Taxonomy Of Viruses Research Articles

Assessing Bias and Reproducibility of Viral Metagenomics Methods for the Combined Detection of Faecal RNA and DNA Viruses

Whole transcriptome amplification (WTA2) and sequence-independent single primer amplification (SISPA) are two widely used methods for combined metagenomic sequencing of RNA and DNA viruses. However, information on the reproducibility and bias of these methods on diverse viruses in faecal samples is currently lacking. A mock community (MC) of diverse viruses was developed and used to spike faecal samples at different concentrations. Virus-like particles (VLPs) were extracted, nucleic acid isolated, reverse-transcribed, and PCR amplified using either WTA2 or SISPA and sequenced for metagenomic analysis. A bioinformatics pipeline measured the recovery of MC viruses in replicates of faecal samples from three human donors, analysing the consistency of viral abundance measures and taxonomy. Viruses had different recovery levels with VLP extraction introducing variability between replicates, while WTA2 and SISPA produced comparable results. In comparing WTA2- and SISPA-generated libraries, WTA2 gave more uniform coverage depth profiles and improved assembly quality and virus identification. SISPA produced more consistent abundance, with a 50% difference between replicates occurring in ~20% and ~10% of sequences for WTA2 and SISPA, respectively. In conclusion, a bioinformatics pipeline has been developed to assess the methodological variability and bias of WTA2 and SISPA, demonstrating higher sensitivity with WTA2 and higher consistency with SISPA.

Metagenomic investigation of viruses in green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas)

Green sea turtles are listed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. Thus, conservation efforts, including investigation of factors affecting the health of green sea turtles, are critical. Viral communities play vital roles in maintaining animal health. In the present study, shotgun metagenomics was used for the first time to survey viruses in the feces of green sea turtles. Most viral contigs were DNA viruses that mainly belonged to Caudoviricetes, followed by Crassvirales. Additionally, most of the viral contigs were not assigned to any known family or genus, implying a large knowledge gap in the taxonomy of green sea turtle gut viruses. Host prediction showed that most viruses were connected to two phyla: Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the viral genes were mainly involved in phage-associated and metabolic pathways. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction of Caudovirales terminase large-subunit (TerL) protein showed that most of the sequences were phylogenetically distant. This study expands our understanding of the viral diversity in green sea turtles. In particular, analysis of the virome RNA fraction is exceedingly important for investigating intestinal viromes; therefore, future studies could use metatranscriptomics to study RNA viruses.

Prophage-DB: a comprehensive database to explore diversity, distribution, and ecology of prophages

BackgroundViruses that infect prokaryotes (phages) constitute the most abundant group of biological agents, playing pivotal roles in microbial systems. They are known to impact microbial community dynamics, microbial ecology, and evolution. Efforts to document the diversity, host range, infection dynamics, and effects of bacteriophage infection on host cell metabolism are extremely underexplored. Phages are classified as virulent or temperate based on their life cycles. Temperate phages adopt the lysogenic mode of infection, where the genome integrates into the host cell genome forming a prophage. Prophages enable viral genome replication without host cell lysis, and often contribute novel and beneficial traits to the host genome. Current phage research predominantly focuses on lytic phages, leaving a significant gap in knowledge regarding prophages, including their biology, diversity, and ecological roles.ResultsHere we develop and describe Prophage-DB, a database of prophages, their proteins, and associated metadata that will serve as a resource for viral genomics and microbial ecology. To create the database, we identified and characterized prophages from genomes in three of the largest publicly available databases. We applied several state-of-the-art tools in our pipeline to annotate these viruses, cluster them, taxonomically classify them, and detect their respective auxiliary metabolic genes. In total, we identify and characterize over 350,000 prophages and 35,000 auxiliary metabolic genes. Our prophage database is highly representative based on statistical results and contains prophages from a diverse set of archaeal and bacterial hosts which show a wide environmental distribution.ConclusionGiven that prophages are particularly overlooked and merit increased attention due to their vital implications for microbiomes and their hosts, we created Prophage-DB to advance our understanding of prophages in microbiomes through a comprehensive characterization of prophages in publicly available genomes. We propose that Prophage-DB will serve as a valuable resource for advancing phage research, offering insights into viral taxonomy, host relationships, auxiliary metabolic genes, and environmental distribution.

Identification of a novel papillomavirus in oral swabs from giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca).

To fully characterize papillomavirus diversity in giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), we identified a novel papillomavirus (named AmPV5, GenBank accession number MZ357114) in oral swabs from giant pandas with the help of viral metagenomics technology in this study. The complete circular genome of AmPV5 is 7,935 bp in length, with a GC content of 39.1%. It encodes five early genes (E1, E2, E4, E6, and E7), two late genes (L1 and L2), and features conserved zinc-binding domains (CXXC- (X)28/29-CXXC) in E6 and E7 genes. E7 protein has an LxCxE domain (pRB binding) in its N-terminal region. The nucleotide sequence of AmPV5 L1 gene shares < 70% identity with other related sequences available in the GenBank database. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that AmPV5 fell within the Lambdapapillomavirus genus but formed a monophyletic branch away from other papillomaviruses found in Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Canis, Felis catus, Panthera uncia, Enhydra lutris, and Procyon lotor. According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification guidelines, AmPV5 is classified as a new species within the Lambdapapillomavirus genus. The discovery provides valuable insights into the viral diversity in giant pandas and highlights the need for continued surveillance of wildlife pathogens. Future studies should explore the potential role of AmPV5 in the health and disease ecology of this endangered species.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Bromoviridae 2025.

Bromoviridae is a family of plant viruses with tripartite, positive-sense RNA genomes of about 8 kb in total. Genomic RNAs are packaged in separate virions that may also contain sub-genomic, defective or satellite RNAs. Virions are variable in morphology (spherical or bacilliform) and may be transmitted between hosts mechanically, via pollen, or non-persistently by insect vectors. Members of the family are responsible for major disease epidemics in fruit, vegetable and fodder crops such as tomatoes, cucurbits, bananas, fruit trees, common beans and alfalfa. Since the adoption of metagenomic high-throughput sequencing methodologies, there has been a notable increase in the number of species in the genus Ilarvirus. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Bromoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/bromoviridae.

Insights Into Phylogeny, Diversity and Functional Potential of Poseidoniales Viruses.

Viruses infecting archaea play significant ecological roles in marine ecosystems through host infection and lysis, yet they have remained an underexplored component of the virosphere. In this study, we recovered 451 archaeal viruses from a subtropical estuary, identifying 63 that are associated with the dominant marine order Poseidoniales (Marine Group II Archaea). Phylogenetic analyses of a subset of complete and nearly-complete viral genomes assigned these viruses to the order Magrovirales, a lineage of Poseidoniales viruses, and identified a novel group of viruses distinct from Magrovirales. Utilising demarcation criteria established for the classification of archaeal tailed viruses, we propose two families within the order Magrovirales: Apasviridae (magrovirus group A), comprising the genera Agnivirus and Savitrvirus, and Krittikaviridae (magrovirus group E) encompassing the genus Velanvirus. Additionally, we propose a new order, distinct from Magrovirales, named Adrikavirales, which includes the genus Vyasavirus. Our detailed genomic characterisation of the new viral lineages revealed genes involved in viral assembly and egress, such as those responsible for creating holin rafts to lyse host cell membranes, a feature predominantly known from bacteriophages. Furthermore, we identified a broad spectrum of auxiliary metabolic genes, suggesting that these viruses can modulate host metabolism. Collectively, our findings substantially enhance the current understanding of the diversity and functional potential of Poseidoniales viruses.

Advancements in Antiviral Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review of Hepatitis C Virus and Novel Flavone Leads

This review explores the fundamental characteristics and implications of viruses, focusing on their classification, structure, and the specific case of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Viruses, nonliving biological entities reliant on host cells for replication, have been historically pivotal in understanding infectious diseases. The classification of viruses has evolved significantly, leading to a hierarchical system that categorizes them by order, family, genus, and species based on genomic characteristics and structural features. HCV, a member of the Flaviviridae family, presents a significant global health concern, affecting over 150 million people and causing approximately 500,000 deaths annually. The virus is characterized by its enveloped structure and single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved into functional proteins essential for viral replication and assembly. The epidemiology of HCV reveals regional prevalence variations, with higher rates observed in developing countries. Notably, the virus exhibits considerable genetic diversity, categorized into seven genotypes, each demonstrating different responses to treatment. The natural history of HCV infection is complex, often remaining asymptomatic for extended periods, which complicates diagnosis and treatment initiation. Chronic infections can lead to severe complications, including liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding the mechanisms of HCV entry, replication, and immune evasion is crucial for developing effective antiviral therapies and preventive measures. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge surrounding HCV, highlighting the need for ongoing research to better understand its biology and to improve therapeutic strategies against this pervasive virus.

The Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in the Epstein-barr Virus Microenvironment

This article offers an extensive examination of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), with a particular emphasis on its epidemiological features, relationship with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, classification system, and current immunotherapy approaches. NPC is notably prevalent in East and Southeast Asia, displaying a robust association with EBV infection, particularly in the non-keratinized subtype. Considering the successful implementation of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint substance across various cancer, their potential therapeutic benefits in NPC have attracted considerable attention. Although PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have exhibited effectualness in NPC patients, the response rate remains inconsistent, suggesting a requirement for deeper investigation into the regulatory mechanisms that govern PD-L1 expression. Furthermore, the approach of combined interferon therapy, designed to augment anti-tumor immunity, has demonstrated potential in enhancing therapeutic outcomes and extending patient survival when administered concomitantly with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. However, several obstacles remain, including drug resistance and the substantial heterogeneity observed in NPC tumors. Tumors from different patients display variations in gene expression patterns, immune microenvironment composition, and other factors, which may lead to divergent patient responses to the combined treatment regimen of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and interferon. This article highlights the research significance of PD-1/PD-L1 combined with interferon in NPC treatment and anticipates its extensive clinical application in the future. Nonetheless, to achieve this goal, several challenges must be tackled through persistent and rigorous research and exploration.

Incidence and Distribution of Begomoviruses (BGMV) infecting Ornamental plants in Multan Region, Pakistan

Begomovirus is the largest and important genus in virus taxonomy. It has more than 400 widespread species causing diseases in different plant families. Besides cash crops, begomoviruses also infect ornamental plants which lead to significant losses and lower market value. The accurate and precise knowledge of incidence and distribution of the plant viruses is mandatory for the management of plant viruses. The research study was aimed to assess the distribution and to estimate the disease incidence of begomoviruses infecting ornamental plants in Multan region which include district Multan, Lodhran, Khanewal and Vehri. Overall, 174 leaf samples of ornamental plants from different sites in Multan region were collected. Total genomic DNA from ornamental plants were extracted with CTAB method and subjected to PCR for the amplification of partial coat proteins gene using universal primers. Total incidence data of begomoviruses infecting ornamental plants in Multan region was calculated as 54% while district wise disease incidence percentage was recorded as 58.06% in district Multan, 55.88% in Vehari, 55.26% in Lodhran and 50% in Khanewal. High disease incidence was recorded in Euphorbia tithymalioides as 77.7%, followed by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 71.4%, Euphorbia milli 70.5%, Tabernaemontana divaricate 66.6%, Tecoma stans 54.5%, Jasminum sambac 37.5% and Radermachera sinica 20% while Quisqualis indica, Irresine herbstii, Cordia dichotoma, Ficus benjamina, Bougainvillea and Hamelia patens were found uninfected. Uneven distribution of begomoviruses was observed with maximum distribution 38.2% in district Multan and minimum 19.1% in Vehari. The study gave a vivid picture of ornamental plants harboring begomoviruses and that could lead to a vital part of an integrated management of these viruses.

Discovery of two novel foamy viruses in sea lions and dolphins provides insight into their evolutionary history.

The prevalence and evolution of foamy viruses (FVs) have become the focus of research because of the risk of new zoonotic diseases. FVs have been isolated from various mammals and exhibit long-term co-speciation with their hosts. They also appear to be mild and nonpathogenic to their hosts. However, they may increase the risk of infection by other pathogens or exacerbate the symptoms of other diseases. Based on the data obtained using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we amplified and obtained the complete genomes of the two new FVs discovered in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and the South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) at the Qingdao Polar Haichang Ocean Park. Analysis and prediction of the novel FV's genomic structure revealed that it was consistent with that of the known mammalian FVs. The polmerase (pol) genes of the novel OFVoby_1 and DFVttr_1 showed less than 61.87% and 61.83% amino acid identity, respectively, with other known FVs belonging to the Retroviridae family. The host was likely to carry the FV for a considerable amount of time, as evidenced by the different times DFVttr_1 was discovered. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the pol of OFVoby_1 and DFVttr_1 closely clustered with the FVs of Simiispumavirus and Felispumavirus, respectively. However, they both displayed distinct branches. According to the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ICTV) FV classification criteria, FVs carried by dolphins and sea lions belong to two new genera within the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily. Using Bayesian analysis to simultaneously determine divergence dates and phylogenetic relationships revealed unique FVs with a divergence date of approximately 60 million years. This study helps us understand the FVs evolution and provides a scientific basis for future investigations into animal-borne infectious diseases.

GRAViTy-V2: a grounded viral taxonomy application.

Taxonomic classification of viruses is essential for understanding their evolution. Genomic classification of viruses at higher taxonomic ranks, such as order or phylum, is typically based on alignment and comparison of amino acid sequence motifs in conserved genes. Classification at lower taxonomic ranks, such as genus or species, is usually based on nucleotide sequence identities between genomic sequences. Building on our whole-genome analytical classification framework, we here describe Genome Relationships Applied to Viral Taxonomy Version 2 (GRAViTy-V2), which encompasses a greatly expanded range of features and numerous optimisations, packaged as an application that may be used as a general-purpose virus classification tool. Using 28 datasets derived from the ICTV 2022 taxonomy proposals, GRAViTy-V2 output was compared against human expert-curated classifications used for assignments in the 2023 round of ICTV taxonomy changes. GRAViTy-V2 produced taxonomies equivalent to manually-curated versions down to the family level and in almost all cases, to genus and species levels. The majority of discrepant results arose from errors in coding sequence annotations in INDSC records, or from inclusion of incomplete genome sequences in the analysis. Analysis times ranged from 1-506min (median 3.59) on datasets with 17-1004 genomes and mean genome length of 3000-1 000 000 bases.

A critique of the use of species and below-species taxonomic terms for viruses-time for change?

The International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) regulates assignment and names of virus species and higher taxa through its taxonomy proposal and ratification process. Despite using similar taxonomic ranks to those used elsewhere in biology, the ICTV has maintained the principle that species and other taxa are strictly categories with a formal nomenclature, whereas the viruses as objects are referenced through a parallel inventory of community-assigned virus names. This is strikingly different from common and scientific name synonyms for species used elsewhere in biology. The recent introduction of binomial names for virus species resembling biological scientific names has intensified this confusion in terms within the virology community and beyond. The ICTV taxonomy furthermore does not engage with or regulate classification below species and consequently lacks taxonomic terms or descriptions for important viral pathogens such as polioviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2, HIV-1, and avian influenza as examples. The consequent reliance on community-adopted virus names, genotypes, and other categories often lacks clarity for clinical, biocontainment, and other regulatory purposes. This article proposes a revision of rules and procedures for species and below-species level classification. It recasts virus and virus species names as 'common' and 'scientific' names that are used in other biology nomenclature codes, each with expanded reference to both object and taxon. It further advocates the creation of a formal below-species taxonomic rank to define a new inventory of approved taxa and specified nomenclature below species. Adoption of the proposed changes will realign virus taxonomy with other biological nomenclatural codes and provide greater transparency and clarity in virology, medical, and regulatory fields.

Heterogeneous virus classification using a functional deep learning model based on transmission electron microscopy images

Viruses are submicroscopic agents that can infect other lifeforms and use their hosts’ cells to replicate themselves. Despite having simplistic genetic structures among all living beings, viruses are highly adaptable, resilient, and capable of causing severe complications in their hosts’ bodies. Due to their multiple transmission pathways, high contagion rate, and lethality, viruses pose the biggest biological threat both animal and plant species face. It is often challenging to promptly detect a virus in a host and accurately determine its type using manual examination techniques. However, computer-based automatic diagnosis methods, especially the ones using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) images, have proven effective in instant virus identification. Using TEM images collected from a recent dataset, this article proposes a deep learning-based classification model to identify the virus type within those images. The methodology of this study includes two coherent image processing techniques to reduce the noise present in raw microscopy images and a functional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model for classification. Experimental results show that it can differentiate among 14 types of viruses with a maximum of 97.44% classification accuracy and F1-score, which asserts the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed method. Implementing this scheme will impart a fast and dependable virus identification scheme subsidiary to the thorough diagnostic procedures.

Unveiling bat-borne viruses: a comprehensive classification and analysis of virome evolution

BackgroundBats (Order Chiroptera) are an important reservoir of emerging zoonotic microbes, including viruses of public health concern such as henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, and SARS-related coronaviruses. Despite the continued discovery of new viruses in bat populations, a significant proportion of these viral agents remain uncharacterized, highlighting the imperative for additional research aimed at elucidating their evolutionary relationship and taxonomic classification.ResultsIn order to delve deeper into the viral reservoir hosted by bats, the present study employed Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology to analyze 13,105 swab samples obtained from various locations in China. Analysis of 378 sample pools revealed the presence of 846 vertebrate-associated viruses. Subsequent thorough examination, adhering to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) criteria for virus classification, identified a total of 120 putative viral species with the potential to emerge as novel viruses, comprising a total of 294 viral strains. Phylogenetic analysis of conserved genomic regions indicated the novel virus exhibited a diverse array of viral lineages and branches, some of which displayed close genetic relationships to known human and livestock pathogens, such as poxviruses and pestiviruses.ConclusionsThis study investigates the breadth of DNA and RNA viruses harbored by bats, delineating several novel evolutionary lineages and offering significant contributions to virus taxonomy. Furthermore, the identification of hitherto unknown viruses with relevance to human and livestock health underscores the importance of this study in encouraging infectious disease monitoring and management efforts in both public health and veterinary contexts.5R8JHumEnvkqKNe4tF9zBoVideo

VISTA: A Tool for Fast Taxonomic Assignment of Viral Genome Sequences.

The rapid expansion of the number of viral genome sequences in public databases necessitates a scalable, universal, and automated preliminary taxonomic framework for comprehensive virus studies. Here, we introduce VISTA (Virus Sequence-based Taxonomy Assignment), a computational tool that employs a novel pairwise sequence comparison system and an automatic demarcation threshold identification framework for virus taxonomy. Leveraging physio-chemical property sequences, k-mer profiles, and machine learning techniques, VISTA constructs a robust distance-based framework for taxonomic assignment. Functionally similar to PASC (Pairwise Sequence Comparison), a widely used virus assignment tool based on pairwise sequence comparison, VISTA demonstrates superior performance by providing significantly improved separation for taxonomic groups, more objective taxonomic demarcation thresholds, greatly enhanced speed, and a wider application scope. We successfully applied VISTA to 38 virus families, as well as to the class Caudoviricetes. This demonstrates VISTA's scalability, robustness, and ability to automatically and accurately assign taxonomy to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic viruses. Furthermore, the application of VISTA to 679 unclassified prokaryotic virus genomes recovered from metagenomic data identified 46 novel virus families. VISTA is available as both a command line tool and a user-friendly web portal at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/vista.

Changes to virus taxonomy and the ICTV Statutes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2024)

This article reports changes to virus taxonomy and taxon nomenclature that were approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in April 2024. The entire ICTV membership was invited to vote on 203 taxonomic proposals that had been approved by the ICTV Executive Committee (EC) in July 2023 at the 55th EC meeting in Jena, Germany, or in the second EC vote in November 2023. All proposals were ratified by online vote. Taxonomic additions include one new phylum (Ambiviricota), one new class, nine new orders, three new suborders, 51 new families, 18 new subfamilies, 820 new genera, and 3547 new species (excluding taxa that have been abolished). Proposals to complete the process of species name replacement to the binomial (genus + species epithet) format were ratified. Currently, a total of 14,690 virus species have been established.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Peribunyaviridae 2024.

Peribunyavirids produce enveloped virions with three negative-sense RNA segments comprising 10.7-12.5 kb in total. The family includes globally distributed viruses in multiple genera. While most peribunyavirids are maintained in geographically restricted vertebrate-arthropod transmission cycles, others are arthropod-specific or do not have a known vector. Arthropods can be persistently infected. Human and other vertebrate animal infections occur through blood feeding by an infected vector arthropod, resulting in diverse human and veterinary clinical outcomes in a strain-specific manner. Reassortment can occur between members of the same genus. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Peribunyaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/peribunyaviridae.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Botourmiaviridae 2024.

The family Botourmiaviridae includes viruses with a mono- or multi-segmented positive-sense RNA genome that infect plants and filamentous fungi. The family includes the genera Ourmiavirus (plant viruses), Botoulivirus, Betabotoulivirus, Magoulivirus, Scleroulivirus, Betascleroulivirus, Gammascleroulivirus, Deltascleroulivirus, Epsilonscleroulivirus, Penoulivirus, Rhizoulivirus and Betarhizoulivirus (fungal viruses). This summary is based on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Botourmiaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/botourmiaviridae.

Comparison of machine learning algorithms for dengue virus (DENV) classification

Dengue, transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, necessitates accurate case classification for effective management. The research focuses on leveraging machine learning algorithms to enhance diagnosis and streamline control strategies. Utilizing a dataset from a public hospital, encompassing 21,157 cases categorized by period, outcome, gender, age, symptoms, and origin (autochthonous or imported), the study conducted a comparative analysis of Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Artificial Neural Network algorithms. The dataset was divided into 70% (14,809 cases) for training and 30% (6,348 cases) for testing. Results unveiled the Artificial Neural Network as the frontrunner, exhibiting an impressive 86.47% accuracy and a robust 92.91% recall in the classification of dengue-related cases. This underscores the potential of machine learning in refining dengue diagnosis and facilitating more efficient control strategies, offering a promising avenue for combating this vector-borne disease.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity Effects of Bacteriophage VbɸPA-1 on the Virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa, A375 Human Skin Melanoma Epithelial, and HFSF PI3 Human Skin Fibroblast Cells

Background: Gram-negative bacteria are the most common infectious bacteria and are life-threatening in burn patients. Phage therapy studies can help the hospital community eliminate these bacterial pathogens. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the isolated bacteriophages from hospital wastewater against Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria and investigate their cytotoxicity on two human skin cell lines. Methods: The bacterial strains were isolated from burn wound infections. Bacteriophages were isolated from the hospital wastewater treatment plant in Isfahan, Iran. Transmission electron microscopy, spot tests, and restriction enzyme digestion were considered for phage identification. Finally, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and tetrazolium-based MTT assays were used to realize the cytotoxicity impacts of the isolated phages. The statistical analysis of cell viability was performed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The results showed that among the isolated strains, P. aeruginosa strain NEG_RA1300 (GenBank accession number: MW845642) was sensitive to the isolated phage VbɸPA-1. The TEM results showed a possible viral taxonomy of VbɸPA-1 based on its morphology, which belonged to the Myoviridae (T4-like phages). The MTT and LDH experiments showed no cytotoxicity of VbɸPA-1 on two tested cell lines. Conclusions: Based on the results, the inhibitory effect of isolated phage on P. aeruginosa isolated from burn wounds with no toxic effect on cell lines was very significant. This phage can also be an acceptable selection against burn wound infections.