Viscosity Reduction Effect Research Articles

Effect of Sasobit warm mix on micro properties of asphalt with different degrees of regeneration

In this work, an aged asphalt was mixed with a new modified asphalt based on styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) in different proportions, and the warm mixing agent was added to simulate the asphalt fusion behaviour in the warm mixed recycled asphalt with different aged asphalt fertilizer (reclaimed asphalt pavement, RAP) content. Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used as analytical techniques to study the role of the warm mixing agent in terms of molecular bond energy, apparent morphology, and functional groups. It was found that the softening point and penetration of asphalt are reduced, and the ductility is increased, during the regeneration process. Sasobit warm mix agent can reduce the penetration and ductility of asphalt and improve the softening point. Its viscosity reduction effect is mainly achieved by adsorbing saturated components and decreasing the bond energy between 1H and other molecules; Sasobit warm mix agent can improve the aging state of mixed asphalt. On the AFM two-dimensional adhesion diagram, the number of bee-shaped structures and the single area is reduced; in the new and old mixed asphalt, the greater the proportion of new asphalt, the more evident the effect of Sasobit warm mix agent is.

Synthesis of Polycarboxylate Viscosity Reducer and the Effect of Different Chain Lengths of Polyether on Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil.

Since there are not many studies on the application of polymeric surfactants in viscosity reduction emulsification of heavy oil, a series of polyether carboxylic acid–sulfonate polymeric surfactants were synthesized. The viscosity reduction performance and the effect of different chain lengths on the viscosity reduction effect were also investigated. The viscosity reduction, emulsification, wetting, and foaming performance tests showed that the viscosity reduction performance of this series of polymeric surfactants was excellent, with the viscosity reduction rate exceeding 95%, and the viscosity was reduced to 97 mPa·s by the polymeric surfactant with a molecular weight of 600 polyethers. It was also concluded that among the three surfactants with different side chains, the polymeric surfactant with a polyether molecular weight of 600, which is the medium side-chain length, had the best viscosity reduction performance. The study showed that the polyether carboxylic acid–sulfonate polymer surfactant had a promising application in the viscosity reduction of heavy oil.

Preparation and performance evaluation of a branched functional polymer for heavy oil recovery

To solve the problem of chromatographic separation encountered in surfactant–polymer composite systems, a branched functional polymer (PEM) was prepared from acrylamide, acrylic acid, polyethyleneimine, and a newly synthesized functional monomer (XN) to realize high efficient displacement of heavy oil in oil reservoir conditions. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) analysis, elemental analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy verified the synthesis of PEM. The thickening performance, salt resistance, interfacial activity, ability of heavy oil viscosity reduction by emulsification, and core-flooding performance of PEM were systematically studied, with linear functional polymer PXM containing XN and conventional polymer HPAM as the control group. Under the synergistic effect of functional monomer XN and the branched structure, PEM demonstrated better thickening performance and more ideal heavy oil viscosity reduction compared with those of PXM and HPAM. The branched structure of PEM enhanced the interaction between molecules and the strength of the spatial network structure; notably, the thickening performance of PEM improved by 34.6% and 141.7%, and the salt resistance performance improved by 31.5% and 89.4%, compared with those of PXM and HPAM, respectively. Furthermore, PEM formed a relatively tight interfacial adsorption layer at the oil–water interface, leading to the reduction of interfacial tension. The heavy oil viscosity reduction rate of PEM (87.0%) was higher than that of PXM (79.5%). The emulsion formed was more stable than PXM, and the oil–water separation rate was slower. Owing to the better heavy oil viscosity reduction effect of PEM, the recovery factor of PEM (21.4%) was higher than that of PXM (17.2%) under the same polymer viscosity condition. These findings indicate that PEM and its functional mechanism are suitable for the enhancement of heavy oil recovery.

Ultrasonic viscosity-reduction vacuum residue oil

Abstract With the rapid development of economy, the demand for energy is increasing rapidly. And the output and processing amount of vacuum residue oil are also increasing year by year. The processing of vacuum residue oil is always a difficult problem in petrochemical industry. The high viscosity is the significant characteristic of vacuum residue oil. It is easy to cause serious influence in residue oil processing, such as reactor blockage. With the development of ultrasonic technology, ultrasonic viscosity reduction has become the focus of research. Its potential role in petrochemical industry has attracted more and more attention. Ultrasonic viscosity reducing vacuum residue oil is a new viscosity reducing process. Compared with the traditional viscosity reduction method, it has good viscosity reduction effect. The research progress of ultrasonic viscosity reducing vacuum residue oil is reviewed. In this paper, the mechanism of ultrasonic action, physical and chemical effects, ultrasonic viscosity reduction treatment conditions, viscosity reduction residue oil system influence and viscosity recovery, ultrasonic sound field simulation are reviewed and analyzed. In addition, ultrasound has a synergistic effect. Ultrasonic synergistic physicochemical methods (microwave; hydrogen donor) also has remarkable effects. Ultrasonic treatment technology is adopted on the basis of traditional microwave viscosity reduction and residue oil hydrogenation donor. This kind of ultrasonic collaborative method has excellent application prospect. But there are problems with this technology. The research direction of ultrasonic viscosity reduction residue oil in the future is also suggested. It can provide reference for related research.

Synthesis and mechanism analysis of a new oil soluble viscosity reducer for flow improvement of Chenping heavy oil

Oil soluble viscosity reducers have gradually attracted the attention of petrochemical research due to their cleanliness and high efficiency. Considering the high viscosity and non-Newtonian fluid properties of Chenping heavy oil found in China, a series of new oil soluble viscosity reducers with different proportions and molecular weights were prepared by free radical polymerization using octadecyl acrylate, 2-allylphenol and N-methylolacrylamide as monomers. The viscosity reducer was applied to different types of heavy oil and found that it exhibited a better effect on heavy oils with high asphaltene content. The test of rheological behavior of heavy oil with additive was performed at wide range of shear rate (3–90 s−1) and temperature range (30–100 °C). The apparent viscosity reduction rate was up to 70.09%, which was better than the industrially relevant ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymer under the same test condition. In addition, the effect of viscosity reducers on the components of heavy oil and the energy change of the system simulated by molecular dynamics simultaneously was investigated. The consistency of the simulated and experimental results show that the effect of viscosity reduction closely related to the crystallization process of wax and the viscosity reducer can reconstruct the surface structure of asphaltene and diminish the connection of benzene ring.

Upgrading of Mackay River bitumen through co-aquathermolysis with lignin under mild conditions

In the present work, the catalytic co-aquathermolysis of Mackay River bitumen and lignin was performed at the temperature of not higher than 300 °C. The heteropoly acid (HPA) catalysts was used as the catalyst for co-aquathermolysis. The bitumen to lignin ratio, lignin solvent, and reaction temperature have been optimized. The properties of oil samples before and after reaction including viscosity, API°, SARA contents and average relative molecular weight have been determined. The results confirmed the synergistic effect in bitumen and lignin catalytic co-aquathermolysis. Compared with the bitumen aquathermolysis alone, the viscosity-reducing ratio and heavy fraction conversion ratio increased by 42.6 and 9.15 percentages, respectively, API° increased by 1.3, and molecular weight of asphaltene decreased by 199. The synergistic mechanism of co-aquathermolysis has been analyzed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and oxygen content changes of aromatics. More oxygen-containing groups have appeared in the FTIR spectra, and the oxygen element content of aromatics increased. The complementation of endothermicity of bitumen thermal cracking and exothermicity of lignin pyrolysis provided the co-aquathermolysis with synergistic viscosity reduction effect. We hope that the results will cast a new light on Mackay River bitumen in situ or ground upgrading for its transportation and refining.

Physical, Rheological, And Microsurface Characteristics of High-Viscosity Binder Modified with WMA Agents

In order to investigate the feasibility of warm mix technology in high-viscosity asphalt mixes, in the current experiment, Shell 70 Grade A asphalt (base asphalt) was modified by AR-HVA (a high-viscosity modifier), and the high-viscosity modified asphalt was further incorporated with two surface-active warm mixes (Evotherm M1 and Retherm). The physical properties of the high-viscosity warm mix-modified asphalts were analyzed by dynamic and Brinell viscosity tests. The compatibility of the warm mixes with the high-viscosity modified and the base asphalt was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. The modification mechanism of the high-viscosity warm mix-modified asphalts was revealed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The high-viscosity modifier significantly reduced the penetration of the matrix asphalt and increased its softening point and 5°C ductility, whereas the two warm mixes increased the penetration and ductility of the high-viscosity modified asphalt and reduced its softening point. The surface-active warm mixes reduced the 60°C viscosity of the asphalt, and the viscosity reduction effect of M1 was better than that of Retherm. The high-viscosity modifier AR-HVA was well dispersed in the asphalt; however, its continuity was not good. The addition of the surface-active warm mixes effectively enhanced the continuity of the high-viscosity AR-HVA-modified asphalt. Infrared spectroscopy revealed little difference between the main components of the matrix asphalt and the high-viscosity asphalt. The addition of the surface-active warm mixes altered the amounts of four components in bitumen and increased its aromatic content.

The effect of the structure of functional monomers on the resistance of copolymers to Fe2+ and S2-

Free radical solution polymerization method was used to preparing copolymers (FAPAM, IAPAM, and MAPAM) by copolymerizing acrylamide (AM) with functional monomers fumaric acid (FA), itaconic acid (IA) and maleic anhydride (MAH) respectively. The basic parameters of the polymer were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HNMR), elemental analyzer and ubbelohde viscometer. In polymer flooding, the viscosity reduction effect of Fe2+ and S2− in formation water is more serious than that of inert cations, and they have greater impact on oil recovery. Therefore, this paper studied the influence of functional monomers on the structure of polymers and the influence on the resistance to Fe2+ and S2− properties of polymers through rheometer, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the intra-chain or interchain forces can be increased to varying degrees by introducing different functional groups into the polymer molecular chains, as a result, the copolymer had different resistance to Fe2+ and S2−. In addition, the carboxyl groups on MAPAM chain were the most evenly distributed, its configuration was the most regular, and its resistance to Fe2+ was the strongest. Relatively, the carboxyl groups on IAPAM macromolecular chain were evenly distributed on both sides of the main chain, and it had the strongest ability to resist S2−. The results of GPC and SEM further proved that the copolymers had the ability to resist Fe2+ and S2−.

Emulsification Characteristics and Electrolyte-Optimized Demulsification of Produced Liquid from Polymer Flooding on Alaska North Slope

Summary The first-ever polymer flooding pilot test is currently implemented in heavy oil reservoirs on Alaska North Slope (ANS). One of the major concerns of field engineers is the impact of polymer on oil/water separation after polymer breakthrough. This paper aims to predict the influence of polymer on emulsification characteristics of produced liquid and seek a cost-effective method to treat the produced liquid from polymer flooding. In this study, emulsions, at moderate and vigorous shearing conditions, were prepared by mechanically mixing 25 vol% of the ANS heavy oil with 75 vol% of the polymer solution. Bottle test method, microscope, and pendant drop technique were utilized to investigate the effect of polymer on emulsification characteristics in terms of separation behavior, drop size distribution (DSD), and interfacial properties [i.e., interfacial tension (IFT) and interfacial dilational rheology], respectively. As for chemical demulsification, the performance and interfacial behavior of four commercial demulsifiers and an inorganic salt, that is, potassium chloride (KCl), was measured using simulated produced liquid. The bottle test results demonstrated that polymer could enhance the emulsion stability, resulting in a slower separation rate, poorer water quality, and greater thickness of the intermediate layer. The pendant drop measurements showed that the IFT and interfacial dilational rheology were independent of polymer concentration. Thus, the stabilization effect of the polymer was mainly attributed to the increased viscosity of the continuous phase and the decreased drop size of the dispersed oil phase. As for the chemical demulsification tests, compound demulsifier E12 + E18 exhibited the best demulsification performance as well as the lowest IFT and interfacial elastic modulus. Nevertheless, a multifold dosage of E12 + E18 was required to demulsify the emulsion under vigorous mixing, leading to a potential increase in the chemical cost. A less expensive electrolyte, KCl, was able to work synergistically with demulsifier E12 + E18 to promote oil/water separation and reduce the demulsifier usage. In this proposed demulsifier formula, the mechanism for the effectiveness of the commercial demulsifier was its destructive effect on the interfacial film, while the effectiveness of KCl was mainly dependent on its viscosity reduction effect on the continuous phase. This study illustrates the intermediate layer elimination, and the water quality is the major challenge for produced liquid from polymer flooding and provides both practical and theoretical guidance in advance for the corresponding demulsification strategy of the produced liquid from the ongoing first-ever polymer flooding pilot on ANS.

An experimental investigation of low viscosity lubricants on three piece oil control rings cylinder liner friction

Reducing energy use and improving engine efficiency is a complex task however to date a continued reduction of lubricant viscosity has proved effective. Reducing viscosity decreases hydrodynamic friction and pumping losses however it can also exacerbate boundary friction losses. Detailed and representative component level experimentation is required to understand the effects of viscosity reduction on friction and opportunity for further optimisation. This paper presents a novel motored reciprocating Tribometer which has been developed to measure the friction between complete cylinder liners and three-piece oil control rings. The system holds individual or multiple rings stationary in a bespoke ring holder and reciprocate the cylinder liner thereby replicates the relative kinematics of the components in service. The new design has many operational advantages to identify and benchmark the individual contribution of oil control ring friction including near total isolation of oil ring-cylinder liner bore conjunction, pure rectilinear motion and use of full components without resorting to split liner/ring geometries. The experimental rig is used to measure friction at the three-piece oil control ring- cylinder liner conjunction when lubricated with two low viscosity lubricants. The results show prevalence of mixed regime lubrication across the speeds, temperatures and lubricants investigated. The oil control ring under investigation is shown to operate in mixed regime lubrication and at cold start the introduction of lower viscosity lubricants such as 0W-8 showed higher level of oil control ring-cylinder liner friction in comparison to the 0W-40. The information and experimental facility are of critical use for engine designers when considering the potential contradictory component efficiency behaviour when moving to ultra-low viscosity lubricants.

Data-driven system efficiency prediction and production parameter optimization for PW-LHM

Heavy oil wells in Tahe oilfield are exploited by injecting light hydrocarbon mixing into annulus to reduce viscosity, and system efficiency prediction is of great significance for the evaluation of the energy consumption and management level of the production system. However, system efficiency of the pumping unit well with light hydrocarbon mixing (PW-LHM) is affected by many factors, and it is difficult to use traditional methods to make comprehensive evaluation and quantitative prediction. In order to accurately predict the system efficiency and evaluate the viscosity reduction effect, this paper used the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis method to analyze the correlation between production data, diluting attributes and system efficiency, and principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to conduct data dimension reduction and controlling parameters determination. Considering the change trend and correlation of the artificial lifting equipment and mixing equipment working conditions, a time series prediction model for system efficiency was established based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm. Filed application results show that the prediction model based on LSTM can perform accurate prediction of the system efficiency, early forewarning of the production conditions and timely adjustment of the lifting and mixing parameters of the PW-LHM.

Experimental Study on Fe3O4 Nanoparticle-Assisted Microwave Enhancing Heavy Oil

Nanoparticle-assisted microwave heating of heavy oil has the advantages of fast temperature rise and high thermal efficiency. Compared with traditional heating methods, it can reduce viscosity in a shorter time. In addition, the heavy components in the heavy oil are cracked into light components at high temperatures (this high temperature cannot be reached by conventional heating methods). This process is irreversible and avoids the problem of viscosity recovery of heavy oil after the temperature is reduced. Through absorbing microwave heating experiments, study the effect of nanoparticles on the improvement of the ability of heavy oil to absorb waves and raise temperature; through the heavy oil upgrading experiment and the four-component analysis experiment, the effect of adding hydrogen donor to assist microwave on the viscosity reduction of heavy oil upgrading by nanoparticles was studied, and the problem of viscosity recovery was determined; Through the gravity drainage experiment, the mechanism of nanoparticle-assisted microwave to improve the recovery of heavy oil is studied, and the influence of water content, nanocatalyst, and microwave power on the production of drainage is analyzed. The results show that nanoparticles can improve the wave absorption and heating capacity of heavy oil, and adding 0.6 wt% of nanomagnetic iron oxide catalyst can increase the heating rate of heavy oil in microwave by 60.6%; nanoparticle-assisted microwave heating method can effectively upgrade heavy oil and reduce viscosity. The experimental conditions are 2 wt% tetralin mass concentration, 0.5 wt% nano-Fe3O4 particle mass concentration, microwave heating time 50-60 min, and microwave power 539 W. Under this experimental condition, the viscosity is reduced by 40%. This method has viscosity recovery problems, but final viscosity reduction effect is still very significant. Obtaining the mechanism of nanoparticle-assisted microwave to enhance oil recovery, one of which is that nanoparticles improve the wave absorption and heating capacity of heavy oil and increase the heating speed of heavy oil; the second is that the nanoparticles form local high temperature under the action of microwave, which catalyzes the hydrocracking reaction between the heavy components in the heavy oil and the hydrogen donor, upgrading and reducing the viscosity of the heavy oil, and accelerating the production of heavy oil.

Magnetic field effect on apparent viscosity reducing of different crude oils at low temperature

The viscosity of crude oil is extremely high at low temperature and transporting crude oil through pipelines consumes a lot of energy. Reducing the viscosity of crude oil can save a large amount of energy and have significant economic benefits. In this study, the viscosity reduction effects of four types of crude oils by applying an external magnetic field at 5 °C was studied. Experimental results show that at low temperature, high intensity magnetic field can not only reduce the viscosity of high waxy crude oil, but also decrease the viscosity of heavy oil with high content of heavy components. When the maximum magnetic flux density is 1T, the maximum viscosity reduction rates of the four crude oils was 13.29%, 26.88%, 14.44% and 18.72%, respectively. An empirical formula was proposed to describe the variation of crude oil viscosity with magnetic field and to predict the existence of viscosity reduction limit. The mechanism of viscosity change is ascribed to the change of microscopic aggregation of suspended particles in oil. The thickening phenomenon of some crude oils under magnetic field is due to the polarized chains of aggregation crosses the upper and lower plates. This research shows that it has great potentials of utilize magnetic field viscosity reduction to help crude oil pipelines transportation at low temperature.

Study on Performance of Wax Warm Mix Asphalt Cracked by Mixed Polyethylene Waste Plastics

In order to study the modified performance of polyethylene waste plastic cracking wax on asphalt, this paper prepared polyethylene wax (PE wax) by catalytic cracking using waste polyethylene as raw material and Ni-based zeolite as catalyst in a pressure reactor under closed conditions. 70# base asphalt was modified with PE wax, and the properties of pyrolysis wax on asphalt under different catalytic cracking time were studied by three indexes test, Brinoll rotary viscosity test, DSC test and dynamic shear rheology test. The test results show that the cracking products of mixed polyethylene waste plastic cracking wax have good viscosity reduction effect on asphalt under different cracking time. After modification, the high temperature performance of asphalt is improved, and the low temperature performance has a certain influence, but it still meets the specification requirements; In the temperature range of 0°C~60°C, the addition of pyrolysis wax can make the phase transformation of matr-ix asphalt more stable.

Change in the cold flowability and wax deposition of crude oil by weak magnetic treatment

The research aims to study how the magnetic fields affect the cold flowability and wax deposition of the crude oil, which has been stirred by the low-intensity magnetic field for a long time. The corresponding cold flowability of crude oil can be improved under a certain level of exposure of magnetic field (60 mT with 600r/min stirring, in a 30 min exposure), which the crude oil tends to behave like Newtonian liquids. The magnetized oil could still maintain the viscosity-reduction effect when the temperature drops to a lower level, the viscosity-reduction rate was more than 10% near the pour point. What lead to the viscosity-reduction effect of magnetized oil is the promotion of the nucleation process of crystal, and subsequently, the obstruction of crystallization. It could be concluded that the weak magnetic treatment could also inhibit wax deposition based on the investigations of the deposition mass under two setups by treating the oil with or without magnetic field. Based on what has been observed in the present study, the wax who adhere to the cold finger tend to be more compact than it used to be after the magnetic treatment.

Experimental investigation of innovative superheated vapor extraction technique in heavy oil reservoirs: A two-dimensional visual analysis

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been widely employed for heavy oil exploration, which however suffers low oil displacement efficiency and high-water consumption. Conventional vapor extraction (VAPEX) remediates those issues, nevertheless, accompanied by low oil production rate with cold or warm solvents injection. Here, an innovative thermal VAPEX was investigated for when injecting superheated solvents (>160OC). The thermal properties of several solvents were compared to indicate the impacts of temperature and solvent concentration. Three sets of two-dimensional visualization experiments were conducted to elucidate the changes of temperature field and solvent chamber, characterized by oil recovery, cumulative oil exchange rate and solvent retention. The results showed that a hot solvent with a higher carbon number resulted in a larger latent heat of vaporization and a better viscosity reduction effect by dissolution and heating. The viscosity reduction rate of n-pentane (below 10 wt%) was approximately 70%. Solvent chamber developed step-wisely: rising stage, lateral expansion stage and descending stage. Over liquid solvent, solvent vapor rendered greater sweep efficiency (75%), displacement efficiency (85%), much lower solvent retention (10%), high oil recovery (65%), and cumulative oil exchange rate (8 t/t). Current studies provided a reliable experimental basis to further exploit thermal vapor on site.

Anaerobic production of surfactin by a new Bacillus subtilis isolate and the in situ emulsification and viscosity reduction effect towards enhanced oil recovery applications

Emulsification and viscosity reduction effect of biosurfactants to crude oil are significant for enhanced oil recovery. Although biosurfactants for enhanced oil recovery were extensively studied, information on the anaerobic production of biosurfactants and its in situ effect to crude oil are still limited. Bacillus subtilis AnPL-1 was isolated from oil reservoirs production water and produced 150 mg/l of biosurfactants under anaerobic conditions. Sucrose and nitrate were favorable for anaerobic production of biosurfactants by strain AnPL-1. Strain AnPL-1 anaerobically produced biosurfactants at temperatures (20°C–50 °C), pH values (6–9) and 0–7% of NaCl. FTIR and HPLC-MS analysis showed that the anaerobically produced biosurfactants was a mixture of C13-, C14- and C15-surfactin congeners. Anaerobically produced surfactin decreased water surface tension to 28.5 mN/m with a critical micelle concentration of 30 mg/l. It can also emulsify crude oil with an emulsion index (EI24) of 70.5%. Strain AnPL-1 also produced 115 mg/l biosurfactants under simulated oil reservoirs conditions (anaerobic and 10 MPa conditions). Furthermore, strain AnPL-1 anaerobically grew well in the presence of crude oil. Strain AnPL-1 reduced the crude oil viscosity by 40.6% through in situ emulsification effect of produced biosurfactants. In core flooding tests, in situ biosurfactants production by strain AnPL-1 enhanced oil recovery of 9.98%. Although B. subtilis is a facultative anaerobe, anaerobic production of biosurfactants by B. subtilis for MEOR applications has been firstly studied. Without air injection, anaerobic production of surfactin by B. subtilis AnPL-1 is promising for in situ MEOR applications.

Thermal cracking, aquathermolysis, and their upgrading effects of Mackay River oil sand

Although various thermal technologies have been used in its oil recovery, including SAGD, there have been few studies on systematical analyzing the cracking behaviors of Mackay River oil sand. In the present work, a series of thermal cracking and aquathermolysis reactions have been carried out at different temperatures for different times. The viscosity, API°, SARA contents, elemental contents, and average relative molecular weights of cracked oil samples, as well as the gas product compositions have been analyzed to characterize the reaction performance of oil sand. The results showed that the aquathermolysis was superior to thermal cracking on the viscosity reduction and quality upgrading of the oil sand, and the thermal cracking of oil sand took place at 250 °C, while the cracking reactions took place at 200 °C in aquathermolysis. The viscosity reduction and API° enhancements depended on the changes of the oil sand molecular structures and its components. Besides, we have obtained fitted equations of the viscosity reduction ratio to the reaction temperature, by which the viscosity reduction effects of the oil sand could be predicted. Moreover, the gas compositions can be used to monitor the cracking performance of the oil sand in thermal cracking and aquathermolysis.

Development of a SGJ-1 of Water-Based Anti-Wax Agent

The phenomenon of petroleum wax deposition is very common during oil well production. When the wax molecule condenses on the surface of the pipeline, it will hinder the exploitation of crude oil, reduce the recovery rate of crude oil, and may lead to the blockage of the pipeline when it is serious, so that the oil recovery work will stop. This phenomenon can be obviously changed by using wax cleaning agent. However, the low ignition point and toxicity of oil-based wax remover are not conducive to oil recovery. Therefore, a new water-based paraffin remover SGJ-1 was developed in this paper. The best formula is: wax dispersant 15%, wetting reversion agent 1%, sodium silicate 1%, alcohol cosolvent 8% and 75% water. Condensation point, wax dissolution rate and anti-wax performance of SGJ-1 water-based dewaxing and anti-waxing agent were tested by self-assembly testing device. The experimental results show that the condensation point of SGJ-1 is -34°C, the viscosity reduction effect is good under 35°C, and the wax dissolution rate is 0.0512 g/min, The highest wax prevention rate can reach 89.58% and the wax removal and wax prevention ability is excellent. Compared with other paraffin removers, SGJ-1 can also reduce the viscosity of crude oil, so it has a good development prospect.

A bolus of saline injection leads to increase in coronary flow based on the viscosity reduction effect: the mechanism of saline induced Pd/Pa ratio

Abstract Background In conjunction with fractional flow reserve (FFR), our previous study has shown the accuracy and utility of saline induced Pd/Pa ratio (SPR) for the assessment of myocardial ischemia. However, the potential mechanism how saline injection leads to increase in coronary flow remains speculative. Purpose This study aimed to clarify the underlying mechanism of SPR by using swine models. Methods The study was conducted in four swine models, and bolus of 25°C saline, 40°C saline, and 25°C dextran was injected at rates of 40mL/5sec through a catheter inserted into the superior mesenteric artery. Its peripheral arterioles were observed and recorded by a digital microscope, and transit time of each fluid and a luminal diameter of arterioles before and after injection were measured. Results The result from arterioles diameters of pre- and post-injection (0.049±0.016mm vs. 0.050±0.016mm; P=0.636) indicated that luminal diameters remained unchanged regardless of fluid administration. The transit time of 25°C saline was significantly shorter than 25°C dextran (3.19±0.68sec vs. 6.15±1.19sec; P<0.0001). Although the result showed no significance, the transit time of 40°C saline with lower viscosity was shorten compared to 25°C saline (3.1±0.43sec vs. 3.65±0.46sec; P=0.088). Conclusions Compared to 25°C dextran (viscosity of 4.991mPa·s) having the same viscosity as 37°C whole blood, 25°C saline (viscosity of 1.012mPa·s) caused increasing to double the intravascular flow volume without dilating arterioles. The results strongly suggested that the potential mechanism of SPR was viscosity reduction effect. Combined with FFR which is based on vasodilation-mediated hyperemia, these findings may contribute to clarifying the pathophysiology and especially the microcirculation in coronary artery diseases. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: None