Coronavirus Disease 2019 Virus Research Articles

Awareness, Practice, and Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination among Medical Students from Mansoura University, Egypt: A Cross-sectional Survey

Background and aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging transmissible infection that can be prevented by proper hygiene measures and vaccination. With the rise and rapid spread of the Omicron variant, vaccines are currently the best protective measure. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess knowledge, practice, and attitude towards COVID-19 virus and vaccines, particularly Sinopharm, among medical students in Mansoura University, Egypt, from July to September 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a 35-item questionnaire covering demographic data. COVID-19 knowledge/practice and knowledge/attitude towards vaccines were distributed on medical students’ university Facebook group. A score was calculated for knowledge (KS), practice (PS), and attitude (AS). A 60% cutoff was considered satisfactory, and the statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA, linear regression, and Pearson’s coefficient. Results: A total of 837 students participated in this study. The majority (73.12%) of participants showed satisfactory COVID-19 KS and Sinopharm AS (54.77%) but unsatisfactory PS (68.99%) and Sinopharm KS (62.75%). Knowledge had a significant effect on Sinopharm vaccine acceptance. Moreover, females indicated higher COVID-19 KS and PS, whilst males showed higher Sinopharm KS and AS. Gender and year group had a strong correlation with PS. Furthermore, the majority (92.4%) accepted vaccination and believed it should be mandatory (80.41%). The selected vaccines were Pfizer (44.84%)>AstraZeneca (33.86%)>Sinopharm (15.56%)>others. Efficacy, safety, and country of production were the main predictors of vaccine choice. More than half (59.48%) stated that the country in which the vaccine is produced is important when choosing their intended vaccine, and 20.87% stated that their decision is based on vaccine efficacy. Conclusions: COVID-19 was a challenging pandemic; there are several available COVID-19 vaccines, but the most available in Egypt is the Sinopharm vaccine. The results of this study will provide a basis regarding the knowledge and attitude of medical students who play a crucial part in the cycle of infection. These results will help outline the main causes of misunderstandings that can be solved by providing educational needed interventions, implementing protective measures, and distributing scientifically correct data.

There Are No Silos When We Are All Suffering: Interviews and Reflections on Ubuntu and the Arts in South Africa during COVID-19

This article will draw upon some of the creative work being done in South Africa from March 2020 through December 2021, during the time of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide pandemic, by artists working across disciplines in education, community, health, and mental health. The authors had been located in Johannesburg, South Africa, in early 2020, when their stay was cut short by the spread of the COVID-19 virus and the worldwide border shutdowns that followed as they were recalled to the USA in March 2020. They have remained in communication and contact with their colleagues in South Africa, and this article is based upon these observations and interactions. This article will describe some of the initiatives and programs developed by artists in the country as well as by the faculty in the Drama for Life program at the University of the Witwatersrand and the Art Therapy program at the University of Johannesburg. These initiatives have been used toward survival and healing in this liminal space of the COVID-19 crises.

Nasal Sprays Containing Mometasone Furoate Can Be Used Prophylactically in COVID-19 Infection and Related Smell Disorders

Objective: We aimed to emphasize the possible beneficial effects of intranasal sprays containing mometasone furoate, especially for preventive treatment or supportive treatment in patients with olfactory disorders due to damage to the olfactory area, or for regular use in healthcare workers with a high risk of close contact.
 Methods: Preventive and therapeutic scientific studies are continuing around the world for viral spread and viral damage associated with the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We investigated the attachment of the COVID-19 virus in the nose and entry into the body with the crystal structure of the spike and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2) proteins, a molecular docking study. This scientific study is the first in-silico study to investigate the possible antiviral effects of Mometasone furoate molecules on spike protein and to show the antiviral effect of mometasone furoate on COVID-19.
 Results: We think that nasal sprays containing mometasone furoate can be used prophylactically in patients with COVID-19 infection due to its antiviral effect, and it may be beneficial to use sprays containing mometasone furoate before the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection begin in patients.
 Conclusions: The role of these molecules in the treatment of acute smell disorders associated with COVID-19 infection and their antiviral effects on coronavirus should be investigated by conducting extensive scientific studies on the subject.

Acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine and its related determinants among the general adult population in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic caused by a highly infectious respiratory virus (SARS-CoV-2). With all the consequences that threaten the health of the individual and society due to this infection, it has become necessary to have a vaccination that limits the spread of this virus. Objectives: To assess the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines in Saudi Arabians and to uncover the barriers associated with vaccination. Method: This was a cross-sectional study of 518 subjects, who gave their responses through an online Google form. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23. The level of significance was 0.05%. Results: The vaccine acceptance rate was 68.7%; it was significantly more common among people in Makkah city, among those with high income, and those with relatives who had the COVID-19 infection. The majority of those who accepted the vaccine were advised by health care workers (p < 0.05). Sound knowledge, attitude and practice were significantly behind increased acceptance of the vaccination against COVID-19 infection. Health care workers have a significant role in convincing people to accept the vaccine. Web sites and smartphones are important channels to increase the acceptance of the population. Conclusions: About one-third of the population did not accept the vaccine, particularly, those with low income. Increasing the knowledge of the people about the clinical aspects, and health impact of the virus of COVID-19 on the community are important intervention tools to increase the acceptance rate of COVID-19 vaccination among the population. Keywords: COVI-19, KAP, clinical aspects and acceptance of COVID-19 infection.

Oral health care in the long COVID era : Focusing on the relationship between COVID-19 and periodontal disease

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between periodontal disease and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a respiratory disease, and to suggest its molecular biological mechanism. Oral bacteria and viruses can be aspirated into the respiratory tract and may cause respiratory diseases. The COVID-19 virus can inhabit, replicate and spread in the oral environment including dental plaque, saliva, and periodontal pockets. The COVID-19 virus can induce strong innate immunity and inflammatory responses by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, which are abundantly present in the oral stratified epithelium in the oral cavity. The COVID-19 virus may activate inflammasome, one of inflammatory key factors in cell cytoplasm. In patients with periodontal disease, oral hygiene habits, professional oral cleaning, and plaque control management are effective for reducing the possibility of COVID-19 infection. This review is based on the evidences from COVID-19 related literature in the last two years.

Long-Term Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Management of Pediatric Appendicitis.

Appendicitis remains a common disease entity in pediatric patients that has historically been treated surgically with appendectomy as the standard of care. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic introduced widespread challenges impacting the management and treatment of various disease processes, including pediatric appendicitis. Many studies demonstrated a decreased incidence in pediatric appendicitis cases, which may be attributable to fears of contracting the COVID-19 virus and restrictions imposed with stay-at-home orders. Many studies have noted both an increase in nonoperative management of pediatric appendicitis and a rise in patients presenting with complicated appendicitis. Additionally, the development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children that may present with symptoms mimicking appendicitis has created a diagnostic dilemma for pediatric care providers. Understanding the natural history of pediatric appendicitis during the COVID-19 pandemic and additional diagnostic and treatment difficulties are essential to ensure accurate care of pediatric patients that present with abdominal pain concerning for appendicitis. [Pediatr Ann. 2022;51(7):e266-e269.].

Accuracy of chest ultrasonography in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus infection is an ongoing, catastrophic, worldwide pandemic with significant morbidity and mortality. Large numbers of people who are getting COVID-19 virus infection are at high risk of developing COVID-19 pneumonia; early diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia, patient care, and isolation using simple, less expensive images are required. High-resolution computed tomography chest (HRCT chest) is the reference standard method for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia; however, it is expensive with increasing the exposure risk; chest ultrasonography (CUS) may be an alternative method. Patients and methods CUS is performed on patients accepting to participate in the study at presentation of COVID-19 suspicious cases. HRCT chest to confirm COVID-19 pneumonia were done within 24 h of CUS examination. Two chest consultants who are experts in CUS at Assiut University Hospital performed CUS. The CUS is done using a convex probe of 3.5 MHz. The CUS was considered positive for pneumonia if the examiners find the presence of abnormal multiple vertical B lines with or without the presence of consolidation dots unilateral or bilateral with good cardiac function; HRCT chest results are recorded. Results In all, 197 patients were included in the study (102 males, mean age 48 ± 16.2 years). Regarding comorbidity: 10% had diabetes mellitus and 9% had hypertension. Ten (5%) patients needed hospitalization with a mean oxygen saturation of 95 ± 5%. One hundred fifty-two patients confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia with HRCT chest, while 45 patients had normal HRCT chest. CUS showed positive pneumonic finding in 128 patients and normal picture in 69 patients. There was good association (r=0.690, P<0.001) between both diagnostic modalities in COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity and accuracy of CUS in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia were 84.56, 95.83, and 87.31%, respectively, when compared with HRCT chest. One hundred and two patients were successfully followed; all of them showing clinical and ultrasonographic improvement.

Impact of COVID-19 on pathophysiological changes on feto-maternal health and treatment strategies: A literature review

Aim: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, physiological changes in pregnancy have placed both the mother and the fetus at potential risk of infection. Particularly, changes in cardiovascular function, the coagulation cascade, the immune system, and the respiratory system may be instrumental in the COVID-19 disease progression. Since this is a novel virus, the management, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19 is still evolving in general and obstetric patients as well. Therefore, it has become very crucial to study its effect on pregnancy and how providers adapted new practices pragmatically without prior scientific data. Our goal is to focus on addressing these issues systematically. Methods: We selected all the peer-reviewed articles on pregnancy-related to COVID-19 infection. Search terms were COVID-19, coronavirus, pregnancy, and maternal health using google scholar, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and PubMed. Results: We demonstrated the direct and indirect impact of COVID-19 on maternal health, including physical, mental, and social effects. We primarily highlighted case series and cohort studies discussing the clinical course, management, pathophysiological (immunological) changes, and the outcomes of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women. Conclusion: We discussed the physiological, pathological, and mental health changes in pregnant women with COVID-19 infection and the current evolving management plans, treatment approaches, and preventive measures to combat the disease. A global effort in further research is essential to determine and minimize the impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women and their outcomes.

Assessment of understanding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among health university students in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Background: For over two years now, the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic detrimentally affected people worldwide, creating a research impetus since the rise of infections and deaths. While there are still many things to learn about COVID-19, it is important to consider the knowledge of medical students, as they may serve as the frontline in the future if the crisis persists. Aim: To assess the level of knowledge on COVID-19 among health care university students of Umm Al-Qura, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A survey was conducted between April–July 2021 at the healthcare colleges of Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire was developed by researchers to determine students’ knowledge about COVID-19 disease, etiology, symptoms, risk factors, complication, prevention, mode of transmission, incubation period, and disease management among healthcare students of Umm Al-Qura University in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was designed and developed based on an extensive literature review, including recent studies about COVID-19 disease, and was modified from previously published studies. Results: Most (91.9%) respondents had a fair knowledge of COVID-19 and were considered a moderate level. Generally, it is seen that senior students had good knowledge (30.86±6.20) compared to junior students (29.89±5.41) with (P = 0.009). With regards to the knowledge of pharmacy students about the medical questions of the COVID-19 virus, we found about half of them reported that the viral load predicts the severity of COVID-19 virus-related symptoms. Furthermore, most of the pharmacy students, 157 (67.4%), agreed that COVID-19 symptoms are worse among diabetics. Conclusion: Health university students of Umm Al-Qura in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, had a fair knowledge of COVID-19 and were considered at a moderate level. Generally, it is seen that senior students had better knowledge than junior students.

Calibration and Validation of a Mechanistic COVID-19 Model for Translational Quantitative Systems Pharmacology - A Proof-of-Concept Model Development for Remdesivir.

With the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), there is an urgent need to accelerate the traditional drug development process. Many studies identified potential COVID‐19 therapies based on promising nonclinical data. However, the poor translatability from nonclinical to clinical settings has led to failures of many of these drug candidates in the clinical phase. In this study, we propose a mechanism‐based, quantitative framework to translate nonclinical findings to clinical outcome. Adopting a modularized approach, this framework includes an in silico disease model for COVID‐19 (virus infection and human immune responses) and a pharmacological component for COVID‐19 therapies. The disease model was able to reproduce important longitudinal clinical data for patients with mild and severe COVID‐19, including viral titer, key immunological cytokines, antibody responses, and time courses of lymphopenia. Using remdesivir as a proof‐of‐concept example of model development for the pharmacological component, we developed a pharmacological model that describes the conversion of intravenously administered remdesivir as a prodrug to its active metabolite nucleoside triphosphate through intracellular metabolism and connected it to the COVID‐19 disease model. After being calibrated with the placebo arm data, our model was independently and quantitatively able to predict the primary endpoint (time to recovery) of the remdesivir clinical study, Adaptive Covid‐19 Clinical Trial (ACTT). Our work demonstrates the possibility of quantitatively predicting clinical outcome based on nonclinical data and mechanistic understanding of the disease and provides a modularized framework to aid in candidate drug selection and clinical trial design for COVID‐19 therapeutics.

Implementation of an onboard COVID-19 vaccination programme: a university partnership to vaccinate seafarers.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused many seafarers to be stranded on their ships due to lack of access to a vaccine and fear of contracting the COVID-19 virus limiting their ability to work on the ship. Once COVID-19 vaccinations were available, a lack of access to the vaccine continued to exist in the underserved seafarer population. This lack of access to the COVID-19 vaccine meant that seafarers were sometimes unable to leave their ships for months beyond their original contracts. The University of South Florida (USF) College of Nursing collaborated with the USF Morsani Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy in the development and implementation of an onboard COVID-19 vaccination programme at the request of the Port of Tampa Ministries. In 6 months, 1237 seafarers from 30 countries and 5 continents received the COVID-19 vaccination as a result of this programme. Partnership between a commercial port and a College of Nursing at a local university enabled hundreds of seafarers to be vaccinated against COVID-19. This programme serves as a model for industry and academic partnerships that can have a global impact on health and wellness.

Study on the clinical features and prognosis of second and third generations of COVID-19.

BackgroundThere have been no studies examining differences in clinical manifestations and prognosis between second and third generation coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Our object was to analyze the epidemiological data and correlation between clinical types and COVID-19 generations.MethodsOlder than 18 years COVID-19 patients who met two of the three items listed in COVID-19 Diagnosis Protocol were enrolled and divided into two groups based on epidemiological history. Clinical characteristics (age, gender, body mass index, course), disease severity, laboratory results (platelets, white blood cells, lymphocytes, inflammatory biomarkers, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, myoglobin, troponin, D-dimer blood biochemical indexes), clinical types were analyzed. Two groups were compared by chi-square test, group means were compared by t test, correlation between COVID-19 generations and clinical severity and clinical types were examined by Spearman correlation analysis.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender composition (P=0.488), A-DROP scores (P=0.079) nor BMI (P=0.532) between the two generations. The number of second generation patients over 60 years was significantly greater than that in third generation (P<0.001). Creatine kinase levels of third generation patients were significantly higher than those of second generation patients at admission (P=0.009) and during hospitalization (P=0.023). The troponin levels of third generation patients were significantly higher than those of second generation patients at admission (P=0.020). At discharged, the creatine kinase and troponin levels were not significantly different between the two generations. Rate of severe (P=0.130) and critical cases (P=0.314) in second generation COVID-19 patients was not significantly different from that of third generation patients. Age (ρ=0.224, P<0.001), duration (ρ=0.317, P<0.001), transmission generation (ρ=0.269, P<0.001), serum creatine kinase (ρ=0.240, P<0.001), troponin (ρ=0.296, P<0.001), C-reaction protein (ρ=0.278, P<0.001), procalcitonin levels (ρ=0.221, P=0.001), lymphocyte count (ρ=−0.245, P<0.001), and platelet count (ρ=−0.265, P<0.001) of COVID-19 patients were significantly s correlated with clinical types.ConclusionsIncreased virulence may occur in specific tissues and organs during intergenerational transmission of COVID-19 virus. COVID-19 virus virulence in different regions is different. The clinical prognosis of COVID-19 patients is closely related to age, course, transmission generations, and some laboratory indicators. Transmission generation, regional differences, and laboratory indicators may have certain potential value in predicting prognosis and treatment.

Automatic Covid Detection using CT Images

Abstract: COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel corona virus, can cause lung complications such as pneumonia and, in the most severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or ARDS. Another possible complication of COVID-19 is sepsis, which can cause long-term damage to the lungs and other organs. COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted through droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to float in the air and quickly fall to the ground or other surfaces. As everyone is aware, the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread throughout the world in early 2020, causing the world to face an existential health crisis. Thus, automating the detection of lung infections from computed tomography (CT) images has the potential to supplement the traditional healthcare strategy for combating COVID-19. However, segmenting infected regions from CT slices is difficult due to high variation in infection characteristics and low-intensity contrast between infections and normal tissues. Furthermore, collecting a large amount of data in a short period of time is impractical. Our proposed solution will analyse a CT image of the lung and detect the infected portion of the lung, as well as the percentage of the affected portion. The system will identify the infection severity and will help patients to take essential measures. Keywords: Preprocessing, Segmentation, Feature Ex-traction, Classification, CT Images, Image Preprocessing.

Quantitative spatiotemporal impact of dynamic population density changes on the COVID-19 pandemic in China’s mainland

ABSTRACT The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its mutant viruses are still wreaking global havoc over the last two years, but the impact of human activity on the transmission of the pandemic is difficult to ascertain. Estimating human dynamic spatiotemporal distribution can help in our understanding of how to mitigate COVID-19 spread, which can help in maintaining urban health within a county and between counties within a country. This distribution can be computed using the Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) of the citizens in conjunction with other variables, such as climatic conditions, and used to analyze how human’s daily density distribution quantitatively affects COVID-19 transmission. Based on the estimated population density, when the population density increases daily by 1 person/km2 in a county or prefectural-level administrative unit with an average size of 26,000 km2, the county would have an additional 3.6 confirmed cases and 0.054 death cases after 5 days, which is the illness onset time for a new COVID-19 case. After 14 days, which is the maximum incubation period of the COVID-19 virus, there would be 5 new confirmed cases and 0.092 death cases. However, in neighboring regions, there can be 0.96 fewer people infected with COVID-19 on average per day as a result of strong intervention of local and neighboring authorities. The primary innovation and contribution are that this is the first quantitative assessment of the impacts of dynamic population density on the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the direct and indirect effects of the impact are estimated using spatial panel models. The models that control the unobserved factors improve the reliability of the estimation, as validated by random experiments and the use of the Baidu migration dataset.

Use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination to treat the COVID-19 infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is unequivocally the worst crisis in recent decades, which is caused by a severe acute respiratory virus 2. Currently, there is no effective therapy for the COVID-19 infection. Different countries have different guidelines for treating COVID-19 in the absence of an approved therapy for COVID-19. Therefore, there is an imminent need to identify effective treatments, and several clinical trials have been conducted worldwide. Both hydroxychloroquine [HCQS], chloroquine, and azithromycin (AZ) have been widely used for management based on in vitro studies favoring antiviral effects against the COVID-19 virus. However, there is evidence both in favor and against the use of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin (HCQS+AZ) combination therapy to manage the COVID-19 infection. The combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was significantly associated with increased adverse events. However, the inference of these findings was from observational studies. Therefore, large randomized trials are imperative to show the future path for the use of HCQS+AZ combination therapy. However, owing to the ban on HCQS use in COVID-19, this may no longer be essential. This review is on the pharmacology, trials, regimens, and side effects of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin combination therapy.

A mechanical-thermodynamic model for understanding endocytosis of COVID-19 virus SARS-CoV-2.

We analyze the endocytosis process of COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) using a mechanical-thermodynamic model. The virus particle is designed to interface with the cell membrane as a hard sphere. The role of cytoplasmic BAR (Bin/Amphiphysin/RVs) proteins is considered in the endocytosis. Interestingly, the Endophilin N-BAR cytoplasmic proteins show resistance in participating endocytosis, whereas F-BAR, Arfaptin BAR, Amphiphysin N-BAR, and PX-BAR proteins participate in endocytosis. The increase in membrane tension, concentrated force between the cell membrane receptor, and spike glycoprotein present on the surface of virus particle promote the endocytosis. Also, the increase in the bending modulus of membrane leads to the two-phase solution of BAR protein concentration on the interior of cell membrane surface. We observe an unstable region of protein concentration, which may help one to retard the endocytosis process and thus the viral infection. Though the present study is focused on SARS-CoV-2, it can be extended to understand any other viral infections, involving endocytosis process.

On Patterns of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Patients With COVID-19: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has various neuropsychiatric manifestations, including psychotic, mood, anxiety disorders, trauma-related disorders, and cognitive disorders, such as delirium. Although the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic contribute to an increase in psychiatric comorbidities, the COVID-19 virus is also an independent risk factor. Previous studies have revealed that the virus can invade the neural tissue, which causes an imbalance of neurotransmitters that cause neuropsychiatric symptoms. The aim of this article is to conduct a systematic review to determine the patterns of neuropsychiatric manifestations of COVID-19, discussing the frequency and its impact on pre-existing psychiatric disorders.Thirty-nine case reports were collected and analyzed for a systematic review. They were full-text, peer-reviewed journal publications from November 2020 to February 2021. Fifty-three patients were included in our study. The most frequent symptom was abnormal/bizarre behavior (50.9%), followed by agitation/aggression (49.1%), and the third most common was altered mental status and delirium (47.2%). Only 48% of our patients had a pre-existing psychiatric disorder, including three not formally diagnosed but displayed psychiatric symptoms prior to the COVID-19 infection.Findings suggest a positive correlation of new-onset psychiatric symptoms with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, the exact pathophysiology of the virus itself causing neuropsychiatric manifestations needs to be investigated further.

Birth outcomes for infants born to mothers with COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital in Telangana

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has primarily affected adults of higher age groups, and the effect of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appears to be less severe in infants and neonates. This study aims to evaluate the clinical manifestations, management, and short-term outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital in Telangana, India.The study is an observational study of neonates born to COVID-19-positive mothers delivered at Gandhi Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana from 1st July 2020 to 31 May 2021.Infection with SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 2.06 percent of neonates born to covid positive mothers. About 12.5% of those were symptomatic, with respiratory distress syndrome as the most common clinical manifestation. Symptomatic treatment was usually effective, and most neonates were discharged.The COVID-19 virus rarely affects the fetus during pregnancy and has low neonatal mortality, but is associated with adverse neonatal morbidity. Vertical transmission has not been observed in the majority of reported cases. A COVID-19 vaccine provides the best protection against the known risks of pregnancy for women and babies, including admission to the intensive care unit and preterm birth.

A Review on Current Side Effects of Used Drugs During Treatment of Patients With COVID- 19

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To increase the success in treating patients with COVID-19, many drug suggestions and some clinical studies are shared in the literature. However, the combination of several drugs with other clinical care has improved patients' conditions. And this review discusses some side effects of Covid-19 drugs' adverse effects.&#x0D; Objectives: Here, we have shortly reported the recent updates on the most common and plausible drugs for treating COVID-19 patients. We also compare these treatment options based on their impact on symptom management, inpatient length of stay, and overall morbidity and mortality.&#x0D; Methods: An extensive literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Most of the keywords used were: "COVID-19", "Side effects of used drugs," "Treatment of COVID-19", "Risk factors," "Organ damage," and "Methods of diagnosis and treatment."&#x0D; Results: Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and vitamin supplements do not have obvious benefits, but there is limited information to consider. Other factors and drugs such as improved plasma, eculizumab, immunoglobulins, IgG1-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, remidseiver, steroids, and tosilizumab have shown potential effects on patient's length of hospital stay and mortality. Currently, there is no evidence that any other vaccines, apart from those specifically designed for the SARSCov-2 virus, will protect against COVID-19.&#x0D; Conclusion: Since the prevention of the COVID-19 virus is a new issue in the medical world, there is no known effective treatment option in this area, and the prevention of its adverse side effects has not been conclusively proven. Of course, the occurrence of side effects in patients undergoing treatment such as hepatotoxicity, retinal damage, nephrotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity proves that the necessary caution should be used in drug combination methods.

The potential of short and long term health consequences of COVID-19 on back pain among COVID-19 survivors

Introduction. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome. Back pain could be triggered by the COVID-19 virus either directly or indirectly. However, to our knowledge, limited studies are addressing the development of chronic back pain or new-onset of back pain among COVID-19 survivors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the potential health consequences of COVID-19 on back pain among the COVID-19 survivors. Methods. We used an electronically distributed survey targeting adult Jordanian citizens and residents who recovered from COVID-19 virus infection. The questionnaire composed questions regarding demographic characteristics, COVID-19 and spine injury-related information. Results. 27.2% of participants reported increase of back pain with COVID during the episode and 16% of participants reported increased back pain after COVID with pain lasted less than 3 months in 16.6% and more than 3 months in 17.8% of them. There was significant increase on back pain level during COVID compared to pre COVID. At the same time there was significant increase on back pain post COVID compared to pre COVID. Conclusion. The COVID-19 virus resulted in a significant increase in spine pain among COVID-19 survivors and it lead to chronic back pain among patients with risk factors and some develop new spine pain.