presented. “Waka as the direct expression of one’s mind” in Volumes 11 and 12 does not specify a particular visible space, but a space where the main body of the Waka has emerged. Finally, Jōka emerges as “Waka in the form of metaphorical expression of objects.” In most cases, these Waka contain spatial aspects and use Jokotoba to describe the real scenes in one’s view.

Functional visibility graph analysis: Quantifying visuofunctional space with social media check-in data

Public space is characterised by visible spaces and featured by observable activities, forming the atmosphere that humans can perceive, interpret, and experience. This article conceptualises urban space as a set of viewsheds connecting functions visually which can be represented as functional visibility graphs – the graphs with mutual-visibility edges between space and function nodes. It begins with an introduction of three basic measures: visual function size, entropy, and mean angular depth step, then proposes advanced measures: namely visual function connectivity, function visibility, and visible function closeness, showing spatial narratives along paths, visual centrality in place, and functional regions for continuous areas, respectively. This framework is enabled by social media check-in data that records people’s engagements across function nodes tagged by them. An application in a real example in Tianjin City is shown. The novelty of using social media check-ins as a delegation of actual function usage is demonstrated for modelling urban movement with improved precision. By tracing the shifting performance of the functional visibility graphs for the same spatial layout, this study outlines how such analysis can be conducted for uncovering short-term transformation of the visual landscape, contributing to the fine-scale, high-resolution implementations of land use policies from a real human-focused perspective, with the socially sensed data.

"Supradental space sign" on cervical spine CT-a sign of tectorial membrane injury in adults trauma patients.

The supradental space is a small, predominantly fat-filled recess superior to the atlanto-axial joint and inferior to the basion of the clivus that contains a small venous plexus. The posterior boundary of the supradental space is formed by the tectorial membrane, a stabilizing ligament of the craniocervical junction. The purpose of our study was to examine the imaging appearance of the supradental space in patients with tectorial membrane injury. Adult patients with tectorial membrane injury were identified utilizing keyword searches of radiology reports using Nuance mPower software. Age-matched positive and negative control groups were obtained. Two CAQ-certified neuroradiologists evaluated the cervical CT exams of these patients for supradental fat pad effacement from hematoma formation. The integrity of the osteoligamentous structures of the craniocervical junction was recorded on CT and MRI exams along with demographic information, clinical history, surgical management, and global outcome. Statistical analysis was performed. Sixteen adults were diagnosed with tectorial membrane injury on cervical MRI. All patients with a visible supradental space demonstrated fat pad effacement and Hounsfield units consistent with hematoma formation. The positive and negative control groups demonstrated supradental fat pad effacement in 2/16 and 1/16 patients, respectively. A p-value of < 0.001 was obtained. The "supradental space sign," defined as hematoma formation in the supradental space with effacement of the supradental fat pad is associated with tectorial membrane injury in adult trauma patients with sensitivity of 93.75% (95% confidence interval 69.77 to 99.84%) and specificity of 90.62% (95% confidence interval 74.98 to 98.02%).

3D Visibility Analysis for Evaluating the Attractiveness of Tourism Routes Computed from Social Media Photos

Social media is used nowadays for various location-based applications and services, aspiring to use the vast and timely potential of user-generated content. To evaluate the correctness, reliability and potential of these applications and services, they are mostly evaluated in terms of optimization or compared to existing authoritative data sources and services. With respect to route planning, criterion optimization is mostly implemented to evaluate the service effectiveness, in terms of, e.g., length, time or visited places. These evaluations are mostly limited in their effectiveness at presenting the complete experience of the route, since they are limited to a predefined criterion and are mostly implemented in two-dimensional space. In this research, we propose a comprehensive evaluation process, in which a tourism walking route is analyzed with respect to three-dimensional visibility that measures the attractiveness of the route relating to the user perception. To present our development, we showcase the use of Flickr, a social media photo-sharing online website that is popular among travelers that share their tourism experiences. We use Flickr photos to generate tourism walking routes and evaluate them in terms of the visible space. We show that the 3D visibility analysis identifies the various visible urban elements in the vicinity of the tourism routes, which are more attractive, scenery and include many tourism attractions. Since urban attractivity is often reflected in the photo-trails of Flickr photographers, we argue that using 3D visibility analysis that measures urban attractiveness and scenery should be considered for the purpose of analysis and evaluation of location-based services.

Exploring Variances of White Matter Integrity and the Glymphatic System in Simple Febrile Seizures and Epilepsy.

Background: Simple febrile seizures (SFS) and epilepsy are common seizures in childhood. However, the mechanism underlying SFS is uncertain, and the presence of obvious variances in white matter (WM) integrity and glymphatic function between SFS and epilepsy remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the differences in WM integrity and glymphatic function between SFS and epilepsy.Material and Methods: We retrospectively included 26 children with SFS, 33 children with epilepsy, and 28 controls aged 6–60 months who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were used to compare the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics of WM among the above-mentioned groups. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) was used to segment the visible Virchow-Robin space (VRS) through a custom-designed automated method. VRS counts and volume were quantified and compared among the SFS, epilepsy, and control groups. Correlations of the VRS metrics and seizure duration and VRS metrics and the time interval between seizure onset and MRI scan were also investigated.Results: In comparison with controls, children with SFS showed no significant changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), or radial diffusivity (RD) in the WM (P > 0.05). Decreased FA, unchanged AD, and increased RD were observed in the epilepsy group in comparison with the SFS and control groups (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, VRS counts were higher in the SFS and epilepsy groups than in the control group (VRS_SFS, 442.42 ± 74.58, VRS_epilepsy, 629.94 ± 106.55, VRS_control, 354.14 ± 106.58; P < 0.001), and similar results were found for VRS volume (VRS_SFS, 6,228.18 ± 570.74 mm3, VRS_epilepsy, 9,684.84 ± 7,292.66mm3, VRS_control, 4,007.22 ± 118.86 mm3; P < 0.001). However, VRS metrics were lower in the SFS group than in the epilepsy group (P < 0.001). In both SFS and epilepsy, VRS metrics positively correlated with seizure duration and negatively correlated with the course after seizure onset.Conclusion: SFS may not be associated with WM microstructural disruption; however, epilepsy is related to WM alterations. Seizures are associated with glymphatic dysfunction in either SFS or epilepsy.

Centrum Semiovale Perivascular Space and Amyloid Deposition in Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

We explored whether high-degree magnetic resonance imaging–visible perivascular spaces in centrum semiovale (CSO) are more prevalent in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) than hypertensive small vessel disease and their relationship to brain amyloid retention in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). One hundred and eight spontaneous ICH patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging and Pittsburgh compound B were enrolled. Topography and severity of enlarged perivascular spaces were compared between CAA-related ICH (CAA-ICH) and hypertensive small vessel disease–related ICH (non-CAA ICH). Clinical and image characteristics associated with high-degree perivascular spaces were evaluated in univariate and multivariable analyses. Univariate and multivariable models were performed to evaluate associations between the severity of perivascular spaces in CSO and amyloid retention in CAA-ICH and non–CAA-ICH cases. Patients with CAA-ICH (n=29) and non–CAA-ICH (n=79) had similar prevalence of high-degree perivascular spaces in CSO (44.8% versus 36.7%; P=0.507) and in basal ganglia (34.5% versus 51.9%; P=0.131). High-degree perivascular spaces in CSO were independently associated with the presence of lobar microbleed (odds ratio, 3.0 [95% CI, 1.1–8.0]; P=0.032). The amyloid retention was higher in those with high-degree than those with low-degree CSO-perivascular spaces in CAA-ICH (global Pittsburgh compound B standardized uptake value ratio, 1.55 [1.33–1.61] versus 1.13 [1.01–1.48]; P=0.003) but not in non–CAA-ICH. In CAA-ICH, the association between cerebral amyloid retention and the degree of perivascular spaces in CSO remained significant after adjustment for age and lobar microbleed number (P=0.004). Although high-degree magnetic resonance imaging–visible perivascular spaces are equally prevalent between CAA-ICH and non–CAA-ICH in the Asian cohort, the severity of magnetic resonance imaging–visible CSO-perivascular spaces may be an indicator of higher brain amyloid deposition in patients with CAA-ICH.

Link between Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Poor Sleep, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Visible Perivascular Spaces in Veterans.

Impaired clearance of perivascular waste in the brain may play a critical role in morbidity after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We aimed to determine the effect of mTBI on the burden of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible perivascular spaces (PVSs) in a cohort of U.S. military veterans and whether sleep modulates this effect. We also investigated the correlation between PVS burden and severity of persistent post-concussive symptoms. Fifty-six Iraq/Afghanistan veterans received 3 Tesla MRI as part of a prospective cohort study on military blast mTBI. White matter PVS burden (i.e., number and volume) was calculated using an established automated segmentation algorithm. Multi-variate regression was used to establish the association between mTBIs sustained in the military and PVS burden. Covariates included age, blood pressure, number of impact mTBIs outside the military, and blast exposures. Correlation coefficients were calculated between PVS burden and severity of persistent post-concussive symptoms. There was a significant positive relationship between the number of mTBIs sustained in the military and both PVS number and volume (p = 0.04). A significant interaction was found between mTBI and poor sleep on PVS volume (p = 0.04). A correlation was found between PVS number and volume, as well as severity of postconcussive symptoms (p = 0.03). Further analysis revealed a moderate correlation between PVS number and volume, as well as balance problems (p < 0.001). In Iraq/Afghanistan veterans, mTBI is associated with an increase in PVS burden. Further, an interaction exists between mTBI and poor sleep on PVS burden. Increased PVS burden, which may indicate waste clearance dysfunction, is associated with persistent post-concussive symptom severity.

Digital media and international migration: Twitter discourse during the Canadian federal election

AbstractAs a contentious, multidimensional issue, migration attracts significant media attention in affluent societies. While analysts have assessed coverage in traditional outlets, less is known about social media – digital platforms that facilitate the creation and sharing of content online. Working with a unique dataset of tweets from the 2019 Canadian federal election, this study analyses migration's representation within visible digital spaces. Employing content analytic methods, it offers new insight into the patterns of participation, claims‐making and engagement associated with the topic's online depiction. Alongside documenting significant lay involvement and creativity, it reveals communications were slightly negative and, reflecting the contemporary political climate, significantly more likely to feature identity‐based issues than economic and redistributive concerns. Messages from professional broadcasters, as well as, those featuring negative sentiments and referencing cultural matters generated greater engagement. The implications of these results and recommendations for future research are considered.

Ecology, Rubble, and Disappearance. Reflections on the Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve in Buenos Aires

The Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve is located on the central shore of Buenos Aires city, along the Río de la Plata. The foundations of this site are the product of the accumulated rubble that was deposited there by the city council during Argentina's last dictatorship (1976–1983), mainly with the purpose of settling a terrain for the construction of a new municipal Administrative Centre. However, the Administrative Centre was never built and the rubble was colonised by all sorts of flora and fauna coming down the river. After the dictatorship ended, the zone was designated as the “Parque Nacional y Reserva ecológica.” In this article we explore the Reserva as a visible and public space that evidences the ongoing dialectic of construction and destruction that underlies the projects for refurbishment carried out by the last civilian-military government. Taking this as our point of departure, we examine the ways in which the rubble – as the left-over material of the demolitions carried out by the dictatorship – is (re)connected to the space of the city and its history. We analyse the place that the rubble's illicit origin occupies in the history of the Reserva and how this space is conceived, used, and imagined today. Our argument is structured in three parts. In the first, we focus our investigation on the Reserva's genesis. In the second, we look at how the space of the Reserva is being rewritten by the neoliberal city council, which uses “ecological” discourse while deliberately overlooking the site's unlawful origin. In the third part, we explore uses of the concept of ecology that might foster a more profound understanding of the complexities of this terrain. We conclude with a reflection on the various uses and discourses that criss-cross the space of the Reserva today.

All-sky visible and near infrared space astrometry

The era of all-sky space astrometry began with the Hipparcos mission in 1989 and provided the first very accurate catalogue of apparent magnitudes, positions, parallaxes and proper motions of 120 000 bright stars at the milliarcsec (or milliarcsec per year) accuracy level. Hipparcos has now been superseded by the results of the Gaia mission. The second Gaia data release contained astrometric data for almost 1.7 billion sources with tens of microarcsec (or microarcsec per year) accuracy in a vast volume of the Milky Way and future data releases will further improve on this. Gaia has just completed its nominal 5-year mission (July 2019), but is expected to continue in operations for an extended period of an additional 5 years through to mid 2024. Its final catalogue to be released sim 2027, will provide astrometry for sim 2 billion sources, with astrometric precisions reaching 10 microarcsec. Why is accurate astrometry so important? The answer is that it provides fundamental data which underpin much of modern observational astronomy as will be detailed in this White Paper. All-sky visible and Near-InfraRed (NIR) astrometry with a wavelength cutoff in the K-band is not just focused on a single or small number of key science cases. Instead, it is extremely broad, answering key science questions in nearly every branch of astronomy while also providing a dense and accurate visible-NIR reference frame needed for future astronomy facilities.

#HereToStay: murals of resistance and civic engagement

ABSTRACT Visual art provides a platform for activists to make political standpoints, highlight social struggles, and reinforce collective identities in a silent, yet powerful way. Protest art is a form of non-violent action that allows expressions of dissent and inspires change. Murals are a unique form of protest because they are in public spaces and reach a large audience that is then exposed to political and social critiques, often highlighting past and present injustices. In this article, we introduce the work of Yehimi Cambrón as a case study. Cambrón is an artist living in Atlanta, Georgia where her murals depict historic and current issues by mingling Atlanta’s rich history of the civil rights movement with her personal story of being an undocumented immigrant. We analyse her work through the lens of non-violent theories and in the context of street art and protest murals that have brought awareness to a variety of cultural, structural, and violent conflicts. In line with the literature on protest art and non-violent action, we argue that murals like the ones from Cambrón are a form of non-violent civic action that give voice to marginalized groups by using publicly visible space to confront social and political issues.

Abstract 36: The Boston Criteria V2.0 for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Updated Criteria and Multicenter MRI-Neuropathology Validation

Introduction: The Boston criteria are used worldwide for in vivo diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Given substantial advances in CAA research, we aimed to update the Boston criteria and externally validate their diagnostic accuracy across the spectrum of CAA-related presentations and across international sites. Methods: As part of an International CAA Association multicenter study, we identified patients age 50 or older with potential CAA-related clinical presentations (spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, cognitive impairment, or transient focal neurological episodes), available brain MRI, and histopathologic assessment for the diagnosis of CAA. We derived Boston criteria v2.0 by selecting MRI features to optimize diagnostic specificity and sensitivity in a pre-specified derivation sample (Boston cases 1994 to 2012, n=159), then externally validated in pre-specified temporal (Boston cases 2012-2018, n=59) and geographical (non-Boston cases 2004-2018; n=123) validation samples and compared their diagnostic accuracy to the currently used modified Boston criteria. Results: Based on exploratory analyses in the derivation sample, we derived provisional criteria for probable CAA requiring presence of at least 2 strictly lobar hemorrhagic lesions (intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral microbleed, or cortical superficial siderosis focus) or at least 1 strictly lobar hemorrhagic lesion and 1 white matter characteristic (severe degree of visible perivascular spaces in centrum semiovale or white matter hyperintensities multispot pattern). Sensitivity/specificity of the criteria were 74.8/84.6% in the derivation sample, 92.5/89.5% in the temporal validation sample, 80.2/81.5% in the geographic validation sample, and 74.5/95.0% in cases across all samples with autopsy as the diagnostic gold standard. The v2.0 criteria for probable CAA had superior accuracy to the currently modified Boston criteria (p&lt;0.005) in the autopsied cases. Conclusion: The Boston criteria v.2.0 incorporate emerging MRI markers of CAA to enhance sensitivity without compromising their high specificity. Validation of the criteria across independent patient settings firmly supports their adoption into clinical practice and research.

Differentiating graffiti in Macao: activity types, multimodality and institutional appropriation

Multimodal graffiti are constrained by the environment in which they are written and by the activities in which graffiti writing takes place. This article examines graffiti collected in Graffiti Park and Nam Van Lake Underground in Macao. The graffiti in the two sites display systematic differences in topics, objectives, subjects, affordance, texture and framing, which are attributed to varied activity types and the multimodality/materiality of public space. Specifically, those in Graffiti Park – a small and secluded area – are products of one-off activities attended by professional writers, ordinary citizens and tourists. Nam Van Lakeside has a more visible space, and yet the graffiti there – largely murals painted by a few commissioned writers – display limited topics/themes under institutional appropriation. The materiality of the wall space also contributes to the variations in styles and contents of graffiti in the two sites.

Visual Representation of the Modern Domestic Space in Iranian Printed Media (1925-1979)

This paper investigates the visual representation of the modern domestic space in printed media, particularly, women’s interest publications during the Pahlavi period in Iran. The aim of the study is to understand how the notion of ‘being modern’ regarding the domestic space was explained and visualized in printed media. In other words, the main concern of this study is to explore the concepts that were mostly taken into account in the formation of the modern domestic space in Iranian publications. Therefore, publications targeted at women in the Pahlavi period were scrutinized as the study medium to display both ideas and representations around the domestic space. In these publications, visual tools including photographs, sketches, and advertisements along with texts were rigorously analyzed. The findings of the research highlighted that the ideas in terms of the modern domestic space were very similar to the notions on the modern woman. In order to bring a modern identity to the woman and the domestic space, the abandonment of traditional principles and codes were considered as the initial and necessary step. Consequently, modern concepts including women’s education, health, unveiling, and beautiful appearance were introduced in parallel with the concepts of functional, hygienic, visible, and pleasant domestic space in mass media.

The “Dance with Daggers” as an Ethno-Marker of Adyghe Culture

This article reviews the history, semantic scope and meaning of the “dance with daggers”, which has survived today as a solo male stage number. The dance is becoming a very important part of academic dance concerts in the North Caucasus, and at the same time dancers with daggers are invited to traditional weddings and corporate parties. Сamechas (kъамэчIас) are identified as military sports and exercises, while also being a modern dance concert number with the same name. The military sport, circus and dance characteristics of this action are revealed in the article. It is proved that the dance is based on the demonstration of military merits, such as the ability to handle sharp knives freely and easily, to throw them at a target, to overcome any obstacles through high jumps, to keep a visible space in sight, to control the body gracefully and to conquer physical pain. In the history of the development of the dance, a multilayered literary text is formed that has mythological and ethno-informational codes. The meaning of using twelve daggers and a papakha (sheepskin hat), symbolizing intellect/reason and equal to any Caucasian man’s head is revealed. The movements on toes allowing one to “rise”, to be close to the gods and to conform to the contours of the mountain landscape, are comparable to the fine graceful movements of mountain animals using any stone or mound as support. Jumping, whirling, lunging, and manipulating with a large number of daggers are considered as signs that reveal deep ethnic values. The choreographic and musical component of the dance is analyzed as well as tricks that are included in the plot of the dance, allowing the performer to demonstrate traditional hand positions, certain steps, jump height, spin speed. The Western Adyghes have formed a stable musical composition for the “dance with daggers”, which consists of three tunes: “Dzherakai Zafak”, “Kabardinka” and an Ossetian melody arranged by the famous Adyghe accordionist Kim Tletseruk. “Gathering” music also symbolically represents the “dance with daggers” as a product and artistic practice of the entire Caucasus.

Visible Space: A Visual Analysis in the Landscape Planning and Designing

Visible Space: A Visual Analysis in the Landscape Planning and Designing

The Aesthetics of Moral Address

Acts of interpersonal moral address depend upon a shared space of social visibility in which human beings can both display themselves and perceive others as morally important. This raises questions that have gone largely undiscussed in recent philosophical work on moral address. How does the social mediation of interpersonal perception by forces such as ideology shape and limit the possibilities for moral address? And how might creative acts of putting oneself on display make possible unanticipated forms of moral address, especially under ideological conditions? In this paper, I propose that we can make progress towards answering such questions by treating moral address as a fundamentally aesthetic phenomenon. I begin by drawing examples from literature that invite the idea that humans and animals possess ethically value-laden features that are open to empirical view, and argue that approaches to moral address that do not avail themselves of this idea face serious limits, focusing on Stephen Darwall’s The Second-Person Standpoint. I then illustrate the role of the aesthetic in moral address by offering a reading of the “Capitol Crawl,” a 1990 direct action in which people with disabilities left behind assistive devices in order to ascend the stairs leading to the US Capitol. Drawing from some ideas in Iris Murdoch, I argue that the aesthetically striking features of this collective act of moral address are inseparable from the moral demands it expresses, and that, read as an aesthetic whole, its morally expressive power extends beyond the discursive while nevertheless remaining a part of the space of reasons.

The Bicha Louca (Crazy Fag) Character and the Construction of a Network of Actorial Work in Brazil during the Civil-Military Dictatorship (1964-1985)

ABSTRACT The article proposes the existence of an actorial network that created a character-type of the male homosexual, which could be called the bicha louca (crazy fag). Actors such as Nestor Montemar, Raul Cortez, Ítalo Rossi and Emiliano Queiroz participated in this network, contributing to the theatre being a space of visibility for the LGBT population and of resistance to the moral and political repression in the period of the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship (1964-1985).

Letter from the Editors: Contemporary Popular Culture and Social Criticism

Letter from the Editors: Contemporary Popular Culture and Social Criticism