Visible Human Dataset Research Articles

Noninvasive optical monitoring of pulmonary embolism: a Monte Carlo study on visible Chinese human thoracic tissues.

In recent years, the incidence rate of pulmonary embolism (PE) has increased dramatically. Currently, the correct diagnosis rate of PE in China is relatively low, and the diagnosis error rate and missed diagnosis rate were as high as about 80%. The most standard method of PE detection is pulmonary artery digital subtraction angiography (DSA), but pulmonary artery DSA is an invasive examination, and patients can have certain risks and discomfort. Noninvasive monitoring of PE remains challenging in cardiovascular medicine. We attempt to study the light propagation in human thoracic tissues and explore the possibility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in noninvasive detection of PE. In this study, by utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation method for voxelized media and the Visible Chinese Human dataset, we quantified and visualized the photon migration in human thoracic region. The influence of the development (three levels) of PE on the light migration was observed. Results showed that around 4.6% light fluence was absorbed by the pulmonary tissue. The maximum signal sensitivity distribution reached 0.073% at the 2.8- to 3.1-cm light source-detector separation. The normalized light intensity was significantly different among different PE levels and formed a linear relationship ( , ). The study found that photons could reach the pulmonary artery tissue, the light intensity was linearly related to the degrees of embolism, PE could be quantitatively diagnosed by NIRS. Meanwhile, the optimized distance in between the light source and detector, 2.8 to 3.1cm, was recommended to be used in future potential noninvasive optical diagnosis of PE.

Creation and application of war trauma treatment simulation software for first aid on the battlefield based on undeformed high-resolution sectional anatomical image (Chinese Visible Human dataset)

BackgroundEffective first aid on the battlefield is vital to minimize deaths caused by war trauma and improve combat effectiveness. However, it is difficult for junior medical students, which have relatively poor human anatomy knowledge and first aid experience. Therefore, we aim to create a treatment simulation software for war trauma, and to explore its application for first aid training.Methods This study is a quantitative post-positivist study using a survey for data collection. First, high-resolution, thin-sectional anatomical images (Chinese Visible Human (CVH) dataset) were used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) wound models. Then, the simulation system and the corresponding interactive 3D-PDF, including 3D models, graphic explanation, and teaching videos, were built, and used for first aid training in army medical college. Finally, the interface, war trauma modules, and training effects were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. All measurements are represented as mean and standard deviations. Moreover, free text comments from questionnaires were collected and aggregated.ResultsThe simulation software and interactive 3D-PDF were established. This included pressure hemostasis of the vertex, face, head-shoulder, shoulder-arm, upper forearm, lower limb, foot, and punctures of the cricothyroid membrane, pneumothorax, and marrow cavity. Seventy-eight medical students participated in the training and completed the questionnaire, including 66 junior college students and 12 graduate students. The results indicated that they were highly satisfied with the software (score: 4.64 ± 0.56). The systems were user-friendly (score: 4.40 ± 0.61) and easy to operate (score: 4.49 ± 0.68). The 3D models, knowledge of hemostasis, and puncture were accurate (scores: 4.41 ± 0.67, and 4.53 ± 0.69) and easily adopted (scores: 4.54 ± 0.635, and 4.40 ± 0.648). They provided information about hemostasis and puncture (all scores > 4.40), except for cricothyroid membrane puncture (scores: 4.39 ± 0.61), improved the learning enthusiasm of medical students (score: 4.55 ± 0.549), and increased learning interest (score: 4.54 ± 0.57).ConclusionOur software can effectively help medical students master first aid skills including hemostasis, cricothyroid membrane and bone marrow puncture, and its anatomy. This may also be used for soldiers and national first aid training.

Digital anatomical study based on Chinese Visible Human data sets

Chinese Visible Human (CVH) data sets have been widely used in anatomical teaching and scientific research. Based on true-color, thin-thickness, and high-resolution images which are much more superior than computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound, human organs have been segmented and three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed, and the organs have higher accuracy and more detailed information, which makes complex anatomical structures simplified, and makes abstract anatomical structure visualization. Through CVH and their 3D models, researchers got much more anatomical new finding and understanding about human anatomy, which can update anatomical reference books and atlas, and can provide more human morphological information for medical students, surgeons, and anatomists. Here, we will provide a brief summary of the CVH data sets and its applications in teaching and research in recent years.

Web-based imaging viewer for real-color volumetric reconstruction of human visible project and DICOM datasets.

Anatomy remains a cornerstone of medical education. It is vital that students achieve a robust understanding of the spatial relationships between anatomical structures in three dimensions. Volumetric medical imaging studies and true-color cryosectional three-dimensional images of visible human datasets are useful for enhancing anatomy education. However, the software systems available for viewing these datasets have important limitations. A web-based application called Mulrecon Color, which can overcome a number of those limitations, is introduced. Mulrecon Color enables volumetric medical and full color cryosectional datasets to be explored without requiring installation, and can therefore be used on a broad range of desktop, mobile, and even virtual reality devices. The web-based application has an interface that resembles a DICOM viewer used in radiological practice, and can be used both in anatomical labs and off campus for self-study. The Mulrecon Color application is released as an open source tool. It can be retrieved at a project website where sample datasets are also available.

Spinal Nerve Modeling Within The Spinal Canal

The objective of this work is to develop a high‐resolution model of the brachial plexus with detail including individual spinal nerve rootlets. Medical illustrations may include this level of detail with artistic enhancement of structures of interest and suppression of background visual noise. Careful cadaver dissection of an open spinal canal and separated dural sheath will reveal the detail we seek for our digital model, but such dissection usually demonstrates them in positions unlike that of the living and intact nervous system. Our goal is to segment the nerves forming the brachial plexus, retaining their positions in‐vivo. We use a high resolution Visible Human Project type block face image dataset. The image database is from whole‐body imaging of an elderly, female donor with visible pathology. The focus of this work was on modeling the spinal nerves from C3 to T1. The brachial plexus and some peripheral nerves were included for orientation. This image database is made up of voxels spaced orthogonally 63μ apart, compared to the Visible Human Male image database with voxels spaced 1000μ apart. This voxel size yields a spatial resolution on the order of 300μ for this new dataset compared to the 5mm resolution of the VH Male. We can now see individual rootlets exiting the spinal cord to form the anterior and posterior spinal nerve roots but it is still challenging to follow each rootlet from beginning to end. We concentrated on nerves C3 to T1 which are the most visible as they diverge from the spinal cord soon after exiting the spinal columns. We were able to identify an average of five rootlets for each anterior and posterior root for nerves C3 through T1. Splines were constructed with control points to fit the path of the nervous structures. Each control point was assigned a radius to approximate the size of the structure at that point. We identified an anatomic anomaly demonstrating a conjoined posterior rootlet, which emerged from the posterior gray horn as one rootlet but split to contribute to the roots of C6 and C7. Within the brachial plexus we were able to identify the posterior rami for spinal nerves C3 to C5, which we were unable to find in VH Male data. For nerves C5 through C8 we followed anterior rami into the trunks, divisions, and cords of the brachial plexus. Following divisions and cords proved difficult because the cadaver was oriented with arms at her side such that the brachial plexus was compact as it is in the anatomical position. Freezing artifacts occasionally obscured the tissue, making it hard to confidently follow specific nerve components in a cluster of multiple trunks or divisions. We were still able to identify the superior, middle, and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus, the posterior and anterior divisions of each trunk, the lateral, posterior, and medial cords, the terminal nerves, and branching peripheral nerves. This modeling of the cervical spinal nerves and the brachial plexus is not only unique because of the extraordinary detail of the nervous structures, but also advantageous because it allows anatomy students to visualize these nerves in the same spatial configuration as in the living human.Figure shows 3D splines of brachial plexus and spinal nerve rami, roots, and and rootlets of C3 through T1.Figure 1Figure shows anatomical anomaly found where two nerve rootlets coming out from the root of C6 and C7 conjoin into a single rootlet before entering the posterior gray horn.Figure 2

Applied anatomy and three-dimensional visualization of the tendon-bone junctions of the knee joint posterolateral complex

BackgroundTo conduct an anatomical study of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), popliteus tendon (PT), biceps femoris tendon (BT) and popliteofibular ligament (PFL) of the knee joint posterolateral complex (PLC) at the femoral and fibular tendon-bone junctions based on the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) and American Visual Human Project (VHP) datasets and to determine their morphology, contact area, center points and mutual distances with the aim of providing assistance for surgical tunneling scheme. MethodsTen knee joint datasets were selected for segmentation and three-dimensional digital reconstruction. Histological sections images were used to establish criteria for the segmentation. The PLC tendon-junctions were observed and studied. ResultsThe FCL and PT had constant attachment to the femur, and the FCL, BT and PFL had constant attachment to the fibula. The tendon-bone junctions of each PLC structure did not have a uniform morphology or the same contact area, but the location of the central point of the tendon-bone junction was similar and regularly attached. All measurements were smaller in the CVH dataset than VHP dataset. At the femoral tendon-bone junction, the average distance between the center points of the FCL and PT was 8.84 ± 1.62 mm (7.73 ± 1.44 mm in the CVH datasets and 9.50 ± 1.38 mm in the VHP datasets). ConclusionsThe authors propose a surgical tunneling scheme for femoral single-tunnel reconstruction in Chinese PLC reconstruction patients. The research data provide a theoretical basis and guidance for clinicians who need to design and select PLC surgical tunneling schemes.

Modeling and simulation of an anatomy teaching system

Specimen observation and dissection have been regarded as the best approach to teach anatomy, but due to the severe lack of anatomical specimens in recent years, the quality of anatomy teaching has been seriously affected. In order to disseminate anatomical knowledge effectively under such circumstances, this study discusses three key factors (modeling, perception, and interaction) involved in constructing virtual anatomy teaching systems in detail. To ensure the authenticity, integrity, and accuracy of modeling, detailed three-dimensional (3D) digital anatomical models are constructed using multi-scale data, such as the Chinese Visible Human dataset, clinical imaging data, tissue sections, and other sources. The anatomical knowledge ontology is built according to the needs of the particular teaching purposes. Various kinds of anatomical knowledge and 3D digital anatomical models are organically combined to construct virtual anatomy teaching system by means of virtual reality equipment and technology. The perception of knowledge is realized by the Yi Chuang Digital Human Anatomy Teaching System that we have created. The virtual interaction mode, which is similar to actual anatomical specimen observation and dissection, can enhance the transmissibility of anatomical knowledge. This virtual anatomy teaching system captures the three key factors. It can provide realistic and reusable teaching resources, expand the new medical education model, and effectively improve the quality of anatomy teaching.

Monte Carlo modeling of photon migration in realistic human thoracic tissues for noninvasive monitoring of cardiac hemodynamics.

Noninvasive monitoring of cardiac hemodynamics remains challenging in cardiovascular medicine. The possibility of noninvasive optical monitoring of cardiac hemodynamics was theoretically investigated in this study. By utilizing the Monte Carlo simulation method for voxelized media (MCVM) and Visible Chinese Human dataset, we quantified and visualized the photon migration in human thoracic region. The light fluence distribution was showed to reach heart tissue (∼3 cm depth underbody surface) and 12% of the total fluence was absorbed by the myocardium. The proportion of spatial sensitivity distribution (SSD) in cardiac tissue to the total SSD reached 0.0195%. The portion of SSD increased following with cardiac diastole and diffuse reflectance deceased linearly with increasing cardiac volume. The optimal separation between the light source and detector was provided to be 3.5 to 4.0 cm for future development of noninvasive cardiac hemodynamics monitoring. A pilot experimental study was conducted to measure the diffuse reflectance light and fingertip photoplethysmography. These data suggest that the fluctuation period of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance was consistent with the cardiac cycle, while the fluctuation features of the NIR signal was not consistent with that of photoplethysmography. All results indicate the great potential of noninvasive optical monitoring of myocardial hemodynamics.

Effect of Scalp Hair Follicles on NIRS Quantification by Monte Carlo Simulation and Visible Chinese Human Dataset

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has increasingly been used to noninvasively determine hemodynamic concentration change noninvasively by detecting light intensity changes. The effect of scalp hair follicle (SHF) on NIRS quantification is highlighted since its dark pigmentations is a strong absorption source to contaminate the NIRS signal. Here we have incorporated the Monte Carlo modeling for light transport in voxelized media, and visible Chinese human with high precision in depicting three-dimensional human anatomical structures, to study the effect of SHF density on NIRS quantification. The results quantified the strong impact of SHF on NIRS measurements and revealed that the detected light intensity signal decreased by 15%–80% when SHF density varied from 1% to 11.1% at Asian human range. More surprisingly, the hemodynamics-interpreted brain activation could be miscalculated by 11.7%–292.24% linearly with SHF density varied in 1%–11.1%. It is the first time that the effect of SHF on NIRS measurements has been quantitatively evaluated and the dramatic influence of SHF is outlined to be seriously concerned. The finding of the linear correlation between NIRS signal underestimation and the density of scalp hair follicles also indicate a potential calibration method to eliminate the SHF effect on NIRS measurement.

Sectional Anatomy and Three-Dimensional Visualization of the Posterolateral Complex of the Knee Joint Based on Undeformed High-Resolution Sectional Anatomical Images.

The anatomy of the posterolateral complex (PLC) of the knee is usually studied by dissection and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which is still controversial. We aim to study it based on the images and an interactive 3D-PDF from the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) datasets. CVH datasets (six transverse and one coronal) of the PLC and its adjacent structures were segmented and three-dimensionally reconstructed. Histological sections images were used to establish criteria for the segmentation. MR images were studied in comparison with CVH images. The PLC was mainly composed of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), popliteofibular ligament (PFL), arcuate popliteal ligament (APL), popliteus tendon (PT), fabellofibular ligament (FFL) and biceps femoris tendon (BT). These structures had origins or insertions located close to each other and collectively maintained the stability of the PLC. The origins of the PT and the FCL were located on the lateral condyle of the femur. The APL was "Y" shaped and had a 100% occurrence in our study. Its lateral and medial heads originated, respectively, from the posterolateral part and medial-inferior part of fibrous capsule close to the lateral femoral condyle. The FCL, BT, main trunk of the APL, PFL and FFL had adjacent insertions on the posterolateral fibular head. CVH high-resolution sectional anatomical images and a 3D-pdf provided detailed morphological data for the PLC, and improved the identification and diagnostic accuracy for the PLC in MRI. We speculate that APL has a strong biological and mechanistic significance in the PLC. Anat Rec, 301:1764-1773, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Scalable Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SSLIC) Using a Generic and Parallel Approach

Superpixel algorithms have proven to be a useful initial step for segmentation and subsequent processing of images, reducing computational complexity by replacing the use of expensive per-pixel primitives with a higher-level abstraction, superpixels. They have been successfully applied both in the context of traditional image analysis and deep learning based approaches. In this work, we present a general- ized implementation of the simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) superpixel algorithm that has been generalized for n-dimensional scalar and multi-channel images. Additionally, the standard iterative im- plementation is replaced by a parallel, multi-threaded one. We describe the implementation details and analyze its scalability using a strong scaling formulation. Quantitative evaluation is performed using a 3D image, the Visible Human cryosection dataset, and a 2D image from the same dataset. Results show good scalability with runtime gains even when using a large number of threads that exceeds the physical number of available cores (hyperthreading).

Optimize Illumination Parameter of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Hemorrhagic Stroke by Monte Carlo Simulation on Visible Human Dataset

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The incidence of hemorrhagic stroke increases dramatically with the increasingly aging population. Recently, technology of low-level light/laser therapy (LLLT) is emerging as a novel noninvasive therapeutic approach to treat stroke based on effective photobiomodulation. To obtain optimal therapeutic effects, several LLLT illumination parameters such as beam size and beam type need to be optimized. However, the quantitative optimization of LLLT illumination parameters for stroke therapeutics is impractical to test directly on human subjects. In this paper, we employed a precise voxelized three-dimensional Monte Carlo method (MCVM) to simulate photon propagation within Visible Chinese human (VCH) head at different level of stroke with varied parameters of beams. By evaluation with criteria of the total fluence flux in lesion region and the maximal penetration depth, we found that Gaussian beam with larger or the same size of hemorrhagic region generates the highest and relative homogeneous therapeutic outcomes, while the Top-hat beam performed better when hemorrhagic region is much bigger than beam size. These results demonstrate the great potential of using VCH and MCVM in optimizing LLLT treatment parameters for stroke and in guiding future instrumentation of LLLT on hemorrhagic stroke.

A dosimetric phantom study of thoracic radiotherapy based on three-dimensional modeling of mediastinal lymph nodes.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the optimal strategy and dosimetric measurement of thoracic radiotherapy based on three-dimensional (3D) modeling of mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs). A 3D model of MLNs was constructed from a Chinese Visible Human female dataset. Image registration and fusion between reconstructed MLNs and original chest computed tomography (CT) images was conducted in the Eclipse™ treatment planning system (TPS). There were three plans, including 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT), which were designed based on 10 cases of simulated lung lesions (SLLs) and MLNs. The quality of these plans was evaluated via examining indexes, including conformity index (CI), homogeneity index and clinical target volume (CTV) coverage. Dose-volume histogram analysis was performed on SLL, MLNs and organs at risk (OARs). A Chengdu Dosimetric Phantom (CDP) was then drilled at specific MLNs according to 20 patients with thoracic tumors and of a medium-build. These plans were repeated on fused MLNs and CDP CT images in the Eclipse™ TPS. Radiation doses at the SLLs and MLNs of the CDP were measured and compared with calculated doses. The established 3D MLN model demonstrated the spatial location of MLNs and adjacent structures. Precise image registration and fusion were conducted between reconstructed MLNs and the original chest CT or CDP CT images. IMRT demonstrated greater values in CI, CTV coverage and OAR (lungs and spinal cord) protection, compared with 3D-CRT and VMAT (P<0.05). The deviation between the measured and calculated doses was within ± 10% at SLL, and at the 2R and 7th MLN stations. In conclusion, the 3D MLN model can benefit plan optimization and dosimetric measurement of thoracic radiotherapy, and when combined with CDP, it may provide a tool for clinical dosimetric monitoring.

GPU-based focus-driven multi-coordinates viewing system for large volume data visualisation

In this paper, we are presenting a generalised contactless interactive graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated compute unified device architecture (CUDA) based focus and context visualisation approach with displaying the inner anatomy of the large scale visible human male dataset in multi-coordinate viewing system (MCVS). The focusing area has been achieved by 3D Cartesian region of interest (ROI). The large dataset has been structured by using Octree method. The volume rendering part has been done by using an improved ray intersection cube method for voxels with the ray casting algorithm. The final results would allow the doctors to diagnose and analyse the atlas of 8-bit CT-scan data visualisation with efficient frame rates of rendering speed. The system is tested on ten multiple sized of 3D medical datasets ranging from 10 MB to 3.15 GB. The scope of this system is to explore of the human body for surgery purpose.

GPU-based focus-driven multi-coordinates viewing system for large volume data visualisation

In this paper, we are presenting a generalised contactless interactive graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated compute unified device architecture (CUDA) based focus and context visualisation approach with displaying the inner anatomy of the large scale visible human male dataset in multi-coordinate viewing system (MCVS). The focusing area has been achieved by 3D Cartesian region of interest (ROI). The large dataset has been structured by using Octree method. The volume rendering part has been done by using an improved ray intersection cube method for voxels with the ray casting algorithm. The final results would allow the doctors to diagnose and analyse the atlas of 8-bit CT-scan data visualisation with efficient frame rates of rendering speed. The system is tested on ten multiple sized of 3D medical datasets ranging from 10 MB to 3.15 GB. The scope of this system is to explore of the human body for surgery purpose.

An eFTD-VP framework for efficiently generating patient-specific anatomically detailed facial soft tissue FE mesh for craniomaxillofacial surgery simulation.

Accurate surgical planning and prediction of craniomaxillofacial surgery outcome requires simulation of soft tissue changes following osteotomy. This can only be achieved by using an anatomically detailed facial soft tissue model. The current state-of-the-art of model generation is not appropriate to clinical applications due to the time-intensive nature of manual segmentation and volumetric mesh generation. The conventional patient-specific finite element (FE) mesh generation methods are to deform a template FE mesh to match the shape of a patient based on registration. However, these methods commonly produce element distortion. Additionally, the mesh density for patients depends on that of the template model. It could not be adjusted to conduct mesh density sensitivity analysis. In this study, we propose a new framework of patient-specific facial soft tissue FE mesh generation. The goal of the developed method is to efficiently generate a high-quality patient-specific hexahedral FE mesh with adjustable mesh density while preserving the accuracy in anatomical structure correspondence. Our FE mesh is generated by eFace template deformation followed by volumetric parametrization. First, the patient-specific anatomically detailed facial soft tissue model (including skin, mucosa, and muscles) is generated by deforming an eFace template model. The adaptation of the eFace template model is achieved by using a hybrid landmark-based morphing and dense surface fitting approach followed by a thin-plate spline interpolation. Then, high-quality hexahedral mesh is constructed by using volumetric parameterization. The user can control the resolution of hexahedron mesh to best reflect clinicians' need. Our approach was validated using 30 patient models and 4 visible human datasets. The generated patient-specific FE mesh showed high surface matching accuracy, element quality, and internal structure matching accuracy. They can be directly and effectively used for clinical simulation of facial soft tissue change.

Effect of Human Brain Edema on Light Propagation: A Monte Carlo Modeling Based on the Visible Chinese Human Dataset

Brain edema originates from the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain attributing to brain trauma or nontrauma diseases such as cancer, ischemic stroke, meningitis, and encephalitis. The high intracranial pressure could extrude the vessels in brain and block the blood circulation, yielding the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). In this study, we investigated the feasibility of utilizing functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) for brain edema inspection through Monte Carlo simulations over the head model of the Visible Chinese Human dataset. The outstanding influence of the development (4 levels) of edema and the occurrence of ICH on the light migration were observed. With the increase of CSF volume, the results show a strong linear relationship between the volumes of CSF and the intensities of the detected signal and the deeper penetration of photons. An outstanding contrast was also observed before and after the occurrence of ICH. The study revealed that fNIRS holds promise to be an easy and reliable solution for inspecting edema aggression inside brain through the observation on the variation of optical signals, and is very suitable for continuous bedside inspection.

Visualization of Penile Suspensory Ligamentous System Based on Visible Human Data Sets.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to use a three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology to illustrate and describe the anatomical features of the penile suspensory ligamentous system based on the Visible Human data sets and to explore the suspensory mechanism of the penis for the further improvement of the penis-lengthening surgery.Material/MethodsCross-sectional images retrieved from the first Chinese Visible Human (CVH-1), third Chinese Visible Human (CVH-3), and Visible Human Male (VHM) data sets were used to segment the suspensory ligamentous system and its adjacent structures. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of this system were studied and compared with those from the Visible Human data sets. The 3D models reconstructed from the Visible Human data sets were used to provide morphological features of the penile suspensory ligamentous system and its related structures.ResultsThe fundiform ligament was a superficial, loose, fibro-fatty tissue which originated from Scarpa’s fascia superiorly and continued to the scrotal septum inferiorly. The suspensory ligament and arcuate pubic ligament were dense fibrous connective tissues which started from the pubic symphysis and terminated by attaching to the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa. Furthermore, the arcuate pubic ligament attached to the inferior rami of the pubis laterally.ConclusionsThe 3D model based on Visible Human data sets can be used to clarify the anatomical features of the suspensory ligamentous system, thereby contributing to the improvement of penis-lengthening surgery.

A New High-Resolution Electromagnetic Human Head Model: A useful resource for a new specific-absorption-rate assessment model

A high-resolution realistic human head model for the human exposure assessment of the specific absorption rate (SAR) is presented in this article. To our best knowledge, this model is the first Chinese electromagnetic (EM) human head model (CMODEL). The model is built using the first Chinese Visible Human (CVH) data set containing 3,640 serial axial anatomical images. In particular, the model has a voxel resolution of 0.16 ? 0.16 ? 0.25 mm3 for the head part and 0.16 ? 0.16 ? 0.5 mm3 for the shoulder part. Such a high-resolution model allows for an accurate simulation of 49 different tissues and organs for the SAR assessment. A numerical investigation concerning the detailed SAR distribution of the standard specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM) model, the popular but low-resolution HUGO model, and this CMODEL is conducted and involves exposing the three models to radiation from the same dual-band antenna, and this investigation demonstrates the usefulness of a high-resolution EM human head model. For the sake of comparison, the eye models that are extracted from the CMODEL and HUGO models, which are illuminated by a one-half wavelength dipole antenna, are employed to demonstrate the advantage of the CMODEL for the SAR assessment.

Creation of a Virtual Anatomy System based on Chinese Visible Human data sets.

Human anatomy learning confronts many difficulties, including the lack of anatomical specimens and limitations in anatomical dissection techniques that can destroy and change the shape and position of anatomic structures. A Virtual Anatomy System can help to overcome these difficulties. Based on the high-resolution thin-sectional anatomical images of the Chinese Visible Human data set, we created a Virtual Anatomical System, including nearly all male and female anatomical structures. With this system, medical students can freely observe the detailed anatomical information of the coronal, sagittal, and transverse sections through a 3D-reconstructed realistic model on a personal computer in the local network. This Virtual Anatomy System is an easy and direct way for students to learn and understand the shape and the relationship of anatomic structures, which can also make the anatomy learning more interesting. Furthermore, it can help students synthetically master the anatomical knowledge.