The ingredients of viscoelastic damping material were designed according to polymerization theory. It was different from traditional damping material. The curing process of resin matrix and vulcanized performance of viscoelastic material were taken into account during manufacturing process. The new co-cured damping composites were prepared via co-curing method. The feasibility of ingredients was verified by interfacial shear test and microstructure analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis both indicated that the interface between the viscoelastic material and the resin matrix had chemical bonding interaction. The rationality of those designed ingredients was further proved. Plenty of results reveal that such co-cured damping composites possess excellent interfacial bonding strength. This work is aimed to explore the bonding mechanisms between damping materials and resin matrix to improve its interfacial bonding performance. The work also provides a theoretical basis for development of functional composites.