Virtual Vacuum Research Articles

Reconciling quantum and classical spectral theories of ultrastrong coupling: role of cavity bath coupling and gauge corrections

Cavity quantum-electrodynamics (QED) is a rich area of optical physics, where extreme light–matter coupling can give rise to ultrastrong coupling. The ultrastrong coupling regime presents some fascinating uniquely quantum mechanical effects, such as ground state virtual photons and vacuum squeezing. Focusing on the widely adopted Hopfield model with cavity dissipation, we show how the linear spectrum of an ultrastrong coupled cavity and a dipole can be described either classically or quantum mechanically, but only when the quantum model includes (i) corrections to maintain gauge invariance, and (ii) a specific type of cavity bath coupling, which has so far not been identified. We also show the impact of this bath model on the quantum Rabi model, which has no classical analog in ultrastrong coupling. These results can be used to guide emerging experiments and significantly impact current models and interpretations of ultrastrong coupling between light and matter.

Generation of stationary high-density cascade arc plasma and application to plasma windows

We have developed indirectly heated hollow cathode electrodes and a cascade arc discharge apparatus with different channel diameters to realize plasma windows (PWs) as virtual vacuum interfaces. A compact arc discharge source with a channel diameter of 3 mm is fabricated to realize windowless vacuum–atmosphere separation. An atmospheric high-density Ar thermal plasma is generated, and a PW that produces 100 kPa and 81 Pa separation is demonstrated. An 8 mm channel diameter arc device is also constructed for application as an alternative differential pump with the separation of low- and high-pressure vacuum chambers, and the production of a high-density He plasma. Pressure differences of 2.5 kPa and 16 Pa between PWs are realized. Moreover, vacuum UV and visible emission spectroscopy reveal the characteristics of expanding plasmas and the plasma parameters.

The Impact of the Temperature Control Strategy in Steady-State Virtual Vacuum Simulation on the Spontaneous Evaporation Rate and Corresponding Evaporation Coefficient

In the present paper, we propose a novel simulation approach that allows one to capture the steady-state evaporation into virtual vacuum state by maintaining a constant number of atoms within the liquid phase during the simulations. The proposed method was used to perform virtual vacuum simulations of argon at a temperature of 90 K in order to study the effects of the chosen simulation temperature control approach on the system’s temperature profiles, spontaneous evaporation rates, and the energetic characteristics of the evaporating atoms. The results show that the expected non-uniform temperature profile across the liquid phase can be flattened out by dividing the liquid phase into separately thermostated bins. However, the desired liquid surface temperature can be achieved only when the thermostat region boundary is placed outside the liquid phase. The obtained relationship between the surface temperature and the spontaneous evaporation rate show that the spontaneous evaporation rate and corresponding evaporation coefficient evaluation may change up to 21% when the surface temperature changes in a narrow temperature interval of 2.45 K. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the thermostat region boundary position has no impact on the energetic characteristics of the evaporating argon atoms, even when the boundary is placed outside the liquid phase.

On virtual scalar fields in a conformally flat FLRW spacetime

The case of a virtual bosonic scalar field ϕ(x) gravitationally coupled in a conformally flat spacetime is investigated. The action S is known to be Weyl invariant only for specific expressions of the potential V(ϕ). In the conformally flat FLRW case the harmonic angular frequency ωk (η) becomes uniquely temporally independent. Therefore, any inertial observers embedded in a conformally flat FLRW spacetime all agree on the choice of virtual vacuum states. We postulate that the wavenumber k must be quantized in order to be able to regulate the vev by zeta regularization. Some fundamental implications of this result are derived, and likely conclusions drawn.

The Organization of Criminal Proceedings During a Pandemic when the State of Emergency Has Not Been Declared (Using the Example of COVID-19 Pandemic)

The authors analyze the work of law enforcement bodies in the conditions of the pandemic when the situation has not been recognized as an emergency by the government authorities and the state of emergency has not been announced (using the example of the situation in March — April of 2020 connected with the COVID-19 pandemic). They stress the importance of a comprehensive assessment of how critical the situation is and of carrying out certain actions even before it is recognized as an emergency. The authors also analyze various approaches to this situation used in difference regions of Russia and point out negative consequences of the implementation of some decisions. It is shown that law enforcement activities, in comparison with other functions of the state, provide fewer opportunities for avoiding personal contact with citizens. In this connection, different ways of carrying out criminalistic activities effectively that take into consideration the necessity of minimizing personal contact for the investigator are presented, such as: distance communication, investigative activities in virtual reality, use of unmanned aerial vehicles to examine the scene of crime without visiting the area during lockdown, use of criminalistic robotics and other robotic complexes. The authors note with regret that while the administration of law enforcement during an emergency situation or a state of emergency is supported by research-based recommendations, it is left in a virtual vacuum, research- and methodology-wise, in the situation of restrictive measures and self-isolation. The article describes both measures of general prevention (use of medical masks, disposable gloves, disposable clothes, hazmat suits), and special possibilities provided by information and communication technologies available in the conditions of the fourth information revolution. The latter, according to the authors, are a wider use of videoconferencing (including its use for such investigative actions as interrogation, confrontation, identification parade, examination), use of computer-augmented reality, implementation of the concept of electronic justice and the use of robotic complexes for criminalistic purposes.

Rethinking the Knowledge Economy of e-Dating in Romance Stories: Hypertexting G. Homans’ Social Exchange Theory

Millions of single adults use dating websites like eHarmony, Anastasiadate.com, Match.com, Chemistry.com and technologies like the mobile dating app Tinder to seek out online partners. Some daters succeed, but most of them fail in the end and become dissatisfied. The online technology presents with many advantages such as easy access to multitudes of potential dates; however, the problematic is that, as a metanarrative of dating power, ICTs do not function in a virtual vacuum but are constructed by the social experience of people in love and sexuality, for example, in African indigenous and modern societies ǎ la longue durée. The online dating industry often disembeds this social experience from its services and this constitutes, paradoxically, its major flaw. Consequently, the industry is designed narrowly to rationalize romanticism as a scientific algorithm that follows particular rules and regulations instead of proposing the complex character of knowledge about dating to prospective daters and this constitutes a serious menace to its long term sustainability. These technodigital flaws have to do with the paradox of virtual rationalism, lack of commitment in online daters, who do not meet offline; shallowness and fatigue in the mindset of online singles, scamming, lies telling, identity theft and stalking, mismatching from algorithms between singles and so on. Drawing critical insights from the structuralist positionality of George Homans’ social exchange theory and from critiques of romance stories, the paper suggests that, in this age of the knowledge economy, e-dating should become a productive service that minimizes the artificiality of economic rationalism embedded in digital contacts, profile browsing, algorithmic matching, the reading of love by apps and tread lightly on all forms of economic determinism. e-Dating should prioritize tacit knowledge from critical literature narratives that can enable us to suggest new humanistic functionalities for skype, ch

The Monte Carlo Program KKMC, for the Lepton or Quark Pair Production at LEP/SLC Energies—Updates of electroweak calculations

Since the {\tt KKMC} program was published for the first time over 20 years ago, it has gained popularity and was exploited in a broad spectrum of applications. The core part of the program itself did not change much. In contrast, some of the libraries have evolved substantially. The aim of this publication is to archive four versions, alternative to the one published 20 years ago versions of the electroweak libraries (or just parameter initialization versions), which were instrumental for the precision Standard Model calculation from the end of LEP era till now and for the sake of the future applications/comparisons for the future electron-positron colliders, in particular for the FCC-ee related studies. These electroweak libraries are useful for the hadron collider applications as well, for instance for {\tt KKMC-hh} or {\tt TauSpinner} projects.

Cosmological constant in coherent quantum gravity

It is argued that quantum states of geometry, like those of particles, should be coherent on light cones of any size. An exact classical solution, the gravitational shock wave of a relativistic point particle, is used to estimate gravitational drag from coherent energy flows, and the expected gravitational effect of virtual transverse vacuum energy fluctuations on surfaces of causal diamonds. It is proposed that the appropriately spacetime-averaged gravitational effect of the Standard Model vacuum state leads to the observed small nonzero value of the cosmological constant, dominated by gravitational drag of virtual gluonic strings at the strong interaction scale.

LabVIEW-based Virtual Vacuum Gauge Controller Using a Thermocouple Sensor

LabVIEW-based Virtual Vacuum Gauge Controller using A Thermocouple Sensor - written by Bezhan Bendeliani , Zaal Azmaiparashvili , Guram Bokuchava published on 2019/08/03 download full article with reference data and citations

Virtual axion-like particle Complement to Euler-Heisenberg-Schwinger action

We modify action in an external electromagnetic field to include effects of virtual axion-like particle (ALP) excitations. A measurable addition to QED-Euler-Heisenberg-Schwinger (EHS) action is obtained and incorporated into experimental constraints placed on ALP mass and coupling to two photons. The regime of these constraints in which the ALP vacuum effect surpasses the EHS effect is characterized. We show that probing of the virtual vacuum effect offers an alternative method in search for physics related to ALPs.

High-density cascade arc plasma sources for application to plasma windows for virtual vacuum interfaces

We develop two cascade arc plasma sources for application to plasma windows for virtual vacuum interfaces. For windowless vacuum–atmosphere separation, a compact arc discharge source having a channel diameter of 3 mm is fabricated, and an atmospheric Ar thermal plasma is generated. For an alternative differential pumping system, separating low- and high-pressure vacuum chambers, a larger arc device with an 8-mm diameter is also constructed, producing a high-density He plasma. The performances of the two cascade arcs as plasma windows are investigated. The 3-mm arc discharge generates a steep pressure gradient of Ar 100 kPa–100 Pa through the discharge channel, while the 8-mm discharge apparatus isolates the high-pressure side at 7 kPa from the lower pressure of 54 Pa. Emission spectroscopy of visible and vacuum UV radiation reveals the characteristics of the Ar and He plasmas. Spectral analysis yields a plasma temperature of around 1 eV in both discharges. Stark broadenings of the H-β and Ar I lines give an electron density of 6.5 × 1016 cm−3 for Ar 60 A with a gas flow rate of 1.0 l/min and 4.7 × 1013 cm−3 under a He 100-A and 0.45-l/min condition.

Generation of a Large Diameter He Cascade Arc Plasma for a Plasma Window Application

We fabricated a cascade arc discharge source with a channel diameter of 8 mm for various applications to virtual vacuum interface (plasma window). Stationary helium arc plasma up to a discharge current of 100 A was generated, and the performance as plasma window was investigated. The pressure ratio of high-pressure discharge section to low-pressure vacuum side was above 70 at a 50-A He discharge with a gas flow rate of 0.2 L/min. To characterize the plasma at the anode electrode, emissions of vacuum UV and visible wavelengths were observed. Spectral analysis of He I continuum spectra and H- $\beta $ Stark broadening showed that the plasma temperature was around 0.9 eV and density was $3.4\times 10^{13}$ cm−3 for a 100-A He discharge with a gas flow rate of 0.05 L/min.

Dewey and the American movement to homeschooling

ABSTRACTThe last 10 years has seen a dramatic increase in the number of parents in the United States choosing to homeschool their children instead of sending them to public school. One report had the number increasing by 61.8% from 2003 to 2012, with the total number of homeschooled children reaching nearly 2 million (Snyder, T. D., and S. A. Dillow. 2015. Digest of Education Statistics 2013 (NCES 2015-011). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education). With more students withdrawing from public education to a more insulated environment (often due to religious reasons), there are concerns about the long-term ramifications this trend may cause. This paper addresses the degree to which a religious homeschooled education might be problematic within John Dewey’s conception of education as laid out in Democracy and Education. For Dewey ‘Common subject matter accustoms all to a unity of outlook upon a broader horizon’ (Dewey, John. 1985. Democracy and Education, Collected Works. Middle Works Vol 9, 26. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press). I argue that persons raised in a virtual vacuum in which education is rooted within a particular faith may be less capable of serving as vibrant members of a democratic-based society.

Planar density of vacuum charge induced by a supercritical Coulomb potential

Analytical expressions for the planar density of an induced vacuum charge are obtained in a strong Coulomb potential in coordinate space. Treatment is based on a self-adjoint extension approach for constructing of the Green's function of a charged fermion in an external electromagnetic field. Induced vacuum charge density is calculated and analyzed in subcritical and supercritical Coulomb potentials for massless and massive fermions. We argue that the virtual and so-called real vacuum polarizations contribute in an induced vacuum charge in a supercritical Coulomb potential. The behavior of the polarization vacuum charge density is investigated at long and short distances from the Coulomb center. The induced vacuum charge has a screening sign. Screening of a Coulomb impurity in graphene is briefly discussed. The real vacuum polarization charge density that acquires the quantum electrodynamics vacuum in a supercritical Coulomb potential due to the real vacuum polarization is calculated. It is shown that the vacuum charge densities essentially differ in massive and massless cases. We expect that our results can, as a matter of principle, be tested in graphene with a supercritical Coulomb impurity.

Visualizing electromagnetic fields in metals by MRI

Based upon Maxwell’s equations, it has long been established that oscillating electromagnetic (EM) fields incident upon a metal surface, decay exponentially inside the conductor, leading to a virtual absence of EM fields at sufficient depths. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilizes radiofrequency (r.f.) EM fields to produce images. Here we present a visualization of a virtual EM vacuum inside a bulk metal strip by MRI, amongst several findings. At its simplest, an MRI image is an intensity map of density variations across voxels (pixels) of identical size (=Δx Δy Δz). By contrast in bulk metal MRI, we uncover that despite uniform density, intensity variations arise from differing effective elemental volumes (voxels) from different parts of the bulk metal. Further, we furnish chemical shift imaging (CSI) results that discriminate different faces (surfaces) of a metal block according to their distinct nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts, which holds much promise for monitoring surface chemical reactions noninvasively. Bulk metals are ubiquitous, and MRI is a premier noninvasive diagnostic tool. Combining the two, the emerging field of bulk metal MRI can be expected to grow in importance. The findings here may impact further development of bulk metal MRI and CSI.

Behavioral Modeling Based on Probabilistic Finite Automata: An Empirical Study.

Imagine an agent that performs tasks according to different strategies. The goal of Behavioral Recognition (BR) is to identify which of the available strategies is the one being used by the agent, by simply observing the agent’s actions and the environmental conditions during a certain period of time. The goal of Behavioral Cloning (BC) is more ambitious. In this last case, the learner must be able to build a model of the behavior of the agent. In both settings, the only assumption is that the learner has access to a training set that contains instances of observed behavioral traces for each available strategy. This paper studies a machine learning approach based on Probabilistic Finite Automata (PFAs), capable of achieving both the recognition and cloning tasks. We evaluate the performance of PFAs in the context of a simulated learning environment (in this case, a virtual Roomba vacuum cleaner robot), and compare it with a collection of other machine learning approaches.

Thixotropic Phenomena in Water: Quantitative Indicators of Casimir-Magnetic Transformations from Vacuum Oscillations (Virtual Particles)

The ~1.5 × 10−20 J which is considered a universal quantity and is associated with the movement of protons in water also relates to the ratio of the magnetic moment of a proton divided by its unit charge, multiplied by viscosity and applied over the O-H distance. There is quantitative evidence that thixotropy, the “spontaneous” increased viscosity in water when undisturbed, originates from the transformation of virtual particles or vacuum oscillations to real states through conversion of Casimir-magnetic energies that involve the frequency of the neutral hydrogen line and the upper bound threshold value for intergalactic magnetic fields. The results indicate that ½ of a single electron orbit is real (particle) and the other ½ is virtual (wave). The matter equivalent per s for virtual-to-real states for electrons in 1 mL of water with a neutral pH is consistent with the numbers of protons (H+) and the measured range of molecules in the coherent domains for both width and duration of growth and is similar to widths of intergalactic dust grains from which planets and stars may condense. The de Broglie momentum for the lower boundary of the width of coherent domains multiplied by the fine structure velocity of an electron is concurrent with the quantum when one proton is being removed from another and when the upper boundary of the rest mass of a photon is transformed by the product of velocities for putative “entanglement” and light. Theoretical and experimental results indicate that components of thixotropy, such as specific domains of intercalated water molecules, could display excess correlations over very large distances. Because the energies of the universal quantity and water converge it may be a special conduit for discrete transformations from virtual to real states.

English

Most GDDs have been developed in a virtual publication vacuum, with little available data to substantiate manufacturers' claims for flow performance or biocompatibility. Clinical data are largely restricted to uncontrolled retrospective case series with variable follow up and differing definitions of surgical success. Evaluation is further complicated by the heterogeneity of inclusion criteria. This review article highlights various GDDs, which will be a great help to ophthalmologists as well as post graduate students in Ophthalmology.

Protracted Lawfare: The Tale of Chevron Texaco in the Amazon

The Texaco oil company has long been accused of creating an environmental and human rights catastrophe while conducting oil operations in the Ecuadorian Amazon over a number of decades to 1990. Plaintiffs from the area, largely Indigenous people, have sought compensation via litigation for nearly twenty years, first against Texaco, then against the merged successor company ChevronTexaco (now known as ‘Chevron’). This article tells the tale (so far) of that litigation, which has wound its way from the United States to Ecuador and back again. The plaintiffs won an US18 billion dollar judgment in Ecuador in early 2011, though an appeal is pending. Furthermore, related litigation remains ongoing in the US as well as in the Hague in the Netherlands. This story of protracted and ongoing ‘lawfare’ reveals just how difficult it can be to hold major multinational corporations accountable for environmental and human rights harms when those harms have taken place in a weak developing State in a virtual regulatory vacuum.

Economic Theory and Banking Regulation: The Italian Case (1861-1930s)

The paper provides a qualitative assessment of the role mainstream economic theory had in orienting Italy's banking legislation from its political unification (1861) to the introduction of the 1936 Banking Act. Five regulatory regimes are considered. Whilst market discipline and self-regulation arguments characterized the first sub-period (1861-1892), the debate over convertibility and limits on note issuance was intense in the second (1893-1906). The third sub-period (1907-1925) was punctuated by two banking crises: the first (1907) vindicated economists who had stressed the need of a lender of last resort i?½ la Bagehot; the second (1921-23) confirmed - to no avail - the dangers congenital to bank-industry ties. The following sub-period (1926-1930) was inaugurated by the first commercial bank regulation (1926) and responded to the prevailing economists' call for restricting bank competition. The 1936 regulation, which inaugurated the approximately five-decade long fifth regime, matured in a virtual vacuum of professional economic debate. Overall, two key factors were found to affect the degree to which legislation drew upon contemporary economic thought: a) the severity of the preceding crisis; and b) the timing of the subsequent regulation.