Viscous Emulsions Research Articles

Dynamics of two unequal micron-sized viscous emulsion drops flowing in a two-dimensional constricted microcapillary channel: A numerical study

Emulsions containing unequal-sized droplets are ubiquitous. Compared to the equal-sized emulsion droplet coalescence process in porous media, unequal-sized emulsion droplets show distinctly different dynamics and features when flowing through the capillary channel. In this paper, we numerically studied the flow of two unequal small micron-size emulsion drops flowing in a two-dimensional (2D) half-sine pulse shape constricted tube. The finite element method solves the momentum, continuity, and level set equations. The oil–water interface is tracked using the level set method. Effects of drop size, capillary number (interfacial tension), viscosity ratio, and geometrical shape constriction effects on the droplets' flow behavior across the throat, its flow velocities, and average viscous pressure across the tube were investigated. It is found when there is a significant difference in diameters of the two un-equalized droplets, they will flow separately through the throat, whereas when the two un-equalized droplets’ size is close to each other, they coalescence with each other after passing through the constriction. Higher interfacial tension leads unequal-sized droplets to coalescence more readily while droplets pass without coalescence at low interfacial tension cases. The highest pressure drop is recorded at the critical point where the two unequal-sized droplets begin to merge in the constriction throat. Increasing droplet viscosity reduces the chances of coalescence and increases the average viscous pressure drop hence leading to mobility reduction. In the case of geometrical constrictions, circular-shaped contracted tubes offer the least resistance to fluid flow and are more appropriate for enhanced oil recovery processes. We hope our numerical findings will provide more information to facilitate the enhanced oil recovery process.

Characterization of Morphologically Distinct Components in the Tarsal Secretion of Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea) Using Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy.

Attachment to the substrate is an important phenomenon that determines the survival of many organisms. Most insects utilize wet adhesion to support attachment, which is characterized by fluids that are secreted into the interface between the tarsus and the substrates. Previous research has investigated the composition and function of tarsal secretions of different insect groups, showing that the secretions are likely viscous emulsions that contribute to attachment by generating capillary and viscous adhesion, leveling surface roughness and providing self-cleaning of the adhesive systems. Details of the structural organization of these secretions are, however, largely unknown. Here, we analyzed footprints originating from the arolium and euplantulae of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata using cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and white light interferometry (WLI). The secretion was investigated with cryo-SEM, revealing four morphologically distinguishable components. The 3D WLI measurements of the droplet shapes and volumes over time revealed distinctly different evaporation rates for different types of droplets. Our results indicate that the subfunctionalization of the tarsal secretion is facilitated by morphologically distinct components, which are likely a result of different proportions of components within the emulsion. Understanding these components and their functions may aid in gaining insights for developing adaptive and multifunctional biomimetic adhesive systems.

Structural Engineering-Enabled Joule Heating Effect Cooperated with Capillary Effect Toward Fast Spreading of Droplets for High-Flux Separation of Viscous Emulsion.

Viscous emulsions with poor fluidity and high adhesion are extremely difficult to separate. Herein, high-flux separation of viscous emulsions is realized by developing structural engineered collagen fibers (CFs)-based composite membrane that featured 3D conductive hierarchical fiber structure with the spaced carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and activated carbon (AC) serving as conductive network and competitive adsorption-based demulsifying sites, respectively. The as-designed membrane structure boosts fast spreading of emulsion droplets on membrane surface aided by the synergistic effect of joule heat in situ generated by the spaced CNFs and the capillary effect derived from CFs, which guarantees the full contact of viscous emulsions with the spaced AC for achieving ultra-efficient demulsifying. The permeation of resultant oily filtrate is accelerated by the capillary effect of hierarchically fibrous structured CFs to exhibit fast transport kinetics, therefore accomplishing high-flux separation. The structural engineered membrane achieves high-performance separation toward different viscous emulsions (55.4-123.7 mPa·s) with separation efficiency >99.9% and flux high up to 259 L m-2 h-1 . The investigations provide a novel structural engineering strategy for realizing high-performance separation of viscous emulsions.

Two-dimensional numerical modelling of viscous emulsion drops coalescence in a constricted capillary channel

We study numerically the coalescence of viscous emulsion drops in a two-dimensional semi-elliptical shape constricted channel. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved using the finite element method and the oil-water interface is tracked using the level-set techniques. Effects of interfacial tension, inertia, viscosity ratio, droplet size, and constriction shape on the droplet coalescence and average viscous pressure drop along the channel are investigated. It is found that at high interfacial tension, droplets are circular, approach each other more quickly, coalesce at the constriction entrance, and give higher pressure drops. At intermediate interfacial tension, the onset of coalescence occurs downstream of the constriction entrance while at very low interfacial tension, no coalescence of the droplets was observed. Inertia is found to be negligible effects on the coalescence of the droplets. High inertia gives less viscous pressure drop. Less viscous droplets are more likely to quickly coalesce compared to high viscous drops. Higher viscous drops create more resistance to flow. Moreover, larger size drops are responsible for more quick coalescence and tend to create more viscous pressure drops. In addition, we found that circular constriction offers less resistance to fluid flow. We hope that these numerical results would be beneficial while displacing oil from the underground reservoirs.

Experimental Evaluation of Foam Diversion for EOR in Heterogeneous Carbonate Rocks

Immiscible gas injection applied to heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs can be inefficient due to poor conformance control. Foam mobility control is proposed in this work as a solution for gas conformance issues in such reservoirs. A unique experimental program was developed to evaluate alkyl polyglucoside (APG) stabilized foam for foaming ability, emulsion-forming tendency and resistance to oil. Dynamic methane foam behavior is systematically studied through single and dual injection core flooding experiments, simulating foam diversion during immiscible methane flooding in a layered reservoir with a significant layer permeability contrast. Results show a stable foam-oil system with no viscous emulsions at very high formation brine salinity (144,000 ppm total dissolved solids). Single-core floods for the high permeability layer (Unit-A) showed that foam viscosity of 27 cP could be achieved at 11% oil saturation (So). Under similar oil-wet condition, the low permeability zone (Unit-B) could generate foam of 21 cP at 18.9% So, indicating an increase in injected fluid mobility reduction with permeability. Dual-core injection experiments, which is designed to evaluate accurately fluid diversion capacity of such foams, reveals remarkable dynamic foam behaviors. While the water-wet condition indicates the scalability of foam behaviors (i.e., the ability of foam to control fluid mobility against the variation of rock permeability) between the single and composite core systems, the oil-wet condition confirms good foam resistance to residual oil that resulted in an increase in Unit B production from 46 to 82%, and 74 to 85% for Unit-A. Moreover, dual-core floods representing premature waterfloods (i.e., higher oil saturation) shows even more dramatic incremental oil recovery (44 to 81% in Unit-A and 17.5 to 71% in Unit-B), evidencing the ability of foam to self-viscosify with permeability variation at varying oil saturations.

Deformation and initial breakup morphology of viscous emulsion drops in isotropic homogeneous turbulence with relevance for emulsification devices

This study uses numerical experiments to investigate initial breakup morphology for conditions similar to those experienced in an emulsification device (e.g., a high-pressure homogenizer) (Reλ = 33, We = 1–30, μD/μC = 22, ρD/ρC = 0.9, D/η = 22). Results show breakup consisting of two phases: and ‘oscillatory phase’ where the drops are periodically deforming and relaxing, followed by a ‘critical deformation phase’ where the drop deforms continuously until initial breakup. Large drops (We ≥ 13) go directly to the breakup phase and are highly deformed in multiple direction before bursting. Smaller drops (3 ≤ We ≤ 5) are less likely to go directly to the critical deformation phase and more likely to never reach it before exiting the device. These drops break by the formation of a single filament, creating two large fragments and a number of smaller satellites. Several turbulent structures contribute to critical deformation.

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model.

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (EAU) is driven by immune cells responding to self-antigens. Many features of this non-infectious, intraocular inflammatory disease model recapitulate the clinical phenotype of posterior uveitis affecting humans. EAU has been used reliably to study the efficacy of novel inflammatory therapeutics, their mode of action and to further investigate the mechanisms that underpin disease progression of intraocular disorders. Here, we provide a detailed protocol on EAU induction in the C57BL/6J mouse - the most widely used model organism with susceptibility to this disease. Clinical assessment of disease severity and progression will be demonstrated using fundoscopy, histological examination and fluorescein angiography. The induction procedure involves subcutaneousinjection of an emulsion containing a peptide (IRBP1-20) from the ocular protein interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (also known as retinol binding protein 3), Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Injection of this viscous emulsion on the back of the neck is followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of Bordetella pertussis toxin. At the onset of symptoms (day 12-14) and under general anesthesia, fundoscopic images are taken to assess disease progression through clinical examination. These data can be directly compared with those at later timepoints and peak disease (day 20-22) with differences analyzed. At the same time, this protocol allows the investigator to assess potential differences in vessel permeability and damage using fluorescein angiography. EAU can be induced in other mouse strains - both wildtype or genetically modified - and combined with novel therapies offering flexibility for studying drug efficacy and/or disease mechanisms.

Confined Channels Induced Coalescence Demulsification and Slippery Interfaces Constructed Fouling Resist-Release for Long-Lasting Oil/Water Separation.

Superwetting membranes based on steric exclusion and affinity difference have drawn substantial interest for oil/water separation. However, the state-of-the-art membranes fail to literally sort out fouling and permeability decline and so limit their viability for long-term separation. Inspired by Dayu's philosophy of "draining rather than blocking water", herein, we achieve a long-lasting and efficient separation for viscous emulsions by designing poly(hydroxyethyl methylacrylate) (PHEMA)- and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-compensated poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes based on coalescence demulsification via chemical coordination phase separation. The symmetric and torturous microporous structure facilitated oil spatial confining and coalescence demulsification, while the synergistic compensation of PHEMA and PDMS coordinated the fouling resist and release properties, which was confirmed by multichannel confocal laser scanning microscopy. The developed membrane shows an unprecedented permeability half-life (τ) for viscous emulsions (e.g., decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, soybean oil paraffin, n-hexadecane, and isooctane) under cross-flow operation, far more beyond common superwetting membranes under applied bench-scale dead-end filtration. Our technique for designing "nonfouling" membranes opens up opportunities for advancing next-generation membranes for oil/water separation.

Floating on a Chemical Sea

When the Polaroid Corporation launched the now-iconic SX-70 system in 1972, it represented a series of technological breakthroughs. The color film developed automatically, and the collapsible camera was the size of a paperback. Polaroid marketed the product to consumers for everyday use, but the artist Lucas Samaras deployed it to more subversive ends. He pressed and gouged the film’s viscous emulsion, causing his pictured body to ripple, undulate, and appear to float within a sea of chemicals. This essay reconsiders Samaras’s “psychedelic emulsive-bodies” through the methods of new materialism, which emphasizes the distributed agency of both human and nonhuman actors. Such an analysis allows us to make sense of Samaras’s unique practice in both formal and historical terms. The relationship between body and chemical apparent in his series of Photo-Transformations echos the era’s countercultural politics of psychedelia, wherein an emancipatory politics can be found in an unlikely place: the corrupted emulsions of Polaroid’s mass-marketed picture technology.

A Short Review on skin cares Cream

In this article we studied in creams are topical preparation for the applied on the skin. “viscous liquid or semisolid emulsion is called as cream" The topical formulation is used to introduced the drug into the skin or mucous membrane of skin. And also for the different skin disorders. In this article we also discussed in the types of creams and there examples. Then studied the creams is pharmaceutical product because they prepared on the basis of technology in pharmaceutical industry. They may be medicated or non medicated or they are herbal, ayurvedic & allopathic. Skin reflects origins, lifestyle, age and state of health. Skin creams are mainly classified as O/W & W/O. Then they will be emmulsified by emulsifying agent. In the skin creams various vitamins are used like vit A, E, & D3 are the synthetic and fatty acid (EFA) are used. In which also used the water, oil, fat, Waxes, colours, glycol and etc. Creams have the number of advantages like easy apply, more effective compares to other avoid risk, drugs are absorb perfectly but in which disadvantages also present like, skin irritation can occur due to adjuent, large size drug are not absorb perfectly and etc.

The stability of aerated emulsions: Effects of emulsifier synergy on partial coalescence and crystallization of milk fat

This study investigated the effects of emulsifiers (mono- and diglycerides, Tween 80, LACTEM, and sodium stearyl lactylate), both individually and in combinations, on the partial coalescence of fat globules and fat crystallization behavior, as well as their influence on the stability of aerated emulsions (36 wt% fat). The extent of partial coalescence, solid fat content (SFC), and melting/crystallization profile of bulk anhydrous milk fat (AMF) blends were examined. Furthermore, the interfacial tension, particle size distribution, apparent viscosity, and creaming rate of the quiescent emulsions were measured, while the aeration properties, rheology, and microstructure of aerated emulsions were analyzed. Lipophilic-emulsifier formulas accelerated fat crystallization and achieved higher foam firmness, whereas mono- and diglycerides had a significant positive effect on the crystallization behavior of bulk AMF blends compared to the minor impact on emulsification. Moreover, the highly viscous emulsions that were obtained by combining more hydrophilic emulsifiers could be attributed to more partial coalescence and smaller globule particle size, especially with the inclusion of Tween 80, which was very efficient at reducing interfacial tension. The four-blend emulsifier formula produced a lower emulsion creaming rate and higher aeration activity (overrun) and its foam displayed regularly-shaped air bubbles enveloped by a fat network consisting of well-distributed fat clusters. Overall, the results showed that the choice of emulsifiers played a crucial role in the physical stability of aerated emulsions. • Lipophilic-emulsifier formulas achieved higher foam firmness. • Mono- and diglycerides (MDG) had a positive effect on the fat crystallization compared to the minor impact on emulsification. • Combining more hydrophilic emulsifiers like Tween 80 promoted partial coalescence. • The four-blend emulsifier formula had lower emulsion creaming rate and higher overrun. • The different emulsifier formulas affected the texture of the final aerated emulsion in different ways.

Effect of Bulk Viscosity and Emulsion Droplet Size on the Separation Efficiency of Model Mineral Oil-in-Water (O/W) Emulsions under Ultrasonic Standing Wave Fields: A Theoretical and Experimental Investigation

Ultrasound standing waves can be used to separate emulsions. So far, they have been applied to oil-in-water emulsions with low continuous phase viscosity. This technique has the potential to be used for novel applications such as separating lipids from algal biomass; however, this requires the methodology to be optimized to process viscous emulsions. We have addressed this issue by studying the effects of bulk phase viscosity (1–23 mPa·s), emulsion droplet size (4.5–20 μm), power (10–54 W/L), and frequency (1 and 2 MHz) of ultrasound on the separation efficiency of model mineral oil-in-water–glycerol-mixture emulsions. For the small droplet size (4.5 μm) emulsion in water, the maximum separation achieved increased from 36 to 79% when ultrasound power increased from 10 to 54 W/L. However, for the large droplet size (11 μm) emulsion, the maximum separation was greater than 95% and was independent of ultrasound power. The maximum separation efficiency for small droplet size (4.5–6 μm) emulsions decreased from 80 to 14% when the viscosity increased from 1 to 23 mPa·s. However, for the large droplet size (11–20 μm) emulsion, the maximum separation efficiency decreased from 98 to 62% when the viscosity of the bulk phase was increased from 1 to 23 mPa·s. The experimental results were then interpreted using analytical and numerical simulations by calculating the time required for the emulsion droplets to migrate to the nearest pressure antinodal plane under the influence of ultrasound standing waves. Further experiments showed that increasing the ultrasound frequency from 1 to 2 MHz increased the maximum separation from 36 to 86% for fine emulsions and water as the continuous phase.

Advancements in the development on new liquid embolic agents for use in therapeutic embolisation.

Liquid formulations have a well-established role in therapeutic embolisation of blood vessels with the widespread use of cyanoacrylate glues, precipitating polymer suspensions, sclerosing agents and viscous emulsions of oil and chemotherapeutic agents. There is currently an emerging market for next generation liquid embolics which aim to address some of the short-comings of the currently used products. These next generation systems use varying chemistries in their approach to formulate new systems including polymerising, precipitating and phase-transitioning mechanisms to form solidified masses in situ within the vasculature. Some of these emerging technologies have been developed to possess improved imaging properties such as inherent radiopacity, rather than relying on having to mixing with radiopaque materials such as tantalum powder and reduction of X-ray imaging artefacts (streaking). Others offer solvent-free formulations which gel on contact with blood thereby allowing precise control over gel formation during the embolisation process without the use of potentially toxic solvents. In this review, we discuss the role of liquid agents in therapeutic embolisation and the potential of emerging technologies under development for use in the next generation of embolics.

Collective diffusivity in a sheared viscous emulsion: Effects of viscosity ratio

Shear-induced gradient diffusivity in an emulsion of viscous drops is determined from direct numerical simulations of the system using a dynamic structure factor approach. A nonmonotonic variation of the gradient diffusivity with viscosity ratio and capillary number is observed.

Efficient separation of viscous emulsion through amphiprotic collagen nanofibers-based membrane

Separating viscous emulsions remains a critical challenge since the existing porous sieving membranes suffer from severe pore blocking caused by low liquidity of viscous emulsion. We here develop amphiprotic millimeter-scale collagen nanofibers-based (MCN) membrane for efficient separation of viscous emulsions. The MCN membrane features a free-standing 3D network of self-assembled millimeter-scale collagen nanofibers, which enables capillary effect-induced efficient liquid transport, allowing the separation of viscous emulsion to proceed at a low pressure of 0.3 bar. The MCN membrane enables successful separation of a variety of viscous emulsions (77.3–200.0 mPa•s), which are unable to separate by commercial single-sided poly tetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) and single-sided polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sieving membranes. High separation flux (1582 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and separation efficiency (99.97%) are simultaneously achieved. The MCN membrane also shows good anti-fouling properties and recycling capability.

Shear-induced collective diffusivity down a concentration gradient in a viscous emulsion of drops

The shear-induced collective diffusivity down a concentration gradient in a viscous emulsion is computed using direct numerical simulation. A layer of randomly packed drops subjected to a shear flow, shows the layer width to increase with the $1/3$ power of time, consistent with a semi-dilute theory that assumes a diffusivity linear with concentration. This characteristic scaling and the underlying theory are used to compute the collective diffusivity coefficient. This is the first ever computation of this quantity for a system of deformable particles using fully resolved numerical simulation. The results match very well with previous experimental observations. The coefficient of collective diffusivity varies non-monotonically with the capillary number, due to the competing effects of increasing deformation and drop orientation. A phenomenological correlation for the collective diffusivity coefficient as a function of capillary number is presented. We also apply an alternative approach to compute collective diffusivity, developed originally for a statistically homogeneous rigid sphere suspension – computing the dynamic structure factor from the simulated droplet positions and examining its time variation at small wavenumber. We show that the results from this alternative approach qualitatively agree with our computation of collective diffusivity including the prediction of the non-monotonic variation of diffusivity with the capillary number.

Effect of milk protein composition on physicochemical properties, creaming stability and volatile profile of a protein-stabilised oil-in-water emulsion

Casein, whey proteins and monoglycerides are emulsifiers that adsorb at the oil-water interface to form and stabilise emulsions. This study aims to understand the effect of different milk protein compositions (ratio of sodium caseinate and whey protein concentrate (WPC)) with glycerol monooleate (GMO) on physicochemical properties, creaming and oxidative stability of the emulsions. Model emulsions with five different protein compositions were prepared by microfluidisation. The physicochemical properties were characterised by droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity and creaming index. Oxidative stability was assessed using volatile lipid oxidation compounds during ageing (28 days at 45 °C). Results showed that the emulsion with only sodium caseinate produced smaller droplets (174.7 nm), higher zeta potential (−50.8 mV) and a more viscous emulsion (1.89 mPa s) compared to the emulsion with only WPC (191.4 nm; −38.8 mV; 1.65 mPa s). Protein composition had no significant effect on creaming stability. Eleven volatile compounds were identified as lipid oxidation markers and six compounds (2-pentylfuran, octanal, nonanal, 3-octen-2-one, 2,4-heptadienal, 3,5-octadien-2-one isomers) demonstrated that emulsions with mixed protein types (sodium caseinate and WPC) had better oxidative stability than emulsions with a single protein type. Therefore, mixed proteins with GMO form stable emulsions with both good physicochemical properties and oxidative stability.

The repartition of whey protein microgels and caseins between fat droplet surface and the continuous phase governs the heat stability of emulsions

Whey protein microgels (WPM) are highly stable on heating and form Pickering-like emulsions exhibiting long-term resistance to coalescence. However, the heat stability of WPM emulsions is unclear and depends on the emulsion characteristics (WPM concentration, presence of non-microgel proteins such as caseins). The objective of this study was to investigate the heat-stability of WPM emulsions in the presence of caseins in order to clarify the role of the two types of proteins in the mechanism of heat-stabilization/destabilization. Emulsions (30 wt% milkfat) containing WPM (from 2.34 to 6.84 wt%) and non-microgel proteins, mainly caseins (from 0 to 0.81 wt%), were prepared at pH 7. A comparison of the emulsions before and after heating at 120 °C up to 30 min allowed their classification in three categories: viscous emulsions that gelled on heating (emulsions E1), fluid emulsions that gelled on heating (emulsions E2) and fluid emulsions even after heating (emulsion E3). A characterization of the fat droplet surface (protein interfacial load, protein composition, structure of the adsorbed entities by transmission electron microscopy) indicated emulsions E1 and E2 had WPM adsorbed at the fat droplet surface but their structural rearrangement did not explain the heat-induced modifications. Emulsions E3 had a fat droplet interfacial layer composed of caseins whereas the WPM were only located in the continuous phase. These results demonstrate that the WPM do not contribute to emulsion heat-stability but they do not induce heat instability as long as they are not situated at the fat droplet interface. Knowing the total interfacial area, the amount of caseins to obtain heat stable emulsions containing WPM can be evaluated because the caseins dominate WPM adsorption at the fat droplet surface. This knowledge will allow controlling the stability of dairy emulsions in a wider whey protein concentration range than when using native whey proteins.

CO2-Foam Field Pilot Test in a Sandstone Reservoir

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 190312, “CO2-Foam Field Pilot Test in Sandstone Reservoir: Complete Analysis of Foam-Pilot Response,” by P.D. Patil, T. Knight, A. Katiyar, SPE, and P. Vanderwal, The Dow Chemical Company; J. Scherlin, SPE, Fleur De Lis Energy; P. Rozowski, SPE, The Dow Chemical Company; M. Ibrahim and G.B. Sridhar, SPE, Schlumberger; and Q.P. Nguyen, SPE, The University of Texas at Austin, prepared for the 2018 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, Tulsa, 14–18 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper presents an analysis of a CO2-foam-injection pilot in the Salt Creek Field, Natrona County, Wyoming. The pilot was successful in demonstrating deeper conformance control and improvement in sweep efficiency, which resulted in 25,000 bbl of incremental oil. A 22% decrease in the amount of CO2 injected also was realized as a result of better use of CO2 compared with the baseline. Introduction Foam-assisted CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR), commonly referred to as CO2-foam EOR, has been proposed as an effective technology for correcting sweep inefficiencies caused by gravity segregation and reservoir heterogeneity. The central concept of CO2-foam EOR is the in- situ generation of a viscous emulsion of CO2 and water stabilized by a surfactant at reservoir conditions. Because the apparent viscosity of a CO2/water/surfactant system is much higher than that of CO2 itself, the mobility of CO2 is significantly reduced. In the reservoir, the generation of foam occurs first in the zones preferentially swept by CO2, gradually diverting CO2 to unswept zones where oil saturation is typically higher. An important feature of the CO2 foam is that the foam strength, and hence the mobility reduction, weakens in the zones where there is substantial oil saturation. As a result, the foam does not interfere with the CO2 displacement process once the CO2 is diverted into zones with substantial oil saturation. Salt Creek Foam Pilot Although the CO2 flood in the Salt Creek Field, begun in 2004, has been very successful, certain isolated patterns were seen to exhibit high CO2 production and inefficient CO2 use, most likely because of the channeling of fluids through high-permeability, low-volume zones and the gravity override of the injected fluid. A CO2-foam pilot was undertaken to test whether these conditions could be remediated. An inverted-five-spot pattern in the Phase V area of the field was screened as the best candidate for the CO2-foam EOR pilot (Fig. 1). The pilot injector was labeled as 22SE30 and the four production wells to be monitored were wells 15SE30, 14SE30, 26SE30, and 28SE30. While other papers have been devoted to the Salt Creek foam pilot, this paper focuses on the injection-well response, the interwell tracer analysis, and the production response from the monitored producer wells in the pilot area. The authors discuss the injection and production responses for 2 years and 8 months of data. The foam injection in the field was completed in June 2016.

АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ ЛЬНЯНОЙ МУКИ НА СТРУКТУРНО-МЕХАНИЧЕСКИЕ СВОЙСТВА МЯСНЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ

All over the world, the relevance of research connected with the problem of correction of lipid fraction of finished meat products is increasing. Protein-in-oil emulsions are the most efficient method to modify recipes in order to improve biological activity of lipid profile of meat products. Viscous emulsions are characterized by certain structural and mechanical properties, which allows regulating rheologicalproperties of meat systems when adding such emulsions. Linseed is considered a functional component when producing innovative food products, the uniqueness of which lies in high content of physiologically active components. Technological properties of linseed protein are comparable with analogous properties of frequently used soy protein. Linseed hydrocolloids, represented by a polysaccharide complex of linseed slime have a significant impact on formation of rheological properties of food systems. The purpose of the research work was studying structural and mechanical properties of sausage bread when using protein-in-oil emulsions based on linseed meal in recipes. When adding emulsion on the basis of linseed meal made of yellow-seeded sort of linseed to a recipe, an increase of the product’s elastic deformation was observed. The level of plastic deformation when using protein-in-oil emulsions on the basis of linseed meal increases 1,5-2,5 times, and when using emulsions on the basis of soy protein and linseed meal – 2,4-3,2 times in comparison with the control sample. In a result of tasting analysis, a dependency of consistency and succulence of meat products on the sort of added linseed meal was determined. Samples that contained emulsion on the basis of meal of Uralsky sort possessed denser structure and the least succulence compared to control and test samples. Meat products containing meal of Ratsiol sort were characterized by more tender consistency, and meat products containing meal of LM-98 sort possessed more juicy structure in comparison with control samples