Contamination of soils and aquifers as a result of heavy metal ions adsorption is an extremely negative environmental phenomenon associated with natural or industrial disasters. This paper presents the first systematic study of the dynamic adsorption of heavy metal ions in soils during water-air immiscible displacement induced by pressure drop and gravitational force. This study addresses three objectives. The first purpose is to determine a representative elementary volume to estimate the adsorbed amount of heavy metal ions during two-phase flow with density contrast. The second objective is to study the effect of different balances between viscous and gravitational forces, described by the gravity number, on the adsorbed amount at drainage and imbibition regimes. And the final task is to identify the effect of the pore space heterogeneity on the adsorbed amount for various gravity numbers and wetting conditions. As samples of study, we examine two-dimensional granular digital images characteristic of soils. The lattice Boltzmann method, verified on the problem of capillary-gravitational equilibrium of a meniscus, was used as a research tool. It has been established that the scale of 4–5 mm is sufficient to be representative for estimating the adsorbed amount of heavy metal ions. An increase in gravity number promotes the destabilization of the interfacial front both in the drainage and imbibition regimes and results in suppression of the adsorbed amount. The effect of gravity number on the adsorbed amount is stronger in the drainage mode compared to the imbibition regime. It has been found that pore space heterogeneity is a factor negatively affecting the adsorbed amount of heavy metal ions. The strength of the heterogeneity effect is independent of wetting conditions and gravity numbers.
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