Viscosity Of Paint Research Articles

Testing multiple dispersion effects from unreplicated order‐of‐addition experiments

SummaryOptimal addition orders of several components can be determined systematically to address order‐of‐addition problems when active location and dispersion effects are both taken into account. Based on the concept of fiducial generalised pivotal quantities, a new testing procedure is proposed in this paper to identify active dispersion effects from unreplicated order‐of‐addition experiments. Because the proposed method is free of all nuisance parameters indexed by the requirement set, it is capable of testing multiple dispersion effects. Simulation results show that the proposed method can maintain the empirical sizes close to the nominal level. A paint viscosity study is used to show that the proposed method can be practical. In addition, testable requirement sets are characterised when an order‐of‐addition orthogonal array is used to design an experiment.

Design and implementation of a low cost optical based paint viscosity control device

In this study, a full-scale prototype of a water-based printer’s paint viscosity control device was proposed and conducted. Specifically, a novel approach of low-cost paint viscosity determination by exploiting the optical sensing method was proposed and a full-scale prototype was developed to exhibit the proposed concept. The feasibility of the proposed device was demonstrated by measuring the accuracy, setpoint control deviation and estimating its development cost. An accuracy of 1.5 cSt and a standard deviation of 1 cSt were recorded by comparing the measured viscosity data with the Zahn cup measuring method. The viscosity control results at a setpoint value of 40 cSt gave a variation of 0.8 cSt. The convergence time from initial 45 cSt to 40 cSt viscosity was 10 minutes. The developed cost was excessively competitive and was only one-fifth of the comparable commercial products. Furthermore, the device had solid and lightweight features, making it straightforward for portable applications.

Assessment of factors influencing the transfer efficiency in electrostatic spray coating process

The electrostatic spray is one of the advanced coating methods that provide uniform and effective coating on the surfaces of the components. This method can reduce the limitations observed in conventional spray painting. The uniform layer of paint depends on various input parameters such as paint flow rate, disc air pressure, paint viscosity, and applied voltage. The design of experiment (DOE) tool optimizes the process parameters to achieve the expected or best coating combinations. The transfer efficiency is an essential factor that determines the quality of the surface coating. In this work, the DOE tool was used to increase the transfer efficiency and reduce the time taken for the coating process with optimized process parameters. The experimental test found that the combined effect of input responses has increased the efficiency of the coating up to 70 %. The determined Transfer efficiency is higher than the conventional method.

Opacity and Washability Properties of Emulsion Paint with Natural Rubber Latex/Polyvinyl Acetate Blend Binder

Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) has long been known as a binder material to improve the washability, opacity (hiding power), and viscosity of commercial emulsion paints. This study aims to study the properties of opacity (hiding power), washability resistance, and viscosity of emulsion paint added with a binder from a mixture of natural rubber latex (NRL) and PVAc. Emulsion paint samples were made with a binder content of 4, 6, and 8% w/w. The binder was made from a mixture of NRL and PVAc with various NRL levels of 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50%, and 100% w/w. Testing of paint samples includes washability using a digital BGD 526 Wet Abrasion Scrub Tester and viscosity testing using a HAAKE 6R digital viscometer. At the same time, the opacity test uses the Indonesian Standard (SNI 3564:2009). The results showed that the opacity met the standard emulsion paint for all binder levels, except for the composition of NRL 100% w/w at all binder levels. The higher the NRL content in the binder causes the washability resistance and paint viscosity to decrease and become unstable. The best washability resistance and viscosity properties were obtained at NRL in a binder of 15% w/w and a binder content of 8% w/w, with washability resistance properties of 50 times and a viscosity of 3300 cp.

Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Based Paint Viscosity Control System

Automatic control has been developed in various fields, one of which is paint quality control. Paint quality can be controlled from various categories, including paint quality based on its viscosity. Therefore, we need a system that can control the viscosity of the paint. The paint viscosity control system uses the PLC OMRON CP1E-NA20DRA with a heater as a heat source, and the LM35DZ sensor as a temperature reading sensor, and the RPM reading is used to calculate the viscosity value. The programming language used is the ladder diagram on the CX-Programmer. This system uses the PID (Proportional, Integral, and Derivative) Algorithm so that temperature control can be set at 30ºC so as not to affect the viscosity of the paint. In addition, this prototype provides two PID tuning options, namely manual and auto-tuning. Researchers get the results that a good temperature control system response has a PB value = 0.2%; Ti = 452.5s and TD = 66.6s. and control the accuracy level of paint viscosity control of 67.82%.

Evolution of Zinc Carboxylate Species in Oil Paint Ionomers

Oil paint binding media are complex polymer networks that harbor populations of metal ions. Understanding of the reactivity of these metal ions, often closely linked to paint degradation, is crucial to support paintings conservation efforts. By developing a spectrum fitting approach for the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectra, we have studied in detail how the molecular structures of zinc carboxylate species in oil paint ionomers change in the lifetime of a painting. It was found that high ZnO pigment content, humidity, and low paint viscosity all stimulate the formation of ionomeric zinc carboxylate species, while the structures (chain or oxo) adopted by those species depend on carboxylate concentration and humidity. Moreover, we found evidence for a difference in reactivity between the two structures for ionomeric zinc carboxylates toward the formation of crystalline zinc soaps. The results have yielded an abundance of information about the internal chemistry of oil paint layers and metal-containing polymers in general.

Estimation of Rheological Properties of Ash Silicate Paints

Information provided on the color of paint coatings on the mortar substrate, depending on the type of pigment in accordance with the RAL color file. It is shown that presence of glycerin in the composition of the sol of silicate paint promotes an increase in the cohesive strength of coatings, an improvement in the filling of paint, and an improvement in the quality of the appearance of coatings. Information is given on the rheological properties of a silicate paint sol with the addition of glycerin depending on the pigment content. It has been established, that the introduction of glycerin into the paint formulation leads to an increase in the values of the critical volume concentration of the pigment (filler). A model for changing the viscosity of paint from a pigment volume concentration (filler) is proposed.

Paint Viscosity Evaluation and Preservation against Bacterial Species Contamination Using Extracts of Bryophyllum Pinnatum

Paint Viscosity Evaluation and Preservation against Bacterial Species Contamination Using Extracts of Bryophyllum Pinnatum

Wettability and adherence of acrylic paints on long and short rotation teaks

ABSTRACT The quality of finished wood products depends on the quality of its coating layer. An important indicator for evaluating the quality is Adherence of the paint on the wood surface. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of wood surface roughness and the viscosity of acrylic paints (pure acrylic and acrylic copolymer) to the wettability and Adherence for long and short rotation teaks. Wood surface with various degrees of roughness was prepared by sanding with abrasive papers of P120, P240, and P360 grits. Different viscosity of the acrylic paints was prepared composition between paint and water (w/w) of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. The wettability of the acrylic paints on teak wood surfaces was measured using a sessile drop contact angle method with the S/G model. Adherence of the coating layer was measured using a crosscut test. The results showed that the increase in the roughness (Ra) and the decrease in the viscosity of the paints resulted in the increase in the wettability which leads to better Adherence of acrylic paints on the surface of teak woods. The pure acrylic paint generated better wettability and Adherence compared to the acrylic copolymer.

Análisis de la Coherencia entre el Proceso Pictórico de Yves Klein y la Idea de Duplicidad en sus Monocromos de la Serie IKB-International Klein Blue

La investigación buscó comprender cómo Yves Klein creó el nuevo color Internacional Klein Blue y recoger los datos necesarios para definir el objeto de sus acciones específicas en su lienzo y en cualquier otra superficie denominada IKB. Una investigación de este tipo intentó mejorar nuestra comprensión de los aspectos tecnológicos subyacentes a la ciencia del color y su duplicidad. La metodología utilizada en el proceso de análisis fue la tecnología de la pintura industrial, espectrofotometría y colorimetría, y fue con el objetivo de confirmar la experiencia estética descrita en las reseñas sobre el International Klein Blue y la idea de la duplicidad. Se analizaron la intensidad, el tono, el subtono, la longitud de onda dominante, la luminosidad, el brillo, el lustre, el índice de refracción y la viscosidad de la pintura. Los resultados del análisis mostraron que el azul IKB no era un color nuevo como se puede leer en la bibliografía y que tampoco tuvo una intensidad excepcional como afirmaron los críticos de arte, y que Klein no logró duplicar la obra de arte.

Splash Dynamics of Paint on Dry, Wet, and Cooled Surfaces

In his classic study in 1908, A.M. Worthington gave a thorough account of splashes and their formation through visualization experiments. In more recent times, there has been renewed interest in this subject, and much of the underlying physics behind Worthington’s experiments has now been clarified. One specific set of such recent studies, which motivates this paper, concerns the fluid dynamics behind Jackson Pollock’s drip paintings. The physical processes and the mathematical structures hidden in his works have received serious attention and made the scientific pursuit of art a compelling area of exploration. Our current work explores the interaction of watercolors with watercolor paper. Specifically, we conduct experiments to analyze the settling patterns of droplets of watercolor paint on wet and frozen paper. Variations in paint viscosity, paper roughness, paper temperature, and the height of a released droplet are examined from time of impact, through its transient stages, until its final, dry state. Observable phenomena such as paint splashing, spreading, fingering, branching, rheological deposition, and fractal patterns are studied in detail and classified in terms of the control parameters.

DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF WATER BASED PAINT FORMULA IN ORDER TO REDUCE VOCs EMISSIONS

The interest in waterborne paints amelioration increased lately due to the toxicological effect of certain ingredients on human health, the restrictive environmental legislation and the depletion and escalation in price of raw materials. Research efforts in formulating waterborne paints are directed to insure low volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission while maintaining and even improving their properties. This paper presents a waterborne paint formulation process. The required main ingredient was an alkydic resin with 51.3 % w/w non-volatile-matter content, 51.6 mg KOH/g acidity, 8.5 pH, 80 s flow time. Aiming the highest values for paint viscosity, elasticity and hardness and the lowest VOCs emission, the optimal composition concerning the resin neutralization, type and amounts of neutralization agents, co-solvents and water were determined by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). As consequence, the resin was neutralized with a mixture of ammonia and triethylamine in 1:1.8 ratio and solubilized with butanol and butyl glycol co-solvents (2.8:1 ratio). Pigments and filling material were used in a 2.6:1 ratio reported at resin content. The final product can be described as a homogenous, viscos fluid, with 152 s flow time and 22.5% VOCs content. In the optimized drying conditions, it formed a film with a fineness of 40 m, a semi-gloss aspect, a good adherence, an elasticity (after 7 days) of

Technique for quality assessment of external appearance of paint coatings

The data on the regularities of making an external appearance quality of coatings on a cement substrate has been given. The regularities of changing the surface roughness of cement concrete paint coatings, depending on the rheological properties of paints, cement porosity of the substrate, the way of applying paints, have been determined. The increase of the surface roughness of coatings with decreasing conditional dynamic viscosity of paints has been found out. Based on probabilistic and deterministic approaches the model of external appearance quality of coatings, taking into account the surface porosity of the substrate and the surface tension of paint, has been proposed. It has been suggested assessing the quality of paint coating surfaces by a fractal dimension indicator. The relation between numerical values of the fractal dimension indicator and the quality class of external appearance of coatings has been found. The model of profile length of the coating surface from the D fractal dimension has been proposed.

Antifouling activity of crude extracts isolated from two Red Sea puffer fishes

Crude extracts were isolated from the ovary and mucus of the puffer fish Amblyrhynchotes hypselogenion and Lagocephalus sceleratus. The crude toxin extracts (from the ovaries of L. sceleratus puffer fish (4.5, 9.0, and 18.0g crude extract/100g paint) and only one concentration (3.0g crude extract/100g paint) from the skin mucus of A. hypselogenion puffer fish were mixed) with an inert simple paint formulation (consists of (vinyl chloride–vinyl acetate) copolymer using tricresyl phosphate as plasticizer. The viscosity of paints was adjusted using a blend of solvents consisting of methyl isobutyl ketone and toluene) applied to poly vinyl chloride (PVC) plates and exposed to Suez Gulf water for about 24weeks. Percentage covers of fouling organisms on plates were estimated for coated panels over six weeks, and the wet weight (gram/plate) of fouling organisms on experimental plates was recorded till about 24weeks. The percentage of plates coated by formulation with (2007 for 24weeks) the crude toxic extracts from the ovaries of L. sceleratus and the mucus of A. hypselogenion ranged from 22% to 24% and 11% to 12%, respectively. The wet weights of the plates covered by formulation with the same crude toxic extracts of the previous two species were 124–147g and 82–93g, respectively. Antifouling properties were observed for the extracts of the two species under investigation, however, extracts from A. hypselogenion showed better properties.

The Coulter principle: Imaginary origins

In the opening session of CYTO 2013 a spokeswoman for the Wallace H. Coulter Foundation summarized from the podium a story, styled as an urban legend true so far as was known, of Wallace Coulter working toward sizing pigment particles but finding his paint sample frozen. He then supposedly thought of the similar viscosity of paint and blood before first demonstrating the Coulter Principle using his own blood. This requires Wallace being ignorant of the commonly-known disparity between the viscosities of paint and blood, and several listeners subsequently asked me if this story could be true.

Response surface modeling and optimization of single axis automatic application of automotive polyurethane coatings on plastic components

The present paper discusses response surface methodology (RSM) as an efficient system for building a mathematical model and optimization of the process of polyurethane coating on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene using a single axis robotic applicator. In this work, RSM is used to optimize the process inputs such as part—applicator distance, paint flow rate, and paint viscosity to obtain the optimal values of process outputs; dry film thickness (DFT), rating value (R), and distinctness of image (DOI). The optimization was done to achieve high values of R and DOI with minimal DFT to reduce overall process cost. A 23 full factorial central composite design experimental design was employed. ANOVA showed satisfactory levels of coefficient of determination values (R2) for all three responses. The optimized results were validated experimentally. Under optimal value of process parameters high rating value (7.76) and high distinctness of image (93.137) was achieved with low dry film thickness of 29.99 μm.

Connection between the deformation of paint droplets during deposition on the surface being painted and the orientation of pigment particles

In this work, we describe a new and more practically useful approach to finding the relationship between the reflective properties of a painted surface, the physical properties of the paint, and the technolog� ical parameters of painting. A simple formal dynamic model of the deformation of a droplet of a "metallic"� type paint during its interaction with the surface being painted is constructed. The physical model takes into account the main forces responsible for the deformation dynamics of a droplet, i.e., forces of surface tension, viscous friction, elasticity, and inertia; a new rheological model, which is suitable for approximating the vis� cosity of paints in a wide range of deformation rates, is used. To construct the mathematical model, we employed the method of integral balance equations of mass, momentum, and energy. The model is used to calculate the most important stages of the deformation of paint droplets during their deposition on the surface being painted, which have an effect on the orientation of pigment particles. For these stages, we compose characteristic strainapproximating functions of the Reynolds and Weber numbers, which are proved to be useful for summarizing the results of experimental studies of the entire real process of painting.

Alkyd resins: From down and out to alive and kicking

Alkyd resins have been introduced in the 1930s as binders for paints. Their compatibility with many polymers and the extremely wide formulating latitude made them suitable for the production of a very broad range of coating materials. This includes do-it-yourself paints and varnishes for wood and metal, road marking paints, anticorrosive paints, nitrocellulose lacquers, two-component isocyanate curing coatings, acid curing coatings, stoving enamels, etc. Except for phthalic anhydride, being of petrochemical origin, the other raw materials used in the synthesis of the alkyds are from biologically renewable sources. This, combined with their biological degradability, makes them very interesting binders from an ecological point of view. Solvents which are used to reduce and adjust the paint viscosity are the only concern with respect to the ecological aspects of the alkyd paints. In recent years, however, we witness quite an activity in designing alkyd emulsions and high solids alkyds which can serve as binders for environmentally friendly coatings.It can be expected that in coming years the contribution of common low(er) solids alkyds in organic solvents will decrease, those products being replaced with high solids alkyds, alkyd emulsions and other high end waterborne binders. High end in this respect means all waterbased systems that exhibit a performance substantially higher than common thermoplastic latices used for wallpaints.When properly formulated, alkyd emulsions can be considered as candidates to formulate paints with a zero VOC level. This paper summarizes the new developments in alkyd emulsions and high solids alkyd paints and compares these paint systems with paints based on acrylic dispersions as other environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional paints.

Na-Bentonite and MgO Mixture as a Thickening Agent for Water-Based Paints

Rheology plays a major role both in production and application stages of paints. Na-Bentonite, clay based thickening agent, is generally used to modify the viscosity of paints, since it is more economical and environmentally friendly compared to polymer based thickening agents. In solvent based systems b entonite is generally modified with quaternary ammonium salt to obtain appropriate polarity. However it is necessary to improve its thickening character to obtain optimum performance in water based paints. It has been reported that its flow behavior and stability can be improved by additives like MgO and LiCl for use in water based system. In this paper, Na-Bentonite and MgO mixture was evaluated as an additive in water-borne paints. Standard paint tests such as viscosity, density, opacity, gloss, and Bucholz hardness were conducted to characterize the paint quality. It is determined that the bentonite – Mgo mixture can perform as well, or better than other thickening agents tested in this study.

High performance water-borne paints with high volume solids based on bimodal latexes

The performance of water-borne paints formulated with five different high solids content acrylic (MMA/BA/MAA) latexes was investigated. These latexes had different particle size distributions (unimodal at 61 wt% and bimodal with the large mode below or above 350 nm at 65 wt% solids), different types of surfactant and in one case the carboxylic monomer was omitted. The results showed that both the particle size distribution of the latex and the paint thickening mechanism were found to be important contributors to wet paint viscosity and dry film properties. It was found that the water-borne paints formulated with the bimodal latex with particle sizes below 350 nm provided the best application properties in terms of drying time under ambient conditions, gloss (dependant on thickener type used), and mechanical properties of the paints.