Visible Light Transmittance Research Articles

Fabrication and characterization of long-lasting antifungal film containing cinnamaldehyde-loaded complex coacervation microcapsules based on gelatin and gum Arabic

A novel long-acting antifungal active film was successfully created, as an alternative to conventional chemical food preservatives. The antifungal films incorporated with cinnamaldehyde (CA) microcapsules achieved long-lasting antifungal activity, mitigated yellowing caused by the direct addition of CA, and showed improved flexibility properties. CA multinuclear microcapsules were produced using gelatin with a Bloom value of 200 and gum arabic, resulting in increased encapsulation efficiency (99.86 %), good dispersibility and enhanced antifungal ability (inhibition zone diameter of 32 mm). These microcapsules can be incorporated into films as a sustained-release antifungal agent. Compared to unencapsulated CA, the addition of 1 % CA microcapsules reduced the ultraviolet transmittance (<36.40 %) of the film while maintaining visible-light transmittance (36.40 %–65.20 %), and improving its elongation at break (23.49 %). The water vapor permeability of the film was not affected by the inclusion of CA microcapsules below 0.25 %. Moreover, microcapsules can enhance the thermal properties of the film. Antifungal films incorporated with 0.5 %–2 % microcapsules may offer better long-acting inhibition against A. brasiliensis. This study presents a new promising pathway for food storage.

A Study of the Optical Properties and Stability of Cs0.33WO3 with Different Particle Sizes for Energy-Efficient Window Films in Building Glazing

Cs0.33WO3 (CWO) is a widely used inorganic material in window films and glass coatings, known for its excellent near-infrared radiation (NIR) blocking property and high visible light transmittance (Tvis). However, the stability of NIR blocking and the optical properties of CWO in the process of application is an urgent and important problem, because significant changes in optical results can impact the related products, such as window films, glass coatings, and so on. In this paper, the particle sizes and optical properties of CWO are tested to study the light stability and their relative relations. The results indicate that CWO particle sizes between 130 nm and 100 nm (D90, the point where 90% of the particles have a diameter smaller than the specified value) exhibit high stability in terms of NIR blocking and visible light transmittance (Tvis). CWO particles with D90 &lt; 100 nm experience a greater reduction in NIR blocking, though this ability significantly recovers upon exposure to sunlight, making these coatings particularly suitable for use in tropical and subtropical climates.

Highly insulated hydrogen powered vacuum gasochromic smart windows for energy-efficient buildings

Switchable active hydrogen powered gasochromic smart windows present an appealing option for energy-efficient building integration, offering two controllable transparencies between ON and OFF states compared to traditional windows. Implementing such glazing in cold-climate buildings requires minimizing the total heat transfer across the glazing, achievable through vacuum-insulated glazing resulting in the retrofitting to obtain energy efficient building. This study investigates the potential of vacuum gasochromic (VGC) windows to enhance the energy efficiency of buildings in diverse climatic conditions, focusing on London, UK, and New Delhi, India. Comparing traditional single-glazing and double-glazing windows with vacuum-gasochromic windows in terms of thermal performance, energy demand, and dynamic control over solar heat gain and visible light transmission are evaluated using advanced simulation techniques with SketchUp, OPTICS6, WINDOW 7.8 and EnergyPlus 9.6. Results reveal that vacuum gasochromic windows exhibit superior thermal insulation with significantly lower U-values of 1.559W/m2K, reducing heat transfer and energy demand for heating and cooling. Vacuum gasochromic opaque states demonstrate exceptional performance in minimizing energy transfer, making them the most energy-efficient option, especially in warm climates like New Delhi with 9544.4 kWh. Conversely, vacuum gasochromic transparent state shows promise in reducing heating demand in London's cold climate by 9.43 %, highlighting their adaptability. Moreover, vacuum gasochromic windows allow dynamic control over solar heat gain and visible light transmission, enabling occupants to adjust transparency based on weather conditions and preferences.

Optimization of optical properties of nanocomposite films incorporating CWO and ITO nanoparticles for energy-saving window applications

Cesium tungsten oxide (CWO) and indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles are potential candidates for application in energy-saving windows. However, most optical studies on these nanocomposite films lack systematic evaluation and design methods. In this work, the optical properties of spherical and cylindrical CWO and ITO nanoparticles under different geometric parameters based on the Lorenz–Mie and T-matrix theories are investigated, and spectral responses of CWO-PDMS and ITO-PDMS windows are calculated by solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE) using the Monte Carlo method. By evaluating and optimizing the geometric parameters of the nanocomposite films, energy-saving windows exhibit excellent optical performance, with a visible light transmittance that meets the indoor needs of the human eye (Tlum is about 0.6), and can shield most near-infrared light, especially CWO-PDMS windows (TNIR=0.04). Finally, a building energy consumption simulation analysis based on Energy Plus is conducted in three different cities: Jinan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The results indicate that by adjusting the geometric parameters of nanoparticles, energy-saving windows can effectively reduce energy consumption in tropical and subtropical regions. This work provides guidance for the subsequent commercialization and experimental analysis of spectral selective composite films.

Next-generation solar technologies: Unlocking the potential of Ag-ZnO hybrid nanofluids for enhanced spectral-splitting photovoltaic-thermal systems

In traditional hybrid concentrating photovoltaic-thermal (PV-T) collectors, suboptimal utilisation of the solar spectrum results in elevated temperatures that adversely affect PV cell efficiency. In this context, solar spectral beam splitting (SBS) designs have emerged as they promise improved solar spectrum utilisation with reduced optical losses. In particular, fluid-based SBS filters, such as novel Ag-ZnO/water hybrid nanofluids, have attracted attention as they present a significant advantage over conventional filters (e.g., anti-reflective coatings, selective coatings, bandpass filters, long-pass/short-pass filters, dielectric filters). These nanofluid filters serve as both heat transfer and thermal storage mediums, enhancing the overall efficiency of PV-T systems. Full-spectrum solar utilisation via SBS enables down conversion in the UV region, transmission of visible and near-infrared light (crucial for Si PV cell optoelectronic efficiency), and absorption of the infrared region. A Ag-ZnO/water nanofluid filter-based PV-T system is investigated and is shown to achieve a thermal efficiency > 65 % with good electrical performance. Optimal conditions include an Ag-ZnO concentration of 50 ppm, solar irradiance of 800–1000 W/m2, and optical thickness of 20 mm. The integration of this type of nanofluid filter enhances spectral selectivity, reduces PV cell temperatures, improves heat extraction, and offers dual functionality: cooling and filtration, making it a promising and economically viable candidate for commercial PV-T applications.

Highly reliable anti-reflection radiative cooling glass applicable to thermal management of solar cells

The encapsulation materials of solar cells have a significant impact on the performance and stability of the cells. Herein, an anti-reflection radiative cooling (ARRC) glass for photovoltaic (PV) devices is proposed by multi-layer design. Harnessing the synergy of anti-reflection layers and a transparent radiative cooling layer, ARRC glass can dissipate heat radiatively through molecular vibrations. Concurrently, it maintains the functionality and aesthetics of the associated devices. ARRC possesses four prominent characteristics, enabling it to serve as an encapsulation glass to enhance the performance and stability of solar cells. 1. Superior maximum visible light transmittance (0.954, 602 nm). 2. Outstanding mid-infrared emittance (0.951). 3. Excellent UV blocking performance (reached 99 % at 320 nm). 4. Marvelous thermal management performance (6.6 °C cooling for multi-crystalline silicon solar cells and 8.6 °C cooling for perovskite cells). Excellent anti-reflection and cooling performance of ARRC glass improves conversion efficiency by 1.08 % and 1.79 % for multi-crystalline silicon solar cells and perovskite solar cells (PSCs), respectively. Moreover, ARRC glass enhances the UV stability of PSCs by 4 times and significantly alleviates the thermal decomposition of PSCs. The ARRC glass, with excellent adhesion, scalability, economy, and stability, is expected to be applied on a large scale and further contribute to energy and environment sustainability.

Multilayer thin film mid-infrared broadband absorber with high visible light transmittance

Few reports on absorbers achieve both high transmittance of visible light and strong absorption of mid-infrared light. Here a multilayered absorber with high visible light transmittance and strong broadband absorption in the mid-infrared band is proposed. The absorber is four-layer films of ITO/SiO2/ITO/SiO2 successively deposited on single-sided conductive glass by electron beam evaporation technology. The experiment shows that the integral transmittance in the 400–800 nm range is 82.8 %, and the integral absorption in the 3–5 μm band is 88.2 %.

Preparation of High-Performance Transparent Al2O3 Dielectric Films via Self-Exothermic Reaction Based on Solution Method and Applications.

As the competition intensifies in enhancing the integration and performance of integrated circuits, in accordance with the famous Moore's Law, higher performance and smaller size requirements are imposed on the dielectric layers in electronic devices. Compared to vacuum methods, the production cost of preparing dielectric layers via solution methods is lower, and the preparation cycle is shorter. This paper utilizes a low-temperature self-exothermic reaction based on the solution method to prepare high-performance Al2O3 dielectric thin films that are compatible with flexible substrates. In this paper, we first established two non-self-exothermic systems: one with pure aluminum nitrate and one with pure aluminum acetylacetonate. Additionally, we set up one self-exothermic system where aluminum nitrate and aluminum acetylacetonate were mixed in a 1:1 ratio. Tests revealed that the leakage current density and dielectric constant of the self-exothermic system devices were significantly optimized compared to the two non-self-exothermic system devices, indicating that the self-exothermic reaction can effectively improve the quality of the dielectric film. This paper further established two self-exothermic systems with aluminum nitrate and aluminum acetylacetonate mixed in 2:1 and 1:2 ratios, respectively, for comparison. The results indicate that as the proportion of aluminum nitrate increases, the overall dielectric performance of the devices improves. The best overall performance occurs when aluminum nitrate and aluminum acetylacetonate are mixed in a ratio of 2:1: The film surface is smooth without cracks; the surface roughness is 0.747 ± 0.045 nm; the visible light transmittance reaches up to 98%; on the basis of this film, MIM devices were fabricated, with tested leakage current density as low as 1.08 × 10-8 A/cm2 @1 MV and a relative dielectric constant as high as 8.61 ± 0.06, demonstrating excellent electrical performance.

ZnO/SrTiO3, ZnO/WO3, and ZnO/Zn2SnO4 Bilayer as Electron Transport Layers for Lead Sulfide Colloidal Quantum Dots Solar Cells.

In order to enhance the overall efficiency of colloidal quantum dots solar cells, it is crucial to suppress the recombination of charge carriers and minimize energy loss at the interfaces between the transparent electrode, electron transport layer (ETL), and colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) light-absorbing material. In the current study, ZnO/SrTiO3(STO), ZnO/WO3(TO), and ZnO/Zn2SnO4(ZTO) bilayers are introduced as an ETL using a spin-coating technique. The ZTO interlayer exhibits a smoother surface with a root-mean-square (RMS) value of ≈ 3.28nm compared to STO and TO interlayers, which enables it to cover the surface of the ITO/ZnO substrate entirely and helps to prevent direct contact between the CQDs absorber layer and the ITO/ZnO substrate, thereby effectively preventing efficient charge recombination at the interfaces of the ETL/CQDs. Furthermore, the ZTO interlayer possesses superior electron mobility, a higher visible light transmission, and a suitable energy band structure compared to STO and TO. These characteristics are advantageous for extracting charge carriers and facilitating electron transport. The PbS CQDs solar cell based on the ITO/ZnO/ZTO/PbS-FABr/PbS-EDT/NiO/Au device configuration exhibits the highest efficiency of 15.28%, which is significantly superior than the ITO/ZnO/PbS-FABr/PbS-EDT/NiO/Au solar cell device (PCE = 14.38%). This study is anticipated to offer a practical approach to develop ultrathin and compact ETL for highly efficient CQDSCs.

Highly Sensitive Two‐Dimensional Ruddlesden‐Popper Perovskites for Thermochromic Smart Windows

AbstractWith the growing demand for high‐performance smart windows, the discover of a class of thermochromic materials with reversible cycling and rapid response characteristics has become urgent. In this work, we have uncovered a two‐dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden‐Popper (RP) phase halide perovskite, (PMA)2MAPb2I7−xClx, where PMA=C6H5CH2NH3 and MA=CH3NH3, exhibiting exceptional reversible thermochromic properties. The 2D RP phase perovskite thin film features a low transition temperature (Tc=30 °C from the hydrated state to the hot state, along with a fast transition time of 40 s. Furthermore, the addition of 0.5 times excess MAI significantly enhances the visible light transmittance of the hydrated state. Characteristic hydration peaks in X‐ray diffraction patterns and O−H bond absorption peaks Fourier‐transform infrared spectra are observed in the thin film in its hydrated state, which disappear in the hot state, validating its reversible thermochromic properties. Additionally, a solar cell based on the thermochromic 2D RP phase thin film achieves a power conversion efficiency of 2.31 %, offering a promising solution for advanced smart window technologies.

Tough, high-strength, flame-retardant and recyclable polyurethane elastomers based on dynamic borate acid esters

With the wide application of polyurethane elastomers, it is necessary to develop recyclable, fire-retardant polyurethane elastomers with great mechanical properties to comply with industrial requirements. Herein, we fabricated a flame-retardant, recyclable, strong yet tough polyurethane elastomer (PIDB-1) based on dynamic borate acid esters. The introduction of phosphaphenanthrene and boron-containing groups endow PIDB-1 with great flame retardancy, as reflected by it achieving the vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating. The PIDB-1 film shows high visible light transmittance, and its transmittance reaches 90 % at the wavelength of 800 to 900 nm. The tensile strength of PIDB-1 is 54.9 MPa, and its toughness reaches 207.8 kJ/m3, indicative of superior mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the dynamic borate acid esters allow the PIDB-1 elastomer to possess physical and chemical recyclability. When using PIDB-1 as a polymer matrix for carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites, the carbon fibers can be fully recycled. This work provides an integrated design strategy for creating transparent, flame-retardant, recyclable polyurethane elastomers combining high strength and toughness based on dynamic borate ester bonds, which is expected to find wide applications in different industries.

Fabrication of Low-Emissivity Glass with Antibacterial Properties by Coating Cu/AZO Thin Films

This study explores the feasibility of using Cu/AZO thin films as low-emissivity materials with antibacterial properties, fabricated using the linear sputtering method. The linear sputtering technique deposits thin films onto continuous substrates, offering high throughput, uniform coatings, and precise control over film properties. In this research, Cu/AZO thin films underwent either vacuum annealing or hydrogen plasma annealing treatments. The Cu layer imparts antibacterial properties, while the AZO layer primarily provides thermal insulation. Experimental results show that annealing treatments enhance both photoelectric performance and antibacterial capability. Annealed Cu/AZO films exhibit lower resistivity and emissivity. Among the samples, those subjected to vacuum annealing at 400 °C are most suitable for low-emissivity applications, with an average visible light transmittance of 60%, an emissivity of 0.16, and an antibacterial activity value of 8.8. The Cu/AZO films proposed in this study effectively combine antibacterial and thermal insulation properties, making them relevant for the field of green materials.

Performance investigation of solution-processed semi-transparent perovskite solar cells in building sectors

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cell (PSC) windows have received much attention from scholars due to their remarkable power generation capacity and thermal insulation performance. However, considering the complexity of their fabrication process, and the significant decrease in power generation efficiency when scaling up to large-sized solar modules. To solve the above problems, this study developed a scalable production technological process to prepare translucent PSC modules, in which large-area chalcogenide thin films were prepared by a scratch-coating method. The prepared PSC module has an average visible light transmittance of 20.1 % and shows a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.92 %. Experimental tests were conducted to investigate its photo-thermal regulation performance concerning the existing common window. The results show that the newly developed photovoltaic window reduces the indoor air temperature by 1.4 °C while the illuminance is reduced by about 59.2 % compared to the common window. A further simulation is performed by Energyplus, with a conclusion that PSC windows can decrease glare probability by 24.7 %–45.7 %, diminish building energy usage by 26.6 %–59.6 %, and achieve up to 469.9 kWh power generation in Harbin, China. The investigation of this paper paves the technical and foundational way for the large-scale application of PSC in building sectors.

CsxWO3 films with excellent infrared shielding ability and high visible light transmittance prepared via magnetron sputtering

Caesium tungsten bronze materials are widely used in various applications, such as architectural glass, medicine, insulation coating and textile fibre, owing to their excellent mechanical, optical and thermal properties. In this study, a caesium tungsten bronze (CsxWO3, x = 0.3–0.32) target with a relative density of 99.63 % and uniform microstructure was successfully prepared via hot-pressing sintering. CsxWO3 films were deposited on a quartz glass substrate via magnetron sputtering, and the mechanisms and effects of the substrate temperature and oxygen flow rate on the phase structure, microstructure and optical properties of CsxWO3 films were investigated. When the substrate temperature increased, the crystallinity and oxygen vacancy concentration of the CsxWO3 film improved. Consequently, the visible light transmittance of the film decreased, whereas the infrared blocking rate considerably increased, reaching up to 93.877 %. With the increase in the oxygen flow rate, the visible light transmittance exhibited an increasing trend, reaching a maximum value of 84.319 %, whereas the infrared blocking rate remained relatively stable. We successfully fabricated CsxWO3 films possessing a visible light transmittance of 66 % and infrared blocking rate of 94.97 % under the conditions of a substrate temperature of 300 °C and an oxygen flow rate of 2.5 sccm. Our study offers a method for the large-scale production of CsxWO3 films, which are excellent infrared shielding materials, rendering a substantial contribution to global energy conservation and emission reduction.

Initializing Compression Stress to Stabilize the Phase Homogeneity in Bifacial Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractSemitransparent perovskite solar cells (ST‐PSCs) hold great promise for various commercial applications, including building integrated photovoltaics and tandem solar cells. The all‐inorganic perovskite, known for its outstanding optical transparency and thermal stability, emerges as a top contender for ST‐PSCs. However, challenges persist due to phase segregation, which hampers charge carrier transport and operational stability. In this study, an approach is proposed to address these challenges by employing strain engineering to reconstruct the perovskite texture, eliminating inhomogeneities within the perovskite film. The crucial role of compressive strain in stabilizing lattice rigidity and suppressing light‐induced ion migration is demonstrated. Furthermore, a transparent light‐harvesting architecture is devised utilizing a sandwiched layer of gold embedded between MoO3. This design enhances power generation by efficiently harnessing incident light from both the front and rear panel surfaces. Therefore, bifacial ST‐PSCs achieve an equivalent efficiency (ηeq) of 13.97% with an average visible light transmittance of 41.58%, yielding an outstanding light utilization efficiency of up to 5.8%. This research not only advances the understanding of perovskite material phase‐segregation behavior but also introduces an effective strategy for enhancing optical gain without compromising the semitransparent characteristics.

Low-temperature synthesis and luminescence properties of blue-emitting β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor using melamine as a self-propagating raw material

Sialons are widely recognized for their rigid lattice structure, high visible light transmittance, and excellent thermal stability, making them suitable matrix materials for activators. In this paper, we successfully prepared β-sialon phosphors, β-Si6-zAlzOzN8-z:Eu2+ (β-SiAlON:Eu2+), using an organic precursor method at a low synthesis temperature for the first time. X-ray diffraction analysis and Rietveld refinement confirm the β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor possesses a hexagonal structure with a P63 space group. Under 320 nm excitation, β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor exhibits a blue emission band centered at 415 nm due to the 5d → 4 f electron transition of Eu2+, which differs significantly from other β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphors with green emission. It is interesting that excessive Eu2+ activators make β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor possess a green emission band centered at 510 nm. Therefore, the light-emitting color of β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor shifts from the blue to the green with the increase of Eu2+ concentration. Furthermore, the activation energy of β-SiAlON:0.02Eu2+ sample is calculated to be about 0.2527 eV, which confirms β-SiAlON:Eu2+ phosphor has good thermal stability. The article presents a low-temperature and cost-effective synthesis method for preparing sialons, as well as a novel blue β-SiAlON phosphor for solid-state lighting.

Self-sustaining antifouling coating for underwater solar cells

If not protected, underwater solar cells are encrusted with biological organisms, such as algae and barnacles, which lower the electrical or operational efficiency and are expensive to remove. We engineered a self-sustaining antifouling coating using ultra-low concentrations of nano-sized, seawater-soluble pigments, specifically cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and zinc oxide (ZnO), combined with an organic booster biocide and a fast-polishing binder material. This coating maintained high levels of visible light transmission for three months in tropical seawater without requiring human intervention, such as mechanical cleaning. Field tests demonstrated the coating's effectiveness in preventing biofouling, while preserving transparency. We anticipate that these self-sustaining antifouling coatings can be applied to thin, transparent, and interchangeable substrates for continual replacement on solar-powered autonomous underwater vehicles or solar cell platforms, thereby ensuring long-term operational efficiency.

Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight Polypropylene Elastomer by Propylene Polymerization Using α-Diimine Nickel Catalysts.

The α-diimine late transition metal catalyst represents a new strategy for the synthesis of atactic polypropylene elastomer. Taking into account the properties of the material, enhancing the molecular weight of polypropylene at an elevated temperature through modifying the catalyst structure, and further increasing the activity of α-diimine catalyst for propylene polymerization, are urgent problems to be solved. In this work, two α-diimine nickel(II) catalysts with multiple hydroxymethyl phenyl substituents were synthesized and used for propylene homopolymerization. The maximum catalytic activity was 5.40 × 105 gPP/molNi·h, and the activity was still maintained above 105 gPP/molNi·h at 50 °C. The large steric hindrance of catalysts inhibited the chain-walking and chain-transfer reactions, resulting in polypropylene with high molecular weights (407~1101 kg/mol) and low 1,3-enchainment content (3.57~16.96%) in toluene. The low tensile strength (0.3~1.0 MPa), high elongation at break (218~403%) and strain recovery properties (S.R. ~50%, 10 tension cycles) of the resulting polypropylenes, as well as the visible light transmittance of approximately 90%, indicate the characteristics of the transparent elastomer.

A mechanically robust and optically transparent nanofiber-aerogel-reinforcing polymeric nanocomposite for passive cooling window

The development of mechanically robust, visibly transparent and infrared spectrally selective films is pivotal for enhancing the thermal insulation efficiency of transparent building envelopes such as skylights and windows. Herein, an aligned nanofiber-aerogel-reinforcing all-polymeric nanocomposite is prepared by impregnating and curing methacrylate monomers within an aligned cellulose nanofiber aerogel. The deliberately structured cellulose aerogel with an aligned porous structure perpendicular to the film plane facilitates the formation of a robust nanofiber-matrix interface within the nanocomposite. This design enhances the mechanical strength and impact resistance reaching values of 274.5 MPa and 51.1 kJ m−2, respectively. Utilized as spectrally selective transparent window materials, these nanocomposites demonstrate exceptional infrared spectral selectivity, with a visible light transmittance of up to 78.2 %, near-infrared transmittance as low as 32.3 %, and mid-infrared emissivity as high as 91.0 %. They can be directly utilized as high-strength and impact-resistant spectrally selective cooling windows for effective indoor solar energy management, offering both indoor illumination and spontaneous cooling, leading to a reduction in indoor temperatures by 3.2 °C compared to conventional glass window materials.

Realization of high performance optical power limiting (OPL) materials by introducing OPL-active metal alkynyl segments into side chains of Pt(II) polyynes

To date, it is still a great challenge to realize high optical power limiting (OPL) ability with excellent visible light transmittance at the same time for organic OPL materials. For example, the carbazole-based Pt(II) polyynes usually showed good visible light transmittance but weak OPL ability. In this work, we designed and synthesized two high performance OPL materials by introducing OPL-active metal alkynyl segments into the side chain of carbazole-based Pt(II) polyynes for the first time. Arranging metal alkynyl in side chains could effectively disrupt the π-conjugation between the polymer backbones and side chains, thus the developed polymers showed excellent visible light transmittance. In addition, with more OPL-active metal alkynyl groups in the side chain, the developed polymers were expected to show good OPL performance at the same time. To further improve the OPL performance, we utilized the triphenylamine and triarylboron groups to manipulate the involvement of the Pt(II) center in transition processes, which could effectively influence the intersystem crossing to enhance the population of triplet states. As a result, the Pt(II) polyyne CzTPA with the triphenylamine group linked to OPL-active metal alkynyl groups in side chains displayed the best OPL performance with the figure of merit σex/σo of up to 7.17, which was much higher than that of state-of-the-art OPL material C60. Therefore, this work demonstrates a promising strategy to develop high performance OPL materials possessing both strong OPL ability and impressively high visible light transmittance at the same time.