Viscosity Of Mineral Oil Research Articles

Experimental study of the flow of viscous Newtonian fluids in a centrifugal pump

This paper analyzes the influence of viscosity and impeller rotation speed in the calculation of the flow and in the theoretical prediction of the performance of a centrifugal pump impeller. The evaluation of the viscous effects allows the prediction of the frictional losses of the impeller and a more correct evaluation of the operating characteristics than can be obtained with a perfect fluid. The viscosity modifies the values of the velocity distribution in the channels of the impeller and the deviation of the flow at the exit of the blade. The experiments were carried out with mineral oils of different viscosities varying between 96.10-3 Pa.s and 520.10-3 Pa.s and which are represented by a perfectly newtonian behavior.

Facile fabrication of porous waste-derived carbon-polyethylene terephthalate composite sorbent for separation of free and emulsified oil from water

Containment of oil spills in aquatic bodies and treatment of oily wastewater are necessary to mitigate oil pollution. Synthetic oil sorbents are commonly used for managing oil spills and while they are effective, their usage introduces a considerable amount of non-biodegradable plastic into the environment. In an effort to develop an inexpensive sorbent by reutilizing solid wastes for a sustainable future, this study investigates the fabrication of a composite oil sorbent from used polyethylene terephthalate bottles and waste carbonaceous residue from the gasification of oil refinery bottoms via an energy efficient phase inversion method. The composite sorbent demonstrated oil sorption capacity of ∼ 8 g/g, which is comparable to some commercially available adsorbents, and excellent retention capacity for mineral, paraffin and crude oils of different viscosities. Furthermore, the composite is able to remove oil from mineral or paraffin oil-in-water emulsions by sorption, with an efficacy of > 99.7 %, indicating its promising application in the treatment of industrial oily wastewater. Cost analysis shows that this waste-derived composite can be produced commercially at a competitive price.

Experimental investigation of flow and pressure drop characteristics of air-oil slug flow in a horizontal tube

This study examines two-phase flow and pressure drop characteristics associated with slug flow in a tube with an inner diameter of 4 cm. Experiments are conducted using air and low viscosity mineral oil as working fluids at atmospheric pressure and two different oil temperatures, 25 and 45°C. The superficial gas and liquid velocities are in the range of 0.33–2.43 m/s and 0.20–1.20 m/s, respectively. Flow visualization images and temporal records of pressure drop oscillation are presented for different gas and liquid superficial velocities. The relevant flow parameters associated with slug flow, such as the elongated bubble velocity, elongated bubble length, liquid slug length, and liquid film thickness, are measured, and the relationship between the slug flow parameters and the superficial gas and liquid velocities is investigated. The measured pressure gradient data are also compared to predictions of previous homogeneous equilibrium models and semi-empirical correlations for two-phase frictional pressure gradient. A theoretical slug flow model for predicting the total pressure gradient of slug unit is presented using empirical correlations for the slug flow parameters. The new model accurately predicts the experimental pressure gradient data, evidenced by an overall mean absolute error of 19.3%.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPONENT COMPOSITION OF THE BIODEGRADABLE LIQUID LUBRICANT FOR SAW CHAINS

The procedure of working out of the component composition of the biodegradable liquid lubricant for the saw chains is shown. The experimental statistical mathematical model is developed for the optimization of the formulation of the main base taking into account the necessary viscosity and temperature parameters. At the same time the kinematic viscosity of the base body at the temperature of 40 °C and its pure point are chosen as the optimization criteria and the following three factors are used as the optimization parameters: the content of vegetable (rapeseed) oil in the composition, the viscosity of mineral oil at the temperature of 40 °C and the content of an adhesive additive in the base composition. The component composition of the lubricant is adjusted to achieve the required level of tribological properties of the saw chain oil and to ensure the stability of all its characteristics during storage (at least 12 months) and operation at a given level of biodegradability (at least 90 %). In particular, the biodegradable calcium sulfonate grease OIMOL KSC BIO was selected as an additive to improve tribological parameters. The special adhesive additive for vegetable oils of the Petrolad 484BD brand is used to increase the sedimentation stability, and the highly refined oil of group III according to the API standard is recommended to use as a mineral component. The developed lubricant has the following characteristics: density at 15 °C — 926 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C — 47.3 mm2/s, kinematic viscosity at 100 °C — 9.9 mm2/s, viscosity index — 202, pour point — –28 °C, flash point — 272 °C, critical load — 872 N, welding load — 1,600 N, wear index at 200 N — 0.39 mm, biodegradability — 93 %.

Fine Sieving of Atmospheric Particles in a Collected Air Sample Using Oil Electrophoresis

To solve the challenge of extracting nano- to micrometer-sized atmospheric particles from a mixed sample, we developed an electrostatic sieve system, the Fine Sieving of Collected Atmospheric Particles using Oil Electrophoresis (iSCAPE), based on the application of an electrostatic field to a non-conductive mineral oil. Using atmospheric samples, which were collected from different cities, in addition to soil and road dust samples, we tested this system under different conditions and found that the “iSCAPE’d” particles moved rapidly at varying velocities and in two opposite directions. The diverse origins of the sample—ambient air, soil, or road dust—exhibited specific charged properties, and clearly affected the electrical mobility, as demonstrated by the graphs, of the particles following the “iSCAPEing,” which lasted from seconds to minutes. We also observed an increased abundance of particles in specific mobility ranges. Furthermore, according to our adenosine triphosphate (ATP) monitoring results, the iSCAPE is capable of separating bacterial particles by size and electrical mobility. The experimental data suggests that the iSCAPE relies heavily on the electrostatic field strength, mineral oil viscosity, and run time. In theory, this method can extract any targets from a complex sample, thus creating many research opportunities in environmental, biomedical, and life sciences.

Comparative study of the thermal properties of Sesame oil and two mineral oils of different viscosity

Introduction: In recent years the research and development of biolubricants from vegetable oils has increased to minimize the impact on the environment of petroleum derivatives. Objective: In this work, there was realized a comparative study of the thermal properties of the oil of Sesame with those of two mineral oils, of medium and high viscosity (360 and 255), which were free of additives. Method: The characterization of the three oils was performed using the technique of infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, thermal and oxidative properties were determined by the analysis of Differential Calorimetry Scanning (DSC). Results: The sesame oil had a pour point of – 14.67 ° C, lower temperature than for mineral oils of 255 and 360, (– 4.29 ° C and – 6.89 ° C, respectively). The high content of unsaturated fatty acids (84.86%) could be responsible for this behavior. The oils were stable to temperatures near to 250 °C and with nitrogen atmosphere. Mineral oils were more stable to oxidation because of their high content of fatty acids with saturated hydrocarbon chains which it had no oxidizable sites. Conclusions: Nevertheless, the low stability of sesame oil is due to the high content of unsaturated fatty acids, the use of antioxidant, additive or a chemical modification of the unsaturated chains, this property might be improved to use the oil as a lubricant.

Application of waste polypropylene bags as filter media in coalescers for oily water treatment

The polypropylene fibers have been used in bed coalescers for separation of micro-sized oil droplets from water for a long time. Possibilities of applying different forms of polypropylene as filter beds are still being in the focus of many researches. The possibility of applying waste polypropylene bags used for packing vegetables (PPDJ) was investigated in this paper. The results are compared with results obtained by applying waste polypropylene fibers from carpet production (PP). It is well known that there are difficulties to separate the oils of low viscosity by polymer fiber beds. Due to the above mentioned, the presented research refers to separation of low viscosity mineral oil from water. The obtained experimental results confirm that the material PPDJ could be efficiently used as a bed material for coalescers. The critical velocity of 50 m h-1 could be reached at using both polypropylene forms that is from bags PPDJ and from the carpet industry PP, when the adequate bulk density of materials is used.

Influence of viscosity for oil-in-water and water-in-oil nanoemulsions production by SPG premix membrane emulsification

Oil-in-water and water-in-oil nanoemulsions are interesting carriers for respectively oil soluble and water soluble actives. In this study, oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions were prepared by premix membrane emulsification. A coarse emulsion (premix) was injected thanks to a high pressure pump through a Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane with pore size of 0.5μm in order to reduce and homogenize the droplet size. The effect of viscosities on the pressure and droplet size was investigated: the water phase viscosity by increasing glycerol concentration, the oil phase viscosity with mineral oils of different viscosities and the overall emulsion viscosity by increasing the dispersed phase content of the emulsion. The pressure required to break up the droplets inside the membrane pores ΔPdis did not depend on viscosities, while the pressures generated by the flows through the pipe ΔPpipe and the membrane ΔPflow were proportional to the viscosity of the overall emulsion. W/O nanoemulsions were more difficult to produce and to characterize but thanks to the original set-up working at pressures up to 65 bar and high flowrates, W/O mineral oil nanoemulsions were produced with mean droplets size around 600nm and flow rate of 50mL/min.

Effect of ZnO nanoparticles in R290/R600a (50/50) based vapour compression refrigeration system added via lubricant oil on compressor suction and discharge characteristics

The primary source of energy consumption in a vapour compression refrigeration system is a compressor. The possibility of a reduction in the work of compression may leads to enhance the compressor suction and discharge characteristics and the overall performance of the refrigeration system. The present experimental investigation based upon the study of ZnO nanoparticles in a vapour compression refrigeration system using hydrocarbon blend R290/R600a (50/50) as a refrigerant. The zinc oxide nanoparticles are appended with system refrigerant via compressor lubricating oil. The results observed that by using different weight concentrations of nanoparticles in R290/R600a refrigeration system, both the compressor suction and discharge pressures and temperatures were reduced compared to conventional system. The viscosity of mineral oil with the addition of nanoparticles increases. The compressor energy consumption was reduced by 7.48 % using (0.2–1.0) wt% concentrations of nanoparticles. The COP of the refrigeration system has been increased by about 46 % with the addition of nanoparticles. Thus, the ZnO nanoparticles worked efficiently in the R290/R600a refrigeration system.

Experimental study of dispersed oil-water flow in a horizontal pipe with enhanced inlet mixing, Part 2: In-situ droplet measurements

Droplet size measurements in premixed oil-water flow are presented. Three traversable focused beam reflectance measurement probes (FBRM) positioned along the test section allowed for measuring averaged droplet size profiles over the cross section. Measurements for two mixture velocities, Umix=0.5m/s and Umix=1m/s, and the complete range of input water fractions were performed with tap water and medium viscosity mineral oil. The flow facility provided a 10cm inner diameter test section of 24m total length. Flow development in terms of droplet growth was documented. Averaged droplet sizes showed to be a function of the dispersed phase fraction with sizes increasing towards a maximum at phase inversion. Different flow patterns show characteristic droplet size profiles over the cross-section. Common models over-predict the presented droplet size data, most probably as a result of enhanced inlet mixing and underdeveloped flow.

Experimental investigation of deep drawing of C-rail benchmark using various lubricants

This paper deals with the deep drawing of C-rail experimental benchmark, which has a complex deformation path. The influence of various lubricants, including the dry friction, low and high viscosity mineral oil, semisolid grease and PTFE film on the drawability of dual-phase steel sheets, was performed. The digital image correlation technique was applied for component tests as well as the deformation analysis. The drawability was experimentally assessed by comparing surface roughness, thickness reduction, and springback of drawn component. The experimental results indicate that the interfacial lubrication between tools and work-piece plays an important role on the drawability of advanced high strength steel sheets. The quality of component was improved obviously by using PTFE film compared to the other lubricants.

Validation of a new phenomenological “jump-and-channel” model for the wet pressure drop of oil mist filters

The “wet pressure drop” of oil mist filters (i.e. the increase in differential pressure of the air flow due to loading of the filter with liquid) is presented as a function of two mechanisms by which coalesced oil is transported through the filter. These mechanisms operate in separate regions of the filter and make separate (and separately measurable) contributions to the overall wet pressure drop. This new concept, which was first formulated qualitatively in a phenomenological model by Kampa et al. (2014), leads to semi-quantitative predictions regarding the dependence of pressure drop Δp and saturation S on filter operating conditions, filter properties and liquid properties. These predictions are first formulated and then validated for a range of wettable and non-wettable filter media in combination with 4 mineral oils of different viscosity. The key findings, summarized below, are consistent with the model and apply to both wettable and non-wettable media.Oil transport across media interfaces (i.e. transitions between regions of different porosity and/or wettability) was associated with a relatively sharp increase in pressure drop ∆p and oil saturation S over a very thin layer of the filter (a “∆p jump”). The magnitude of this ∆p jump was determined by the media properties. It correlated well with the respective static break-through pressures for oil or air, but did not depend on the oil viscosity and loading rate of the filter (at constant air velocity). Oil transport through channel regions of the filter (i.e. the regions connecting interfaces) was associated with a linear increase in ∆p with channel length and liquid throughput. The corresponding saturation level S was relatively flat throughout the channel region and lower than at an interface. (Both quantities are media dependent, of course.) An increase in oil viscosity μ (at constant oil throughput) led to different responses depending on filter wettability.

An empirical method to estimate the viscosity of mineral oil by means of ultrasonic attenuation

This paper presents an empirical method for measuring the viscosity of mineral oil. In a built-in pipeline application, conventional ultrasonic methods using shear reflectance or rheological and acoustical phenomena may fail because of attenuated shear wave propagation and an unpredictable spreading loss caused by protective housings and comparable main flows. The empirical method utilizing longitudinal waves eliminates the unknown spreading loss from attenuation measurements on the object fluid by removing the normalized spreading loss per focal length with the measurement of a reference fluid of a known acoustic absorption coefficient. The ultrasonic attenuation of fresh water as the reference fluid and mineral oil as the object fluid were measured along with the sound speed and effective frequency. The empirical equation for the spreading loss in the reference fluid is determined by high-order polynomial fitting. To estimate the shear viscosity of the mineral oil, a linear fit is applied to the total loss difference between the two fluids, whose slope (the absorption coefficient) is combined with an assumed shear-to-volume viscosity relation. The empirical method predicted the viscosities of two types of the mineral oil with a maximum statistical uncertainty of 8.8% and a maximum systematic error of 12.5% compared with directly measured viscosity using a glass-type viscometer. The validity of this method was examined by comparison with the results from theoretical far-field spreading.

Effects of the micro groove arrays formed on the tool surface and viscosity of lubricant on surface roughness of aluminum product in cold extrusion

The effects of the micro groove arrays formed on the tool surface, and the viscosity of lubricant, on surface quality of aluminum products were investigated, by carrying out plane strain extrusion experiments. Eight different plane plate tools were prepared for the experiments. One, a flat plane tool without the groove arrays. The other seven were tools with surfaces having micro groove arrays. Those seven tools include, two with the vertical cross sectional profiles of the grooves, two with the depth distributions of the groove arrays and three with locations of the groove arrays on the tool surface. The workpieces (billets) are annealed aluminum, A1050 (JIS) , and four paraffinic mineral oils of different viscosity were used as lubricants in the experiments. It was found that the vertical cross sectional profiles and depth distribution of the groove arrays affect the initial extrusion process, and that application of a tool with groove arrays is useful in the extrusion process for obtaining a good surface finished product using a wide viscosity range of lubricants.

5219 鉱油潤滑条件下におけるボールねじの油膜形成状態と玉の運動挙動(S65-5 潤滑膜計測技術,S65 トライボロジーの基礎と応用)

Using an electric resistance method, the authors measured the states of oil film formation during one stroke of the improved type ball screw which incorporates resin retaining pieces between balls. As lubricating oil, two kinds of mineral oil with much different viscosity were used. The screw shaft is rotated in the range of 120rpm〜950rpm. The results were compared with the experimental results in the grease lubricated condition. In the case of the high viscosity mineral oil, the oil film between balls and raceways was formed sufficiently even at a lower shaft speed of N=120rpm. On the other hand, the oil film formation with the low viscosity mineral oil or with the grease was influenced by the rotating speed of screw shaft. Using a magnetized ball and hall elements, the ball motion in ball screw was also measured, and the relationship between the ball motion and the oil film formation was discussed.

Liquid Vortex Shielding for Fusion Energy Applications

Swirling liquid vortices can be used in fusion chambers to protect their first walls and critical elements from the harmful conditions resulting from fusion reactions. The beam tube structures in heavy ion fusion (HIF) must be shielded from high energy particles, such as neutrons, x-rays and vaporized coolant, that will cause damage. Here an annular wall jet, or vortex tube, is proposed for shielding and is generated by injecting liquid tangent to the inner surface of the tube both azimuthally and axially. Its effectiveness is closely related to the vortex tube flow properties. 3-D particle image velocimetry (PIV) is being conducted to precisely characterize its turbulent structure. The concept of annular vortex flow can be extended to a larger scale to serve as a liquid blanket for other inertial fusion and even magnetic fusion systems. For this purpose a periodic arrangement of injection and suction holes around the chamber circumference are used, generating the layer. Because it is important to match the index of refraction of the fluid with the tube material for optical measurement like PIV, a low viscosity mineral oil was identified and used that can also be employed to do scaled experiments of molten salts at high temperature.

軸受鋼ローラの転がり疲れ : TEHL理論による検討(OS13-2 一般講演(II))

Using a two-roller testing machine, the rolling contact fatigue life of bearing steel rollers with mirror-like smooth surfaces was examined. A pair of rollers were driven under the rolling with sliding condition of s=-3.2%, and a maximum Hertzian stress in the range of PH=3.0GPa〜4.0GPa was applied in point contact condition. As lubricant, a low viscosity synthetic traction oil with viscosity grade of ISO VG 32 was used, and the test results were compared with those obtained using a low viscosity mineral oil with almost the same viscosity grade. Consequently, the fatigue life with a low viscosity traction oil was shorter than that with a low viscosity mineral oil, and this tendency appeared more distinctly under higher stress conditions above PH=3.4GPa. Based on the numerical calculation results of the thermal EHL, the authors discuss the mechanism which causes such a difference in the fatigue life.

A method for testing lubricants under conditions of scuffing. Part II. The anti‐seizure action of lubricating oils

AbstractThis paper describes an investigation of lubricating oils under extreme‐pressure (EP) conditions in a specially modified four‐ball tester. A new test method developed at the Tribology Department of ITeE described in Part I of this paper was used. In this, during a test run, the applied load is increased continuously and the friction torque is measured. A sudden increase in the friction torque indicates the collapse of the lubricating film — where scuffing is initiated. The load at this moment is called the scuffing load. If the load is increased further, it is possible to observe scuffing propagation until seizure occurs, i.e., a defined, maximum friction torque is reached. Thus, scuffing is considered as a process leading to seizure.Using the method, tribological experiments were performed employing various lubricating oils consisting of viscosity‐index improvers and antiwear (AW) and extreme‐pressure (EP) additives added to a base oil. Mineral and synthetic base oils of different kinematic viscosities were used. The aim was to investigate the influence of such lubricants on scuffing initiation and propagation with the present methodology.In Part I it was shown that scuffing initiation depends strongly on the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant; the higher the viscosity, the greater the scuffing load. The presence of AW and EP additives in the lubricant increases the scuffing load significantly. It was also shown that the kinematic viscosity of the lubricant oils has no effect on scuffing propagation. However, scuffing propagation is significantly mitigated by AW and, to a greater extent, by EP additives. The results of surface analyses show the decisive nature of the chemical reactions of AW and EP additives with the steel ball surface under scuffing conditions, as well as the possible diffusion of sulphur and phosphorus. Chemical reactions and diffusion lead to the creation of an inorganic surface layer (probably iron sulphide), the good anti‐seizure properties of which limit scuffing propagation.

Droplet sizing using silicone oils

The ISO standard protocol for determining size of droplets suspended between two layers of silicone oils of differing viscosity was evaluated in experiments using a monosize droplet generator. Cross-sectional areas of 0.27-nl droplets captured in silicone oils decreased linearly with time until droplets disappeared at 26 min after application. Rates of decrease in cross-sectional area of droplets were independent of droplet size (range 0.27–269 nl), but decreased as the gradient in water vapour concentration between droplet and ambient atmosphere decreased. Saturating silicone oils with water reduced rates of decrease in cross-sectional areas of droplets (−37%). Diffusion studies established that the amount of water diffusing through silicone oil increased linearly with time. Permeance to water vapour was inversely related to thickness of the oil layer. Permeability coefficients averaged 45.8×10 −9 and 29.5×10 −9 m 2 s −1 for low- (9.6 cSt) and high-viscosity (10 350 cSt) silicone oil and were up to 52-fold higher than for mineral oils of comparable viscosity. Our data suggest that the high water vapour permeability of silicone oil and the solubility of water in silicone oil accounted for the decrease in size of droplets captured in silicone oil. Based on our findings, the ISO standard protocol should be modified to correct for these effects.

The action of lubricants under extreme pressure conditions in a modified four-ball tester

The authors present a new method for research of scuffing. It is realized on the four-ball tester and considers scuffing as a process leading to seizure, i.e. the stopping of the relative movement of a tribosystem. During a run, load increases continuously. Using the method, tribological experiments were performed employing various lubricants; viscosity improvers, AW and EP additives were added to a base oil. Mineral and synthetic base oils of different viscosity were also used. The aim was to investigate an influence of such lubricants on the scuffing propagation and wear intensity. It is shown that rheological properties of lubricants have no effect on the propagation of scuffing and wear. However, there is a significant influence of AW and EP additives. The results of surface analyses (EDS and AES) show a decisive role of chemical reactions of AW and EP additives with the steel surface as well as diffusion of sulfur, resulting in creation of a surface layer. Its good antiseizure properties mitigate the scuffing propagation and reduce wear intensity.