Viscosity Of Mixture Research Articles

Coupling machine learning and group contribution method to predict density and viscosity of ionic liquid-inorganic solvent-water ternary mixtures

Accurate prediction of the physical properties of mixed systems is essential for efficient industrial design and process optimization. This study explores the use of a hybrid approach that combines the group contribution (GC) method with advanced machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict the density and viscosity of ternary mixtures comprising ionic liquids (ILs), inorganic solvents (ICs), and water. The machine learning algorithms employed include artificial neural networks (ANN), XGBoost, and LightGBM. A comprehensive dataset was compiled, encompassing 5738 density data points for 25 classes of ILs and 34 classes of ICs, and 1551 viscosity data points for 12 classes of ILs and 16 classes of ICs. The results indicate that all three ML-GC models significantly outperformed traditional GC models without ML algorithms. Notably, the XGBoost-GC model exhibited the highest prediction accuracy for density, with an R2 of 0.9983, while the ANN-GC model with 7 neurons in the hidden layer delivered the best predictions for viscosity, with an R2 of 0.9967. Additionally, the Shapley Additive Interpretation (SHAP) analysis reveals that the molar fractions of water and IC primarily influence density, whereas the presence of the IC anion NO3 and temperature significantly impact viscosity. Moreover, a practical example is provided to illustrate the real-world applicability of the ML-GC models developed in this work, highlighting their potential to enhance industrial processes through precise property predictions.

Study of Density and Viscosity in Nonane and 2-Alkanol Mixtures: Experimental and PC-SAFT Approach

Study of Density and Viscosity in Nonane and 2-Alkanol Mixtures: Experimental and PC-SAFT Approach

Measurement of viscosity during vibroextrusion of fiber concrete

Currently, the rheological properties of cement mortars containing dispersed reinforcement have not been studied enough, so it is important to develop a method for measuring the viscosity of fiber concrete mixtures that would simulate the technological process. To consider the flow process and calculate the rheological characteristics of fiber concrete mixtures during vibroextrusion, hydrodynamic theories were applied due to the fact that these mixtures behave like liquids in a vibration field. When solving flow problems, it is taken into account that vibrating fiber concrete mixtures are Newtonian systems. To obtain objective rheological characteristics of fiber concrete mixtures, it is proposed to measure viscosity directly during vibro-extrusion molding of flat products. The peculiarities of the flow of Newtonian fluids between flat fixed walls, which converge in a flat symmetrical rectangular narrowing channel, are considered. It is proposed to determine the reduction of the flow rate of the mixture in the rectangular channel compared to the flow between the plates by the braking coefficient. A graph of the dependence of the braking coefficient on the ratio of the sides of the cross section of the rectangular channel is plotted. 2 formulas are proposed for calculating the braking coefficient. The comparative analysis of the proposed formulas gives a good convergence of the calculation results, the average approximation error is equal to 0.0126%, which indicates a high level of coincidence of the regression equation with a more complex analytical formula. Taking into account the inhibition of the liquid flow in the end zones of the rectangular channel, a formula was proposed for calculating the viscosity of the fiber concrete mixture during the formation of flat products in the narrowing vibroextruder channel. The calculation formula contains the geometric dimensions of the channel, the density and the flow time of the fiber concrete mixture, and to determine the viscosity of the mixture, it is necessary to measure only the time of its complete flow during vibroextrusion. The proposed formula and methodology for calculating viscosity can be used to determine the rheological characteristics of any Newtonian fluids using a flat symmetrical rectangular narrowing channel. In the future, it is planned to continue researching the properties of fiber concrete mixtures under the influence of vibration.

The effect of additive compounds on the fresh properties of fly ash-based geopolymer binder

Abstract The utilization of fly ash-based geopolymer serves as a practical alternative to reduce the dependence on cement as a binding element, particularly in concrete construction. The increased viscosity of the geopolymer mixture requires careful evaluation of its effects on the fresh geopolymer’s physical properties, specifically its workability and setting time. This study investigates the impact of additive compounds, including superplasticizer, additional water, and extra cement, alone or in combination, on the initial properties of geopolymer mixtures, specifically geopolymer binders. The findings of workability testing conducted using the mini-slump test, and setting time analysis, performed using the Vicat apparatus, demonstrate that the inclusion of superplasticizer, additional water, and extra cement can either enhance or diminish the physical characteristics of the geopolymer combination. Hence, it is essential to evaluate the utilisation of the geopolymer combination to achieve the most optimal physical characteristics, while also taking into account its potential for on-site application.

A theoretical model to study of the contribution of potential attractive part on viscosity of real fluid mixtures

A theoretical model to study of the contribution of potential attractive part on viscosity of real fluid mixtures

Low frequency quartz tuning fork as hydrogen sensor

The use of hydrogen as a sustainable energy source is pushing the development of innovative sensing strategies for the monitoring of H2 concentration during its production processes and transportation. In this work, we propose a custom quartz tuning fork (QTF) as sensor for the detection of high concentrations of hydrogen in air. The selectivity derives directly from values of molar mass and the viscosity of hydrogen molecules, significantly different from those of the other main constituents of air. Exciting the fundamental flexural mode of a commercially available 12.4 kHz-QTF, we demonstrated the linear dependence of its resonance frequency and quality factor on the H2 concentration, passing through their relationship with molar mass and the viscosity of the H2-air mixture. Monitoring the shift of the resonance frequency of the QTF, the H2-component in air can be estimated with a precision level of 0.74% and accuracy error of 1.82%. The same parameters resulted 0.40% and 4.29%, respectively, when Q values are evaluated. Finally, a beat-frequency approach was proposed to speed up the acquisition in few seconds, monitoring both resonance parameters of the QTF.

Naphthalene-Containing Epoxy Resin: Phase Structure, Rheology, and Thermophysical Properties.

Naphthalene is a fungicide that can also be a phase-change agent owing to its high crystallization enthalpy at about 80 °C. The relatively rapid evaporation of naphthalene as a fungicide and its shape instability after melting are problems solved in this work by its placement into a cured epoxy matrix. The work's research materials included diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A as an epoxy resin, 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as its hardener, and naphthalene as a phase-change agent or a fungicide. Their miscibility was investigated by laser interferometry, the rheological properties of their blends before and during the curing by rotational rheometry, the thermophysical features of the curing process and the resulting phase-change materials by differential scanning calorimetry, and the blends' morphologies by transmission optical and scanning electron microscopies. Naphthalene and epoxy resin were miscible when heated above 80 °C. This fact allowed obtaining highly concentrated mixtures containing up to 60% naphthalene by high-temperature homogeneous curing with 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The initial solubility of naphthalene was only 19% in uncured epoxy resin but increased strongly upon heating, reducing the viscosity of the reaction mixture, delaying its gelation, and slowing cross-linking. At 20-40% mass fraction of naphthalene, it almost entirely retained its dissolved state after cross-linking as a metastable solution, causing plasticization of the cured epoxy polymer and lowering its glass transition temperature. At 60% naphthalene, about half dissolved within the cured polymer, while the other half formed coarse particles capable of crystallization and thermal energy storage. In summary, the resulting phase-change material stored 42.6 J/g of thermal energy within 62-90 °C and had a glass transition temperature of 46.4 °C at a maximum naphthalene mass fraction of 60% within the epoxy matrix.

Thermodynamic analysis of the effect of palm stearin on fully hydrogenated soybean oil coatings in granular micronutrient premixes

This study examined the phase behaviour and temperature-dependent viscosity of palm stearin and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) mixtures to understand the stability of FHSBO coatings on micronutrient premixes. The Hildebrand equation showed that palm stearin/FHSBO mixtures form liquid solutions, while DSC data indicated partial immiscibility in the solid phase. The melting temperatures and enthalpies of fusion are composition dependent, ranging from 67 °C and 138 J/g for 100 % FHSBO to 13 °C and 71 J/g for 100 % palm stearin. The Arrhenius model provided an excellent fit for the viscosities of the binary mixtures above their melting points, with activation energies of 26–27 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factors of 131–207 MPa.s. At the processing conditions of bouillon cubes, a binary fat coating can form on premix granules and contain approximately 70 % palm stearin at equilibrium. At processing temperatures of 30–60 °C, the premix fat coating contains 68–84 % liquid.

Improved Numerical Model to Investigate Self-Aeration Along Stepped Spillway

Abstract The concept of understanding and predicting the behavior of flow characteristics such as velocity, pressure, and energy in the presence of bubbles and droplets of various morphologies has always fascinated researchers. Flow aeration has been a challenging topic contributing to drag force, flow morphology, and cavitation, which was successfully investigated through numerical studies. Subsequently, it has resulted in the development of numerical models that can predict and simulate the self-aerated flow more accurately with less cost and in a shorter time frame. This study presents a numerical model that utilizes drag coefficient, disperse phase diameter, and interfacial area concentration to provide a novel idea of drag force in the presence of bubbles and droplets in flow. As part of enhancing the numerical model's precision, a dynamic calibration parameter for drag coefficient is incorporated which captures the macro-and microflow characteristics as over- and subgrid effects. Additionally, bubbles and/or droplets lead to a variable eddy viscosity that implemented in the numerical model as modified mixture viscosity. Furthermore, this numerical model is implemented on a stepped spillway, a well-known structure that causes aeration, to validate its accuracy and present a better understanding of the flow velocity changes, pressure differences, aeration, and energy. Finally, this numerical model predicts the self-aeration with consistent precision to experimental data that can be used alternatively to create, investigate, and optimize the design of complex geometries like stepped spillways.

Vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE), density, and viscosity of the ternary mixtures of ethane, water, and bitumen at T = 190–210 °C and P = 2.5 MPa—Measurements and CPA-EoS modeling

In this paper, we study vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) of a ternary system consisting of ethane, water and Mackay River bitumen. The experimental measurements were compared with the predictions of the Cubic Plus Association (CPA) Equation of State (EoS) model at temperatures ranging from 190 to 210 °C and at 2.5 MPa pressure. The feed mole fractions of ethane and water are varied while maintaining a constant bitumen mole fraction to study the VLE region and the associated thermophysical properties, such as the density and viscosity, of the liquid phase. The ternary phase diagrams are constructed at three different temperatures (190, 200, and 210 °C) and pressure at 2.5 MPa. Liquid (L), liquid–liquid (LL), vapor–liquid (VL), and vapor–liquid–liquid (VLL) phase boundaries are determined using phase stability analysis and flash calculations. The experimentally determined phase molar compositions are reported for ethane, water, and bitumen and compared with the model predictions. The AARDs for predicting the liquid phase composition for bitumen, water, and ethane are 1.71 %, 9.34 %, and 3.16 %, respectively. For the vapor phase composition, the AARDs for the water and ethane are 5.91 % and 4.75 %, respectively.

가루쌀분말 압출성형물의 특성에 대한 전분 첨가 및 종류의 영향

This study investigated the effects of starch addition and type on the characteristics of extruded products of floury rice powder (FRP). Native starches from waxy, normal, and high-amylose corn, wheat, tapioca, and potatoes were used. Each starch replaced 30% of the dry weight of FRP. FRP and FRP-starch mixtures were extruded using a twin screw extruder at 19–20% moisture content, 18 Hz screw speed, and barrel temperature of 160℃, followed by drying at 80℃ for 3 h. The water absorption and water solubility indices of the FRP-starch mixtures were higher than those of starch alone, whereas swelling power exhibited the opposite trend. The gelatinization temperatures of the FRP-starch mixtures, except for the FRP-wheat starch mixture, shifted to higher temperatures than those of FRP, whereas their gelatinization enthalpies were lower. The pasting viscosities of the FRP-starch mixtures, except for the FRP-high-amylose cornstarch mixture, were higher than those of FRP. Regarding the extruded products, partial replacement of FRP with starch improved the expansion ratio and specific volume of the extrudates. The failure strength, measured using a 3-point bending test, was higher for the FRP-starch mixture (except for high-amylose corn and tapioca starches) than for FRP.

Encapsulation of gallic acid in alginate/lactoferrin composite hydrogels: Physical properties and gallic acid diffusion

Alginate hydrogel is commonly utilized to encapsulate hydrophilic polyphenols because of its biocompatibility and flexibility. However, encapsulation with neat alginate gel is prone to uncontrolled compound diffusion during gel formation and storage. Previous research have demonstrated the electrostatic complexation of lactoferrin and alginate, nonetheless, no study has been reported on the combination of these polymers as hydrophilic polyphenol encapsulation agent. Therefore, this research aims to explore the encapsulation of gallic acid (GA), a representative of water-soluble polyphenol, in the lactoferrin-alginate composite hydrogel. The composite hydrogel of sodium alginate-lactoferrin (S-L) was prepared in solid-basis ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 2:0, 2:1, 2:2, and 2:3. The evaluation was conducted on the alginate-lactoferrin mixture viscosity, gel syneresis, gel strength and stiffness, dried gel rehydration properties, porosity, GA diffusion, and gel microstructure. Images of SEM and CLSM microscopy revealed relatively compact structures created by evenly distributed lactoferrin in the hydrogel system. According to the gel electrophoresis analysis, composite alginate-lactoferrin gel hindered the diffusion of compounds with molecular weight >50 kDa. The addition of lactoferrin to the GA-loaded alginate composite hydrogel significantly increased the retention of GA (87.1–92.2%) in the gel. The GA-loaded composite hydrogel with the alginate to lactoferrin ratio of 2:1 and 2:2 (pH 5.24–5.43) exhibited significantly better (P > 0.05) gallic acid retention compared to the neat alginate hydrogel (pH 5.16) in their natural pH. FTIR analysis revealed a hydrogen bond between lactoferrin and the gallic acid phenolic group, while the zeta-potential analysis showed the intermolecular interaction between positive-charged lactoferrin and negative-charged alginate. This work provides important information for the development of hydrogel-based polyphenol encapsulating materials.

Effect of deflocculants on the rheological behavior of high alumina matrix suspensions for self-flowing bauxite castable

This study investigates the influence of commercially available polyphosphates and polycarboxylate ethers as deflocculants on aqueous suspensions containing high alumina cement (HAC), reactive alumina (RA), and various matrix compositions. Utilizing rheological methods, the research explores the interplay between dispersant concentration and the apparent viscosity and flow behavior of RA suspensions and matrix mixtures. The Casson model is employed to effectively describe the obtained flow data. Moreover, the study discerns specific impacts of polycarboxylate ethers on the thickening properties of matrix mixtures characterized by varying RA and HAC contents. Additionally, the research evaluates the physical and mechanical properties of low-cement bauxite castables treated with a range of polycarboxylate esters. The findings demonstrate that all deflocculated suspensions exhibit Non-Newtonian structured fluid behavior with a discernible yield stress (τ0) at shear rates below 20 s-1. At higher shear rates, there is a significant reduction in apparent viscosity, aligning well with the Casson model. Comparative assessments, based on flow curve values τ0, elucidate differing degrees of suspension flocculation depending on the type of dispersant used.

Mucoadhesive poly(ethylene glycol)-based biodegradable polyesters with in-chain model drug

Mucoadhesive polymers have received significant interest in drug delivery due to the prolonged residence time on various mucus gel layers. Not only local effects but also the systemic uptake of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be enhanced by such mucoadhesive excipients. In this study, we design novel poly(ethylene glycol) based mucoadhesive polyesters bearing unsaturated or sulfhydryl functionalities and model drug fluorescein polymerized in the polymeric backbone. The structure of polyesters was confirmed via 1H NMR and FTIR, while their molar masses, determined by gel permeation chromatography, were found to be between 3.6 and 4.0 kDa. Enzymatic degradation studies showed the ability of lipase to degrade the polymeric chains. Because of the mucoadhesive groups, the viscosity of mucus mixtures with these polymers increased 1.8-fold for the double bond, while 4.3-fold for thiol functional polymers, compared to PEG. Prolonged residence time on porcine intestinal mucosa was detected, as 3 h after application, up to 69 % of the polymers were still on the mucosa, whereas PEG was completely removed within 30 min. Highly pH and enzyme-dependent release of fluorescein was noticed; only pH > 6.8 caused significant drug release. According to the results of this study, PEG-based unsaturated and thiolated polyesters with in-chain model drugs are great mucoadhesive and biodegradable drug carriers with sustained release properties.

Predicting viscosity-concentration dependencies of binary organic mixtures using molecular dynamics methods

The shear viscosity of organic liquids is very important for industrial applications. This paper focuses on the blind prediction of concentration-viscosity dependencies for organic mixtures at 298.15 K and 1 bar using molecular dynamics methods. Two mixtures are considered: tributyrin+1-decanol and 1,2-butanediol+1-decanol. The interatomic interactions are described using the COMPASS force field, which is modified for the reproduction of pure compound viscosities. The Green–Kubo method is used to calculate the shear viscosities. Our approach provides accurate predictions for the viscosities of mixtures with a relative mean absolute error below 10%. This work is devoted to the participation in the 12th Industrial Fluid Properties Simulation Challenge.

Thermophysical properties: Viscosity, density, and excess properties of 2-propanol and n-Decane mixtures from 283.15 K to 343.15 K under atmospheric conditions

To study the effects of temperature as well as molecular interaction of a fluid system on the thermophysical properties of 2-propanol and n-Decane binary mixture, the density (ρ), dynamic viscosity (η), speed of sound (u), and refractive index (nD) of pure 2-propanol and n-Decane, along with their binary mixtures, were experimentally measured across the entire compositional range at temperatures from 283.15 to 343.15 K and atmospheric pressure. These experimental measurements helped in the evaluation of various thermophysical properties, such as excess molar volume (vE), coefficient of thermal expansion (αE), and isentropic compressibility (κsE). The experimental dynamic viscosity (η) and density (ρ) data were used to evaluate kinematic viscosity (v) and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of flow with an equation based on Eyring's absolute state theory, and their corresponding excess properties. The excess properties of the binary mixtures were correlated using a Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation via the least-squares regression method, with fitting parameters determined for the binary system. Moreover, the Prigogine–Flory–Patterson theory (PFP) was utilized to identify the primary molecular interactions contributing to the excess molar volume at 293.15, 308.15, and 323.15 K for the binary mixtures. Additionally, the capability of the Eyring-NRTL model was tested to predict the viscosity as well as vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the binary system, and the correlated model results agreed with literature data.

Investigation of intermolecular interactions in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine with higher alkanols (N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine with 1-octanol, 1-nonanol, 1-decanol)

ABSTRACT Measurements of densities (ρ), speeds of sound (u), and viscosities (η) for binary mixtures of N,N-dimethyl benzyl amine (DMBA) with 1-octanol (D1), 1-nonanol (D2), and 1-decanol (D3) were performed across temperatures from 303.15 K to 313.15 K under atmospheric pressure, covering all composition ranges. These experimental results were utilised to calculate the excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, viscosity deviation, and the excess Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow. Calculations for partial molar properties and infinite dilution partial molar properties were also carried out for each binary mixture. The dominant intermolecular interactions within these mixtures were analysed using the PFP theory. Additionally, the Jouyban−Acree model was applied to predict the thermo physical properties such as density, speed of sound, and viscosity. The model’s accuracy was evaluated by comparing predicted values with experimental data through mean relative deviations (MRDs) and individual relative deviations (IRDs).

Tailoring Fumaric Acid Delivery: The Role of Surfactant-Enhanced Solid Lipid Microparticles via Spray-Congealing.

Fumaric acid, a naturally occurring preservative with antimicrobial properties, has been widely used in the baking industry. However, its direct addition interferes with yeast activity and negatively impacts the gluten structure. This study investigates the potential of spray-congealing as a method for encapsulating fumaric acid within solid lipid microparticles. The selection of lipid carriers and surfactants is critical, so hydrogenated palm stearin, hydrogenated rapeseed oil, and Compritol ATO 888 (glyceryl behenate) were chosen as lipid carriers, and propylene glycol monostearate and glyceryl monolaurate were utilised as surfactants with varying concentrations. Rheological properties, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, moisture content, and thermal behaviour were assessed, along with the release profiles under different temperature conditions simulating the baking process. The findings indicate that the addition of surfactants significantly impacts the viscosity and stability of the molten mixtures, which in turn affects the spray-congealing process and the release of fumaric acid. The temperature-dependent and time-dependent release profiles demonstrate the potential for customising release kinetics to suit specific applications, such as the baking industry. This study may contribute to the development of a controlled-release system that synchronises with the baking process, thereby optimising fumaric acid's functionality while preserving the quality of baked goods.

Effects of galactomannans of varied structural features on the functional characteristics and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch

This study explores the effects of four natural galactomannans (GMs) with varying degrees of branching (fenugreek gum, guar gum, tara gum and locust bean gum) on the functional properties and in vitro digestibility of wheat starch (WS). Results from rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis revealed that GMs with lower branching degrees were correlated with higher paste viscosity, peak viscosity, and greater water-holding capacity in the WS-GM mixtures. Additionally, these lower branching GMs more effectively inhibited amylose leaching during starch gelatinization, leading to a softer gel texture and increased transparency of the mixtures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis demonstrated that starch mixtures containing lower branching GMs exhibited reduced relative crystallinity and enthalpy values during aging. Furthermore, the incorporation of lower branching GMs resulted in decreased starch digestibility in vitro, thereby enhanced resistant starch content. These findings highlight the potential of selectively branched GMs to modulate the functional properties and nutritional profile of WS, providing a promising approach for the development of starch-based products with improved health benefits.

Excess Molar Volume and Deviations in Viscosity of the Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing 1,3-Dioxolane + Alkanols at T = 298.15k

Thermodynamic and transport properties of liquid and liquid mixtures have been used to understand the intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixture. The sound velocity, density and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures are important from practical and theoretical point of view to understand the liquid theory. In the present study sound velocity, density and viscosity have been measured of binary mixtures of 1, 3-dioxolane with pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol and decanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 298.15K, and atmospheric pressure. From these experimental measurements the excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been calculated. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been analyzed in terms of interactions arising due to structural effect, charge-transfer complexes and dipole-dipole interaction between unlike molecules. These deviations have been correlated by a polynomial Redlich-Kister equation. The excess properties are found to be eighter negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and nature of the liquid mixtures. Excess properties provide important information in understanding the solute-solvent interaction in a solution. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), values have been interpreted to terms of the nature of intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules of mixtures.