Viscosity Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Evaluating the Potential of Biodiesel Production through Microalgae Farming in Photobioreactor and High Rate Ponds from Wastewater Treatment

In the last decade, the research works on microbial as a potential source of lipid for biodiesel production have been growing. In this work, the potential of a sludge from high-rate lagoons in urban sewage treatment, composed mainly by Chlorella sp., as oil source for biodiesel production, was studied. The potential of Chlorella sp. growth in photobioreactor under controlled conditions was also investigated. Low lipid content (up to 3%) was observed in both cases. The composition of both oils showed high amount of fatty acids and fatty acid based compounds, however there are also other non-fatty acid based lipids. Density and viscosity of biodiesel from biosolid oil were determined and the results showed that these physico-chemical properties do not match the specification required for biodiesel. The results showed that sewage sludge from Samambaia treatment station (DF, Brazil) and Chlorella sp. cultivated under the conditions described in this work are not potential sources of fatty material for biodiesel production.

Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission of Diesel Engine Fuelled With Preheated Jatropha Biodiesel and Its Blends With Ethanol

As the cost of petroleum fuel is rising swiftly day by day. Here is a rising demand for research for sustainable atmosphere gracious and cost effectual alternate fuel. Conventional fuel like diesel is replaced with alternative fuel because of these fuels an economically, attractive and renewable. Bio-diesel fuel is pure combustion diesel fuel replacement, and has a few attractive properties such as biodegradability, renewability, comparable performance as well as low emission. The bio-diesel viscosity is higher than diesel fuel. In the current investigation is to reduce the bio-diesel viscosity by pre-heating. In this experimental analysis diesel fuel, jatropha bio-diesel, preheated jatropha bio-diesel, pre-heated jatropha bio-diesel (80%)-ethanol (20%) fuels are tested. Experiment has been performed on the basis of constant revaluation per minute and studied the engine is taken as diesel engines tested on different loading condition.The experimental analysis is based on a performance parameters like brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency as well as an investigation the exhaust emission, where engines are fuelled with preheated jatropha bio-diesel and ethanol blending in the ratio of 80% and 20% respectively. This research paper is based on comparison of different fuels with respect to the diesel is taken as reference fuel. Eventually it is concluded that BTE decreases slightly whereas BSFC increases as the engine fuelled with PJBD80E20 as compare to neat diesel fuel at different load conditions.In the same testing condition, a slight decrease in CO and HC emission and significant reduction in NOx emission were observed, however, there is a slight increase in smoke emission was observed as compare to diesel fuel.

Chicken fat and biodiesel viscosity modification with additives for the formulation of biolubricants

This study aimed to develop a lubricant from chicken fat and biodiesel, using additives to meet the standards of physicochemical and environmental quality of the ISO 15380-2012.The raw material was extracted directly from chicken skin; using two methods: autoclaving and direct heating, being the latter which generated the higher extraction yield (52.06%). Fat purification (physical refining) was performed by degumming, bleaching and fractionation, where in the fat was transformed from a two-phase mixture to a single-phase solution with improved physicochemical characteristics: viscosity, acid value and mainly fatty acids (48.21%) with prevalence of oleic acid. Viscosity modifiers were added in different ratios (EVA and SBS) following a categorical multifactorial experimental design. As a result, fat mixed with EVA 3 and 4% generated products with similar physicochemical properties to a commercial lubricant, i.e. kinematic viscosity at 40°C and 100°C was 108.47 to 174.78 and 20.65 to 27.47mm2/s, respectively.Biodegradability of formulations were estimated with the BOD5/COD to give a value of 0.6 showing that the product is biodegradable. Thermogravimetrical analysis were done and results demonstrate that thermogravimetrical characteristics are improved if are compared with those of mineral lubricants.Results from this work show that chicken fat is a viable alternative to formulate biolubricants with physicochemical and thermic characteristics to those from commercial lubricants with the advantage of coming from a residual feedstock and being biodegradable.

Measurement of the viscosity of biodiesel by using an optical viscometer

In this paper, we report the characterization of the viscosity of biodiesel produced from jatropha curcas. The viscosity measurement has been carried out by using a modified falling ball viscometer as well as optical technology. The viscosity was measured from 28 to 70°C, which is the interest for determining the quality of biodiesel. We found that the falling ball optical viscometer offers a resolution of a viscosity measurement of ±0.039 mPas with a relative error of 1.47933%. The measurement process was compared with a commercial viscometer, and it has been demonstrated that the biodiesel produced in Chiapas has good quality.

Effect of ethanol addition on the properties of Jatropha ethyl ester

ABSTRACTFossil fuels are available in limited quantity and may extinct in future. Moreover, pollutant emission from diesel engines affects the ecological systems. Biodiesel, derived from vegetable oil, is a renewable and green source of fuel. In this study, biodiesel produced from base catalyzed transesterification was blended with different diesel volumes. The diesel–biodiesel blends showed varied flash point (168–42°C), viscosity (4.34–3.31 mm2/s), density (0.872–0.8351 g/cm3), acid value (0.3–0.4 mg KOH/g), and cetane number (51.6–49.5). The results showed that alcohol addition helped in reducing viscosity and density of biodiesel by almost half. These provide explanation on engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics.

Gibbs energy additivity approaches to QSPR in modeling of high pressure density and kinematic viscosity of FAME and biodiesel

Density (ρ) and kinematic viscosity (μ) are important physical properties of biodiesel. They are directly affected by both temperature and pressure. Accordingly, models which correlate density and kinematic viscosity of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and biodiesel to their carbon numbers, number of double bonds of fatty acid are proposed. Gibbs free energy additivity is used as an alternative approach to quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) in estimating density and kinematic viscosity at high temperature and pressure of FAME and biodiesel. It is one of the best models for estimating density of FAME, mixtures of FAMEs or biodiesels and biodiesel blends at different temperatures (283.15–333.15K) and pressures (0.2–40MPa).For kinematic viscosity, the model is simply derived from the sum (or subtraction) of the Gibbs energies of dynamic viscous flow and volumetric expansion. Thus, this is the first model proposed for prediction of kinematic viscosity of FAME and biodiesel ay different temperatures and pressures. Because there is no experimental value in the literature, the accuracy of the model is tested against the experimental density and experimental dynamic viscosity (η) via the classical equation (μ=η/ρ).

Novel insights into the dynamic structure of biodiesel and conventional fuel sprays from high-pressure diesel injectors

The spray dynamics of biodiesel has not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Understanding the dynamic structure is important for successful modeling of biodiesel sprays and the proper use of biodiesel in modern engines. This study compares the dynamic structure of biodiesel and conventional fuel sprays from single- and multi-hole diesel injectors using a synchrotron X-ray velocimetry technique. Three fuels, biodiesel, diesel and Viscor16br, were used in this study. The results showed that the high viscosity and density of biodiesel decreased the injection velocity compared to conventional fuels. The biodiesel effect on injection velocity was less significant for the multi-hole injector. For the single-hole injector, the biodiesel slowed down the flow breakup and increased the intact core length that caused the lower velocity decay rate and turbulence intensity along the spray center. Meanwhile, in the case of the multi-hole injector, the flow breakup, and the velocity decay rate and turbulence intensity along the spray center appeared equivalent regardless of the fuel. The fuel viscosity did not play a dominant role in the spray dynamics of the multi-hole injector and the dynamic structure of the biodiesel and conventional fuel sprays can be scaled based on the momentum conserving gas jet theory.

Gibbs energy additivity approaches to QSPR in modeling of high pressure dynamic viscosity of FAME and biodiesel

Viscosity is directly affected by both temperature and pressure. Accordingly, model which correlates dynamic viscosity of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and biodiesel to number of carbon atoms and number of double bonds of fatty acid is proposed. The model is derived from the law of Gibbs energy additivity and it is used for estimation of dynamic viscosities of FAME and biodiesel at different temperatures and pressures from its carbon numbers and number of double bonds. All the estimated viscosities agree well with the reported experimental values. The average absolute deviation (AAD) and Bias were 1.78% and 0.52%, respectively.

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TEACHING

Biodiesel is important renewable energy that stands out mainly due to the possible reduction of oil reserves and environmental impacts intensified by the use of fossil fuels. This biofuel is produced from various oily materials, catalysts, and alcohols. Generates glycerin as a byproduct, which is used in different kinds of industries. Given the importance of the fuel and the need to integrate the theoretical content with the practical application of knowledge, this article aims to describe an experiment that can be used for teaching content such as chromatography and transesterification reaction in graduation courses. For biodiesel production were used: soybean oil, methanol, and potassium hydroxide, and analysis on paper chromatography were employed: filter paper and the solvents hexane, ethyl ether, and acetic acid as eluants. The viscosity and specific gravity of soybean oil and biodiesel were measured. With experiments, the academics observed that the transesterification reaction changes the physical-chemical properties of oil when it is converted into biodiesel and understand basic principles governing the chromatographic techniques and organic reactions.

Prediction of Kinematic Viscosity and Density of Biodiesel Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Multivariate Statistical Models

By Brazilian law, biodiesel has to satisfy certain quality requirements and measurements established by standardized procedures, as is the case for kinematic viscosity and density. In this respect, information on the profile of methyl esters in biodiesel is very important because they are directly related to both these parameters. The objective of this study was to determine the profile of methyl esters present in a biodiesel sample by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and evaluate its reliability in predicting their kinematic viscosity and density. Two multivariate statistical models were used for this purpose, the multiple multivariate linear regression (MMLR) and the partial least square regression (PLSR). The input variables used in the models were the relative intensities of the main methyl ester peaks, and the models were compared by their predictive behavior. Samples were randomly divided into two parts: 87% in the training or calibration set, used for the estimation of MMLR and PLSR models...

The effects of long-term storage on the cold flow properties and viscosity of canola-based biodiesel

ABSTRACTIn this study, the effects of long-term storage on the viscosity and cold flow properties of biodiesel were investigated. Canola oil with a high content of unsaturated fatty acid was used to produce biodiesel in the experiments. Biodiesel sample was kept in ordinary atmospheric storage conditions for 6 months. The samples were taken from the biodiesel feedstock in every 30 days and cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of the samples were measured. During 6-month storage, no significant deterioration was observed in cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel. Additionally, the same pour point (PP) and cold filter plugging point (CFPP) values (−11°C) were obtained during this period.

Energy Additivity Approaches to QSPR Modeling in Estimation of Dynamic Viscosity of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Biodiesel

AbstractViscosity is an important physical property of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and biodiesel (mixture of FAMEs). In this work, quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) for estimation of dynamic viscosity of FAMEs and biodiesel is approached via the Gibbs energy additivity method. The Gibbs energy of dynamic viscous flow is simply derived from the sum of the Gibbs energy of kinematic viscous flow and Gibbs energy of volumetric expansion. The derived model can be used for estimation of dynamic viscosity of saturated and unsaturated FAMEs commonly found in nature. Also, the proposed model can be extended to a mixture of FAMEs or biodiesel as well as biodiesel blends. Thus, the dynamic viscosity of FAMEs as well as neat and blended biodiesels can be estimated by the same equation from the carbon number (z) and number of double bonds (nd) at different temperature (T). The average absolute deviation (AAD) values for saturated, unsaturated FAMEs, biodiesels, and biodiesel blends (at 20–100 °C) are approximately the same as the original model for estimation of kinematic viscosity.

GreenMantra constructs manufacturing facility for polymer recycling into waxes

In this study, the effects of cooking conditions on the cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced from cooking oils were investigated. Sunflower, corn and canola oils were used as vegetable oils. Salt content, water content, cooking time and cooking temperature were selected as the experimental parameters. Some of the physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, cloud point and pour point were examined. In addition, total polar material contents, heating values and acid values of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils were analysed. The results of the study revealed that increase in salt and water content, cooking time and temperature led to deterioration in the physical properties and cold flow properties of B100 biodiesel samples from waste cooking oils of sunflower, corn and canola oils. On the other hand, the heating values of all biodiesels were found to improve with the increasing salt content.

KARAKTERISTIK BIODIESEL DARI MINYAK BIJI RANDU (CEIBA PENTANDRA) PADA REAKTOR BATCH BERPENGADUK BERTEKANAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS KOH

Biodiesel is fuel from plant oils that has been converted into methyl ester with transesterification process. The research was aimed at investigating the influence of KOH concentration and reaction time on the characteristics (density and viscosity) biodiesel at a pressure of 4 bar. The process of making biodiesel in a stirred batch reactor is pressurized, purged nitrogen, and the temperature operation of 60oC. The kapok seed oil used as raw material was 1000, methanol, and KOH (concentration of 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; and 2% oil by weight) were mixed and put into a reactor with a reaction time of 0.25; 0.50; 1.00; and 1.50 hours. Products were analysed according to ASTM standard. KOH concentration and reaction time has a significantly affected with respect to the density and viscosity of biodiesel. Biodiesel produced in compliance with the ASTM standard. The highest density and viscosity resulting in 0.5% KOH concentration and reaction time of 0.25 hours is equal to 0.8918 g/cm3 and 4.989 cSt.

Improvement of Density, Viscosity and Cold Flow Properties of Palm Oil Biodiesel by Alcohol Addition

Alternative fuel researches has gained very importance due to depletion threads of fossil fuels, strictly narrowing emission regulations and high cost of petroleum. Biodiesel one of the most favorite alternative fuels since it is renewable and cleaner energy source. Many vegetable oils and animal fats are used for biodiesel production as raw material. Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms which is produced widely in some regions and used as raw material for many industrial sectors. Palm oil can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production but it has some drawbacks such as high viscosity and bad cold flow properties. In this study, some fuel properties of biodiesel produced from palm oil and its blends with various alcohols such as isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and methanol were investigated. The study showed that the inadequate fuel properties of palm oil biodiesel such as viscosity and cold flow properties can be improved with various alcohol addition with the POME-5% methanol (CH 3 OH).

Prediction of biodiesel properties and its characterization using fatty acid profiles

Biodiesel, the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, is an eco-friendly alternative to petrodiesel. The molecular structures of biodiesels, fatty acid methyl esters were applied to predict the characteristics of biodiesel fuels. Based on the structural similarity of biodiesel and petroleum fractions, molecular weight of biodiesel was correlated with other characteristics including boiling point, viscosity and specific-gravity in the form of three equations. For 24 different kinds of biodiesel, the minimum average relative deviation (ARD) of these correlations was calculated to be 0.68%. Moreover, two correlations were developed to predict viscosity and flash point of biodiesel as a function of weighted-average number of carbon atoms (NC) and weighted-average number of double bonds (NDB) with ARD 3.72% and 4.24% respectively. Also, a high degree of correlation was shown by the logarithmic function with ARD 0.30% between specific gravity and viscosity of biodiesel. Proposed predictive models were verified by experimental data.

The testing of the effects of cooking conditions on the quality of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils

In this study, the effects of cooking conditions on the cold flow properties and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced from cooking oils were investigated. Sunflower, corn and canola oils were used as vegetable oils. Salt content, water content, cooking time and cooking temperature were selected as the experimental parameters. Some of the physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, density, cloud point and pour point were examined. In addition, total polar material contents, heating values and acid values of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oils were analysed. The results of the study revealed that increase in salt and water content, cooking time and temperature led to deterioration in the physical properties and cold flow properties of B100 biodiesel samples from waste cooking oils of sunflower, corn and canola oils. On the other hand, the heating values of all biodiesels were found to improve with the increasing salt content.

Second-Law Heat Release Modeling of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled With Blends of Palm Biodiesel

Modeling of engine-out heat release (HR) is of great importance for engine combustion research. Variations in fuel properties bring about changing combustion behavior within the cylinder, which may be captured by modeling of the rate of heat release (RHR). This is particularly true for biodiesel fuels, where changes in fuel behavior are linked to viscosity, density, and energy content. HR may also be expanded into an analysis using the second law of thermodynamics, which may ascertain the pathways through which availability is either captured as useful work, unused as thermal availability of the exhaust gas, or wasted as heat transfer. In specific, the second-law model identifies the period of peak availability, and thus the ideal period to extract work, and is of use for power optimization. A multizone (fuel, burned, and unburned) diagnostic model using a first law of thermodynamics analysis is utilized as a foundation for a second-law analysis, allowing for a simultaneous energy and exergy analysis of engine combustion from a captured pressure trace. The model calibrates the rate and magnitude of combustion through an Arrhenius equation in place of a traditional Wiebe function, calibrated using exhaust emission measurements. The created model is then utilized to categorize combustion of diesel and palm biodiesel fuels as well as their blends. The second-law analysis is used to highlight the effects of increasing biodiesel usage on engine efficiency, particularly with respect to fuel viscosity and combustion temperature. The second-law model used is found to provide a more clear understanding of combustion than the original first-law model, particularly with respect to the relationships between biodiesel content, viscosity, temperature, and diffusion-dominated combustion.

Effects of fatty acid methyl esters proportion on combustion and emission characteristics of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine

With the growing energy problems, scholars has focused on utilizing renewable biodiesel as a fossil fuel alternative. Four different typical biodiesels were employed to investigate the effects of fatty acid methyl esters proportion on combustion and emission characteristics of a biodiesel fueled diesel engine in terms of heat release rate, cylinder pressure, indicated power and formation of NOx emission. The corresponding computational fluid dynamic modeling was performed by KIVA4 coupled CHEMKIN II code, and a special chemical kinetics mechanism consisting of 106 species and 263 reactions was developed to simulate the combustion process since it contained methyl linoleate, a majority component in most biodiesel, thereby improved the accuracy of simulation. The simulation results indicated that chemical ignition delay time and kinetic viscosity of biodiesel played very important roles in combustion process. Higher saturation level could shorten chemical ignition delay time, but the higher saturation contents like C16:0 and C18:0 together with C18:1 (a single double bond methyl ester) would increase the kinetic viscosity, resulting in poor fuel–air mixing and evaporation process. Lower kinetic viscosity methyl esters like C18:2 and C18:3 was favorable for better fuel–air mixing and subsequent combustion, however, a higher NOx emission was discovered. Therefore, the relationship between saturation levels and combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesels is not simple and straightforward, the balance of five majority components is very important.

Experimental viscosity measurements of biodiesels at high pressure

The viscosity of biodiesels of soybean and rapeseed biodiesels blended with mineral diesel fuel were measured at pressures of up to 200 MPa. Using a falling sinker-type viscometer reproducible viscosity data were obtained based on the time taken for a sinker to descend a fixed distance down an enclosed tube under the influence of gravity. Measurements were taken using pressures which correspond to those of interest in automotive common rail diesel engines, and at temperatures of between 25?C and 80?C. In all cases, the viscosity of the biodiesel blends were found to increase exponentially for which the blends were noted as being more viscous than pure mineral fuels. A pressure-freezing effect was not observed for the blends.