Vis NIR Research Articles

Rapid Detection of Adulteration in Minced Lamb Meat Using Vis-NIR Reflectance Spectroscopy

In view of the phenomenon that adulterated lamb with other animal-derived meats in the market could not be quickly identified, this study used visible near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods to quickly identify and quantify lamb rolls adulterated with chicken, duck, and pork. The spectra of the visible–near-infrared band (350–1000 nm) and near-infrared band (1000–1700 nm) of 360 lamb samples, which were mixed with chicken, duck, pork, and 10% lamb oil separately in different increasing proportions, were collected. It was found that the qualitative models of heterogeneous meat (adulterated with chicken, duck, and pork) in lamb were constructed by the combination of first derivative and multiplicative scatter correction (MSC); the accuracy of the validation set reached 100%; the meantime accuracy of the cross-validation set reached 100% (pure lamb), 98.3% (adulterated with chicken), 98.7% (adulterated with duck), and 97.3% (adulterated with pork). Furthermore, the correlation coefficient (R2c) of the adulterated chicken, pork, and duck quantitative prediction models reached 0.972 (chicken), 0.981 (pork), and 0.985 (duck). In summary, the use of Vis NIR can identify lamb meat mixed with chicken, duck, and pork and can quantitatively predict the content of adulterated meat.

Stoichiometric effect on the defect states and optical properties of LiInSe2 single crystals

LiInSe2 crystals are promising semiconductor materials for neutron detectors due to the large neutron capture cross-sectional area of the specific isotopes (6Li) and high charge transport properties. However, the optoelectronic performance fails to reach the expected level due to the difficulty of controlling the crystal defects. Herein, we modulate the stoichiometric ratio to control the type of defects in single LiInSe2 crystals grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The UV‒vis–NIR transmission results indicate that the band gap of the yellow colored Li1.01In1Se2 sample is close to ~ 2.83 eV at room temperature, and this value is consistent with the theoretical band gap of LiInSe2 (~ 2.86 eV). Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to analyze the defect concentration. The results indicate that the defect types in the yellow Li1.01In1Se2 single crystal are VSe+ and LiIn2−; these result from the introduction of excess Li and the suppression of the adverse defects in InLi2+ and VLi−. These results demonstrate a feasible route for obtaining high-quality yellow 6LiInSe2 crystals and promote the application of 6LiInSe2 neutron detectors.

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with on-demand redox-responsive contractible coordination polymer brush as molecular actuator driven by π-dimerization

Nanomachines require molecular actuators to be coupled to a condensed phase. In this work, a redox responsive 1D contractible coordination polymer (ZnL) used as non-interlocked actuator is grafted onto superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) in a brush-like configuration. Oxidized rod-like ZnL oligomers have ability to reversibly self-fold upon reduction via π-dimerization of their bis-viologen units. Unlike in usual responsive brushes, ZnL chains behave individually, generating spatially controlled mechanical motion at nanoparticle surface associated to significant variations of particle diameters. ZnL oligomers were “grafted to” SPIONs in a single step. Reduction of colloidal dispersions was perform by visible light illumination with the help of a photoreductant. π-dimerization was assessed by UV–vis–NIR and reversible contraction of ZnL brush was characterized by DLS. Effects of ZnL chains length and grafting density on mechanism and performance of contractibility were studied. ZnL brush can alternately be contracted and extended with excellent reversibility. Combined UV–vis–NIR, DLS and TGA analyses demonstrate that π-dimerization is only intramolecular and that chains behave as independent actuators. Maximal contraction of 22 nm is obtained for largest particles (DH = 86 nm). Full to partial contraction of the brush depends on grafting density with a threshold at ≈ 47 chains per particle.

Elucidating temperature-dependent local structure change and optical properties in GeTe phase-change material

Phase-change memory emerges as a top contender for non-volatile data storage applications. We report here a systematic change in local structure and crystallization kinetics of binary GeTe thin films using temperature-dependent resistivity measurements, which offers single-stage crystallization at around 187 °C, corroborated with x-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the change in chemical bonding upon crystallization is determined through x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy core level spectra, which reveals the existence of Ge and Te components that align with the GeTe crystal structure. Also, an investigation was carried out employing a UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer to explore the evolution of optical bandgaps (Eg), Tauc parameter (B) representing the local disorder, and Urbach energy (Eu) of the GeTe material, as it undergoes the transition from a disordered amorphous state to a crystalline state. As crystallization progresses, a consistent shift of Eg from 0.92 to 0.70 eV corresponds to as-deposited amorphous at room temperature and crystalline at 250 °C, respectively. In addition, the reduction in Eu (from 199.87 to 141.27 meV) and a sudden increase of B around crystallization temperature is observed upon increasing temperature, indicating direct observation of enhanced medium-range order and distortion in short-range order, respectively, in GeTe thin films, revealing improved structural and optical properties. These enhancements make the GeTe material ideal for data storage applications of phase-change memory for next-generation computing technology.

Thin film synthesis and photovoltaic performance of polypyrrole@cobalt hydroxide composites for solar cells and optoelectronic devices

Mono-nanocomposites (MNCs) comprising polypyrrole (PPy) and cobalt hydroxide nanoparticles (Co(OH)2 NPs) are emerging as highly favorable contenders for applications in solar cells and optoelectronic devices, owing to their distinctive attributes encompassing robust light absorption, elevated conductivity, and commendable chemical stability. This investigation delves into the production of a thin film [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC utilizing the physical vapor deposition (PVD) method. The structural and morphological characteristics of the [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC thin film were scrutinized through X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Optical properties, namely reflectance (R), absorbance (Abs), and transmittance (T) within the UV–vis–NIR spectrum, were precisely gauged at room temperature. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations and optimizations were conducted to analyze the geometric parameters, while the refractive index dispersion was probed using the single oscillator Wemple-Didomenico (WD) model. Additionally, the energy of a single oscillator and the energy of dispersion were quantified. The [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC thin film exhibited pronounced light absorption across the UV–vis–NIR spectrum, characterized by a bandgap of 1.6 eV. The Au/[PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC/p-Si/Al heterojunction device demonstrated a power conversion efficiency and fill factor (FF) of 2.6 % and 55.07 %, respectively, under an irradiance of 100 W/cm2. The findings of this investigation underscore the potential of [PPy@Co(OH)2]MNC-based thin films as auspicious candidates for deployment in solar cells and optoelectronic devices.

Structure and optical properties of alkali rare-earth double phosphates of M3RE(PO4)2 (M = K, Rb; RE = Y, La, and Lu)

Designing and synthesizing phosphate nonlinear optical materials with novel structures and excellent properties remains challenging. In this work, the electronic structure and optical properties (second harmonic generation (SHG) response or birefringence) of alkali rare-earth double phosphates M3RE(PO4)2 (M = K, Rb; RE = Y, La, and Lu) are systematically investigated. It is worth mentioning that P31m-Rb3Lu(PO4)2 was successfully synthesized by a flux-method, and the UV–vis–NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy showed that Rb3Lu(PO4)2 exhibits a short absorption edge at 207 nm and a high transmittance of 77.9 %. Based on first-principles calculations, the results show that the birefringence of the M3RE(PO4)2 series of crystals exhibits significant differences (0.009-0.028@1064 nm). Subsequently, analysis of the electronic structure and the real-space atom cutting method reveals that rare-earth polyhedra play a major role in enhanced birefringence. Overall, this work enriches the study of nonlinear optical crystals of rare earth phosphates and provides a case for further exploration.

Semiconductor Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Photonic Crystals as a Model Photoelectrocatalytic Platform for Solar Light‐Driven Reactions

In this study, nanoporous anodic alumina distributed‐Bragg reflectors (NAA–DBRs) functionalized with tungsten trioxide (WO3) are used as prototype photoelectrocatalysts (PEC) for harnessing the slow photon effect to maximize photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency under UV–visible–NIR illumination. NAA–DBR structures are structurally engineered by anodization, where their characteristic photonic stopband is precisely tuned along specific positions of the UV–visible spectrum. Subsequent atomic layer deposition is employed to coat the inner surface of these porous structures with WO3 semiconductor layers. Upon the application of overpotential bias, these platforms reveal excellent electron–hole pair separation to boost photoelectrocatalytic reactions. Photoelectrochemical degradation of methylene blue is used as a model reaction to elucidate enhancements associated with structural and optoelectronic arrangements. Notably, precise spectral alignment between the photonic stopband's red edge and the absorbance band of methylene blue enhances the degradation performance through the slow photon effect. Applying an overpotential bias further improves the photodegradation performance through efficient charge separation. These systems outperform comparable structures in this model reaction, achieving a maximum kinetic rate of 13.7 ± 2.0 h−1. The findings create new opportunities to develop high‐performing PEC technologies harnessing light–matter interactions.

High-Responsivity Vis–NIR photodetectors based on Bi2Te3 thin films and Ag2S QDs heterojunction

In this paper, high quality Bi2Te3 films were prepared by double temperature zone vapor deposition. On this basis, Ag2S/Bi2Te3 heterojunction photodetectors were prepared by spin-coating technique. Due to the synergistic absorption effect of the two materials, and the carrier extraction and separation enhanced by the built-in electric field, the device exhibits a wide spectral response and high performance. Under 405 nm, the responsivity is 18.34 mA/W, and the response time is 33/21 ms. This work provides research experience for mixed dimensional heterojunction photodetectors based on two-dimensional materials.

Simulated Solar-wind-induced Space Weathering of Olivine Powders: Spectral Alterations in the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-infrared

Bombardment by solar wind ions is one of the main drivers of space weathering on airless bodies. Here, we simulate the solar-wind-driven spectral alteration of loosely packed olivine powders by irradiation with 1.2 keV helium ions (He+). We measured the reflectance spectra of the olivine powder in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) wavelength range (0.2–2 μm) as a function of ion fluence. In the Vis–NIR range, we observed spectral darkening, absorption band shallowing, and spectral reddening, in agreement with lunar-style space weathering and previous laboratory studies. In the UV–Vis, spectral darkening was also observed. However, a spectral bluing took place at wavelengths below 400 nm. As the simulated space weathering progressed, the spectral slopes shifted from steep-UV/shallow-NIR slopes to shallow-UV/steep-NIR slopes. Moreover, the change in the UV slope was almost 10 times larger than in the NIR, supporting the hypothesis that the UV spectral slope could be an earlier indicator of space weathering.

Ag3PO4 anchored SnWO4 Z-scheme heterojunction for reactive blue 21 degradation: Performance analysis and mechanism insights

The Ag3PO4–SnWO4 heterostructured nanocomposites have been prepared by the chemical precipitation process. The prepared nanocomposites were examined through XRD, TEM, UV–visible NIR, PL, BET, Mott Schottky, EIS, and ESR measurements. The diffraction peaks of Ag3PO4–SnWO4 nanocomposite showed the peaks of SnWO4 nanoparticles that are orthorhombic in the Ag3PO4 tetragonal structure, which suggested that they are present in the mixed phase of the composite. Photoluminescence spectra displayed efficiency in charge separation of e−-h+ pairs in Ag3PO4–SnWO4-1 nanocomposite. The Ag3PO4–SnWO4 nanocomposites have been examined for degrading the aqueous solution of reactive blue (RB 21) under natural sunlight irradiation. The superior photoactivity of Ag3PO4–SnWO4-1 could be ascribed to the existence of a heterostructure between Ag3PO4 and SnWO4 nanoparticles that improved the light absorption ability of the heterostructure. Also, a low rate of recombination of electron and hole pairs between Ag3PO4 and SnWO4 nanoparticles was observed. The Mott–Schottky plot revealed both Ag3PO4 and SnWO4 as n type semiconductor with flat-band potential values as 0.34 and −0.54 eV respectively. The photocatalytic rate reached the fastest on the incorporation of 100 mg SnWO4 compared to pristine Ag3PO4 and SnWO4 particles with 91.4% degradation efficiency and a rate constant of 0.257 min−1. The photogenerated O2∙−, h+ and ∙OH radicals indicated by the radical trapping experiment were mainly liable for the RB 21 degradation.

Characterization of SiNx grown at different nitrogen flow and prediction of refractive index using artificial neural networks

SiNx films were grown on silicon substrates by Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering deposition. The effect of nitrogen flow on the structural and optical properties of the obtained films was investigated using X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer and spectroscopic ellipsometer, respectively. XRD spectra of the films showed that all films belong to amorphous structure. SEM photographs of SiNx films were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, it was observed that the surfaces of the films had a homogeneous and smooth structure as the nitrogen flow increased. The total and diffuse reflectance spectra of the films were measured and the energy band gaps of the films were determined using the Kubelka-Munk function by using the diffuse reflectance. It was observed that the energy band gap changed as the nitrogen percentage increased. The refractive index of all films was obtained as a function of temperature using a spectroscopic ellipsometer. In the second part of this study, we focused on predicting the temperature dependent refractive indices of the nitrogen flow-dependent films using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). For the training of the ANN model, wavelength and temperature values from experimental data were used as input and refractive index as output parameters. The simulation and prediction results obtained from this model are compared with the experimental data and interpreted. It is concluded that the ANN approach is suitable for simulating and predicting the temperature dependent refractive index. The models successfully trained with ANN will be especially preferred for predicting the refractive indices of SiNx films, which cannot be measured experimentally, thus providing predictions in non-experimental ranges. In particular, the results obtained by focusing on the ability of the developed artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict the optical properties of SiNx films and their potential to provide information in non-experimental conditions, offer a new approach to quickly and effectively evaluate the optical properties of SiNx films. This approach reveals the importance of artificial intelligence-based methods in materials characterization studies.

Bi-functional hydrogen tungsten bronze/carbon composite catalysts towards biomass conversion and solar water purification

We presented a novel bi-functional catalyst composed of HxWO3 and carbon composites, which exhibits excellent catalytic activity in biomass conversion and has the ability to effectively purify water via a wide range of wavelengths in the light spectrum. The HxWO3/carbon composites were effectively produced from commercially available monoclinic tungsten trioxide (WO3) and polypropylene (PP) powders to a single-step mechanochemical reaction employing high-energy ball milling. We systemically investigated how different synthesis parameters, such as rotation speed, processing duration, and ball diameter, affect the mechanochemically-induced phase transformation to either tetragonal or cubic HxWO3 during planetary ball milling. The crystal phase of HxWO3 was controllable by altering the total impact energy in the ball milling. In addition, real-time monitoring of the pressure increment inside the pot and evaluation of the evolved gas revealed the degassing behavior through the oxidative degradation of PP assisted by WO3. The CV and Rietveld analysis proved that HxWO3 exhibited significant enhancement by two orders of magnitude in the rate of H+ diffusion compared to monoclinic WO3. This enhancement would be attributed to the expansion of a mechanically-formed tunnel along the a-axis, which facilitates the migration of H+ ions. The HxWO3/carbon composites performed approximately 12-fold higher efficiency in generating soluble solids (glucose and furfural derivatives) compared to untreated WO3 through the catalytic hydrolysis of cellulose, owing to the enhanced Brønsted acidity. Moreover, the composite particles showed broad light absorption in the UV–Vis–NIR range and demonstrated a considerable enhancement of over three orders of magnitude in the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange pollutants when exposed to NIR and visible light.

A novel sodium manganese fluorooxalate crystal Na2Mn2(C2O4)2.5F·2H2O: Synthesis, structure, optical and thermal properties

A novel three-dimensional sodium manganese fluorooxalate, Na2Mn2(C2O4)2.5F·2H2O, has been obtained by an ionic-liquid-assisted solvothermal method. Na2Mn2(C2O4)2.5F·2H2O crystallizes in the triclinic P1‾ space group with unit cell parameters of a = 7.9129(4) Å, b = 8.8497(4) Å, c = 8.9252(5) Å, α = 74.623(4) o, β = 72.361(5) o, γ = 78.193(4) o, and Z = 2. The basic structural units are Mn1O6F and Mn2O5F polyhedra, which are linked by sharing C2O4 groups and F atoms to build a three-dimensional framework [Mn4(C2O4)5F2]∞34− with Na+ and H2O occupying the pores. The band gap obtained by UV–Vis–NIR diffuse reflectance is 3.24 eV. In addition, Na2Mn2(C2O4)2.5F·2H2O delivers a moderate birefringence of 0.064@550 nm.

Improving photoelectrochemical performance of transferred TiO2 nanotubes onto FTO substrate with Mo2C and NiS as Co-catalyst

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of titanium dioxide nanotube (TiO2 NT) photoelectrodes for sustainable hydrogen production has garnered significant research interest. Despite the advantages of TiO2 NT fabricated via anodization of titanium metal, such as their well-ordered vertical structure, challenges persist including the thick oxide barrier layer, limited optical transparancy, and the wide energy band gap (∼3.0 eV), which constrain their practical efficiency in PEC applications. This study addresses these limitations by introducing a novel approch to transfer TiO2 NT onto a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. TiO2 NTs were synthesized with varying anodization times and steps to achieve optimal free-standing structures. To further enhance PEC performance, co-catalyst including molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) and nickel sulfide (NiS) were incorporated using immersion and successive ionic layer adsorption reaction (SILAR) methods, respectively. Comprehensive characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provided insights into the crystal phase, morphological structure, band gap, and elemental composition of the photoelectrodes. Photoelectrochemical and photostability evaluations were conducted through linear scan voltammetry (LSV) and chronoamperometry under dark and light conditions. Results indicate that transferring TiO2 NTs onto FTO significantly enhanced photocurrent density, achieving a 2.5-fold increase at 0.7 V versus a TiO2 NT/Ti substrate. The incorporating of co-catalysts Mo2C, NiS and the combined NiS/Mo2C further enhanced the photocurrent density to 2.20, 3.00 and 8.00 mA cm−2 respectively, with a remarkable 31-fold enhancement compared to the TiO2 NT/Ti substrate. This findings underscore the potential of the TiO₂ NT/FTO photoelectrode with optimized co-catalyst integration for advanced photoelectrochemical applications.

Estimating the changes in mechanically expressible oil in terms of content and quality from ohmic heat treated mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds by Vis–NIR–SWIR hyperspectral imaging

Estimating the changes in mechanically expressible oil in terms of content and quality from ohmic heat treated mustard (Brassica juncea) seeds by Vis–NIR–SWIR hyperspectral imaging

Symmetric engineered central cross-shaped broadband metamaterial absorber with high absorption and stability for solar sailing and solar energy applications

We propose a theoretical design and analysis of a broadband metamaterial absorber (MMA) with significant potential for solar sailing applications which is a method of spacecraft propulsion that usages the momentum of sunlight to propel a spacecraft through space. The absorber features a metal-dielectric-metal configuration with a tungsten (W) based resonator and ground plane, and a Silicon-dioxide (SiO₂) substrate. Addressing the critical need for materials that can efficiently harness solar radiation for propulsion in space, our design achieves an average absorption of 99.15 % over a broad spectrum from 250 nm to 1200 nm, covering the UV–Visible–NIR regions, with near-unity absorption peaks at 362 nm and 915.8 nm. It maintains high absorptions of 84.9 % and 86 % under transvers electric and transvers magnetic modes respectively, demonstrating excellent wide incident angle stability and polarization insensitivity due to its symmetric design. PCR values close to zero confirm its functionality as an absorber rather than a polarizer. The MMA shows minimal deformation across temperatures from 500 K to 1750 K and remains stable under various mechanical stresses, proving its durability and efficiency in space. Additionally, in solar thermophotovoltaic (STPV) systems, the MMA demonstrates high photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) over a wide temperature range (500 °C to 1500 °C) and different concentration factors. This dual functionality highlights its potential for both efficient space exploration and terrestrial solar energy harvesting, making it a versatile tool for future technological applications.

Photothermal manipulation of the fringing field in gold nanorod dimers towards the apoptosis of cancerous cells

The possibility of coherent manipulation of optical and thermal energies in noble metal nanostructures has given birth to an enduring research arena coined by thermoplasmonics. Upon interaction with electromagnetic radiation, the energy of the produced hot electrons in metallic nanostructures is converted into heat and is transferred to the medium as a consequence of numerous relaxation processes. Gold nanorods have, often, been adopted as the classical anisotropic nanostructures owing to excellent shape-selective plasmonic tunability in the vis–NIR region. When a pair of metallic nanostructures are sufficiently close to each other to imbue electromagnetic interaction, there occurs evolution of collective plasmon modes, substantial enhancement of near field and strong squeezing of electromagnetic energy at the interparticle spatial region of the dimeric nanostructures. Recent advances in the ‘tips and tricks’ guide to assembling, even, anisotropic nanostructures in colloidal dispersions have offered the opportunity to interplay with the phenomenological plasmonic and thermal characteristics. The photothermal attributes emerging due to electromagnetic coupling of fringing fields have been explored considering parallel and perpendicular configurations of gold nanorod dimers as the prototypical systems from theoretical and experimental perspectives and their biomedical consequences have been realised in a mice model towards the photothermal apoptosis of cancerous cells.

Exploring the potential of bismuth-containing silicate borate glasses for optoelectronic devices and radiation protection

This study studied novel bismuth silicate borate glasses with different bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) concentrations for their optical and γ-radiation shielding capabilities. The glass samples were characterized using UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy to determine their optical properties, including the optical absorption spectra, absorption edge, and optical band gaps. The FLUKA algorithm was used to determine the radiation shielding parameters in the energy range of 0.01–15 MeV. The results revealed that the optical absorption edge and intensity were influenced by the Bi2O3 concentration, with the highest absorption observed in the sample with 35 mol% Bi2O3. The direct and indirect optical band gaps decreased with adding Bi2O3 up to 15 mol%, then increased at 25 mol%, and then reduced to the lowest value at 35 mol%. The system's crystallite size grew as the amount of Bi2O3 in the sample increased, as revealed by XRD. With increasing Bi2O3 content, it was discovered that the mass attenuation coefficient (μm) and radiation shielding effectiveness rose. The effective atomic number (Zeff) values increased as Bi2O3 content grew. T0.5 values of the glass samples increased as the energy increased and decreased as the Bi2O3 concentration increased. These findings suggest that prepared glasses with high Bi2O3 concentrations have potential applications in radiation shielding and optoelectronics.

ESR, UV–vis–NIR and FTIR spectroscopic characterization of charge carriers in copper salen polymeric complexes

In this work, we present spectroscopic investigation of charge carriers in copper(II) salen-type polymeric complexes. The polymers comprising monomeric complexes of copper(II) ion with N2O2 Schiff base ligands are analyzed to understand the influence of the paramagnetic metal center and electron-donating substituents in the ligand on the spectroscopic properties of oxidized polymers. Potential-driven structural changes in the polymeric complexes were monitored using electron spin resonance (ESR), ultraviolet−visible − near infrared (UV−vis − NIR) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroelectrochemistry. By EPR spectroelectrochemistry, we gained insight into the magnetic properties of charge carriers formed during the initial and deep oxidation of the polymers as well as the interactions between the Cu(II)–ligand spins and ligand–ligand ones. By FTIR spectroelectrochemistry, it has been shown that the charge in the low doped polymers is delocalized within the whole repeat unit.

Nucleation, crystal growth, XRD, optical, electrical, PC, SEM, SHG and Z-scan analysis of LHPP for NLO and optical limiting application

High-quality organic L-histidinium 4-nitrophenolate 4-nitrophenol (LHPP) single crystals were grown using an aqueous solution. The crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) at a temperature of 40°C using a constant temperature bath (CTB). Nucleation growth rates were monitored for various durations using an optical microscope. The crystalline perfection was confirmed through sharp, high-intensity diffraction peaks observed in the theoretical and experimental powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, which also confirmed the monoclinic crystal structure with the noncentrosymmetric P21 space group. The crystallite size and strain were calculated using Williamson–Hall coefficient. Vibrational frequency assignments of LHPP were determined using FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Optical properties were studied using UV–Vis NIR spectroscopic studies, which showed that the crystals have very low absorption and high transmittance in the entire visible region. Additionally, the optical energy bandgap (Eg) was calculated and found to be 6.15[Formula: see text]eV. Luminescence properties were studied using fluorescence (FL) analysis. Dielectric investigations were subjected to varying frequencies to study the suitability of the crystal for transistor application. The positive photoconductive (PC) nature of the crystal was confirmed using photoconductivity studies to confirm suitability for photodetector devices that measure the intensity of light rays. Etching studies revealed the growth pattern and the formation of different kinds of etch pits. The surface morphology was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical studies were also carried out. The relative second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the material was also examined and found to be 1.34 times that of standard KDP. The optical limiting and higher-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the grown crystals were studied by the [Formula: see text]-scan method using a Nd: YAG laser functioning at 532[Formula: see text]nm.