Virtual Soccer Research Articles

Artificial intelligence based optimization for mapping IP addresses to prevent cyber-based attacks

Dynamic capacity decides the bearing of mechanical turn of events, logical and sane dynamic capacity is a vital factor in the turn of events and development of an industry. With the quick advancement of man-made reasoning and PC, man-made consciousness has been generally utilized in game, the computer generated simulation and bionic robot research has become a significant piece of bionics research and has perceived a lot of consideration. As of now, the savvy job of man-made consciousness has not been concentrated inside and out. A large number of the current virtual characters have issues of moderate reaction and helpless dynamic. Hence, in this paper, the virtual soccer match has been taken for instance, and the dynamic capacity of the virtual person of the game was investigated, to settle on a superior discretion and dynamic capacity, with the goal that most of clients can truly feel the knowledge of virtual job. With the advancement of current science and innovation, PC network innovation has been applied to different fields of creation and life. Notwithstanding, a wide range of organization assaults arise in unendingly, and the security and insurance of PC network is vital. On this premise, this paper took wellbeing assurance from the PC on the organization data as the beginning from the sensible and specialized angles to frame a blend of various data security innovation of PC network safeguard inside and out model and presented and investigated for wellbeing innovation by utilizing the model. The paper discussed about the PC network data security innovation of various play in the data security assurance work. The outcomes show that the profundity assurance model can viably forestall network assaults.

Visual tracking assessment in a soccer-specific virtual environment: A web-based study.

The ability to track teammates and opponents is an essential quality to achieve a high level of performance in soccer. The visual tracking ability is usually assessed in the laboratory with non-sport specific scenarios, leading in two major concerns. First, the methods used probably only partially reflects the actual ability to track players on the field. Second, it is unclear whether the situational features manipulated to stimulate visual tracking ability match those that make it difficult to track real players. In this study, participants had to track multiple players on a virtual soccer field. The virtual players moved according to either real or pseudo-random trajectories. The experiment was conducted online using a web application. Regarding the first concern, the visual tracking performance of players in soccer, other team sports, and non-team sports was compared to see if differences between groups varied with the use of soccer-specific or pseudo-random movements. Contrary to our assumption, the ANOVA did not reveal a greater tracking performance difference between soccer players and the two other groups when facing stimuli featuring movements from actual soccer games compared to stimuli featuring pseudo-random ones. Directing virtual players with real-world trajectories did not appear to be sufficient to allow soccer players to use soccer-specific knowledge in their visual tracking activity. Regarding the second concern, an original exploratory analysis based on Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components was conducted to compare the situational features associated with hard-to-track virtual players in soccer-specific or pseudo-random movements. It revealed differences in the situational feature sets associated with hard-to-track players based on movement type. Essentially with soccer-specific movements, how the virtual players were distributed in space appeared to have a significant influence on visual tracking performance. These results highlight the need to consider real-world scenarios to understand what makes tracking multiple players difficult.

The effects of virtual soccer game on balance, gait function, and kick speed in chronic incomplete spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial.

Participant-blinded comparative pre-post randomized controlled trial. To evaluate the effects of virtual soccer game on balance, gait function, and kick speed in individuals with spinal cord injuries. Forty participants with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) were included. The participants were randomized into either an experimental group (EG) or a control group for treatment 3 days/week over 4 weeks. The clinical outcomes included the results of the chair stand test (CST), timed up-and-go (TUG) test, and 10 m walking test (10MWT). The virtual reality (VR) content outcome measure was kick speed. The independent t-test results indicated that the participants in the EG exhibited superior performances in the CST, TUG test, 10MWT, and kick speed test (all P < 0.05). Our results provide novel, promising clinical evidence that VR rehabilitation improves both dynamic and static balance and reduces the risk of falls in patients with incomplete SCI of Asia impairment scale grades C-D.

NEURAL ACTIVITY PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH ACL INJURY-RISK MECHANICS IN ECOLOGICAL SPORT SPECIFIC VIRTUAL REALITY

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is secondary to a multifactorial etiology encompassing anatomical, biological, mechanical, and neurological factors. The nature of the injury being primarily due to non-contact mechanics further implicates neural control as a key injury-risk factor, though it has received considerably less study.Purpose:To determine the contribution of neural activity to injury-risk mechanics in ecological sport-specific VR landing scenarios.Methods:Ten female high-school soccer players (15.5±0.85 years; 165.0±6.09 cm; 59.1±11.84 kg) completed a neuroimaging session to capture neural activity during a bilateral leg press and a 3D biomechanics session performing a header within a VR soccer scenario. The bilateral leg press involved four 30 s blocks of repeated bilateral leg presses paced to a metronome beat of 1.2 Hz with 30 s rest between blocks. The VR soccer scenario simulated a corner-kick, requiring the participant to jump and head a virtual soccer ball into a virtual goal (Figure 1A-E). Initial contact and peak knee flexion and abduction angles were extracted during the landing from the header as injury-risk variables of interest and were correlated with neural activity.Results:Evidenced in Table 1 and Figure 1 (bottom row), increased initial contact abduction, increased peak abduction, and decreased peak flexion were associated with increased sensory, visual-spatial, and cerebellar activity (r2= 0.42-0.57, p corrected < .05, z max > 3.1, table & figure 1). Decreased initial contact flexion was associated with increased frontal cortex activity (r2= 0.68, p corrected < .05, z max > 3.1).Conclusion:Reduced neural efficiency (increased activation) of key regions that integrate proprioceptive, visual-spatial, and neurocognitive activity for motor control may influence injury-risk mechanics in sport. The regions found to increase in activity in relation to higher injury-risk mechanics are typically activated to assist with spatial navigation, environmental interaction, and precise motor control. The requirement for athletes to increase their activity for more basic knee motor control may result in fewer neural resources available to maintain knee joint alignment, allocate environmental attention, and handle increased motor coordination demands. These data indicate that strategies to enhance efficiency of visual-spatial and cognitive-motor control during high demand sporting activities is warranted to improve ACL injury-risk reduction.Figure 1The virtual reality soccer landing scenario (A, C, E: first person perspective in virtual reality; B, D: articipant wearing the virtual reality headset from an external perspective) and neural activity associated with abduction mechanics (bottom‐left) and flexion mechanics (bottom‐right)

High-Risk Lower-Extremity Biomechanics Evaluated in Simulated Soccer-Specific Virtual Environments.

Laboratory-based biomechanical analyses of sport-relevant movements such as landing and cutting have classically been used to quantify kinematic and kinetic factors in the context of injury risk, which are then used to inform targeted interventions designed to improve risky movement patterns during sport. However, the noncontextual nature of standard assessments presents challenges for assessing sport-relevant skill transfer. To examine injury-risk biomechanical differences exhibited by athletes during a jump-landing task performed as part of both a standard biomechanical assessment and a simulated, sport-specific virtual reality (VR)-based assessment. Observational study. Medical center laboratory. Twenty-two female adolescent soccer athletes (age = 16.0 [1.4]y, height = 165.6 [4.9]cm, and weight = 60.2 [11.4]kg). The landing performance was analyzed for a drop vertical jump task and a VR-based, soccer-specific corner-kick scenario in which the athletes were required to jump to head a virtual soccer ball and land. Hip, knee, and ankle joint kinematic differences in the frontal and sagittal planes. Athletes exhibited reduced hip and ankle flexion, hip abduction, and frontal plane ankle excursion during landing in realistic sport scenario compared with the standard drop vertical jump task. VR-based assessments can provide a sport-specific context in which to assess biomechanical deficits that predispose athletes for lower-extremity injury and offer a promising approach to better evaluate skill transfer to sport that can guide future injury prevention efforts.

Advanced Iterative Action Planning for Intelligent Real-Time Agents

Action planning by intelligent agents in open dynamic multi-agent worlds is a challenging problem when creating autonomous robots, UAVs and other autonomous systems. A method for planning actions in an ever-changing multi-agent world is proposed, that ensures the effective use of the deliberation time by planning mental actions. Knowledge representation models necessary for the agent to implement advanced iterative planning are considered. The proposed approach is illustrated by examples of planning an agent’s actions in virtual soccer.

Computer football: Plays, players and strategies choices

In this paper a simulator of soccer football game is present. The algorithms of virtual soccer players' interaction assemble a concurrent system which formal modeling is on the base of a context-free grammar. Nash equilibrium is our method for strategic choices: the strategy profiles that fit this equilibrium set effective combinations of game. Profiles of players and teams are quantified from statistics of previous top tournaments. Simulations are made respectively with 4-3-3, 4-4-2 or 5-3-2, defenders-midfielder-forwarders formation, with average profile players as well as with specific profiles so estimate the advantages of our simulator.

A model of agents (robots) command behavior: The cognitive approach

The paper suggests a mathematical model of agents' cooperation in dynamics, which employs agents' utility functions and cognitive dissonance of their relations. The model is based on the theories of social psychologists investigating the behavior of people in small social groups and explaining the principles of their functioning and stability. We illustrate the suggested model via simulation of virtual soccer game of agents (robots). The performed simulation allows to model diverse aspects of agents' cooperation and selfish behavior.

ONTOLOGY-DRIVEN DESIGN APPROACH TO DEVELOPMENT OF SITUATION AWARENESS SUBSYSTEM OF INTELLIGENT AGENTS

An ontology-driven design approach to development of situation awareness subsystem (SAS) of intelligent agents is discussed. It is supposed that agents act in multi-agent competitive environments. The approach is based on the separation of domain independent and domain specific aspects. A set of domain independent models is proposed as a theoretical underpinning of the approach. Those models formalize different aspects of design and development of SAS including internal agent's representation of an environment, situation awareness calculation stages and SAS design stages. The models are used to build ontological and program components, used for SAS design and development. Two classes of ontologies are defined: SAS ontology and ontologies of specific domains. SAS ontology is used to provide domain specific program code integration into the domain independent SAS framework. Domain specific ontology is used to represent domain specific concepts on the base of SAS ontology concepts. SAS development process includes the following stages: domain specific ontology construction, automatized generation of domain specific code, integration of domain specific code into the SAS framework and implementation of domain specific functions within the framework. Automatized code generation is based on the proposed mappings of ontological classes and properties to the program structures. A toolset is proposed for building domain specific SAS. The toolset utilizes such languages from the Semantic Web stack as OWL, SPARQL and SPIN. The toolset is written in Java language. The approach is illustrated and evaluated on the simplified virtual soccer scenario.

Use of Ecological Gestures in Soccer Games Running on Mobile Devices

The strong integration of “intelligent mobile devices” into modern societies offers a great potential for a wide spread distribution of mobile serious games. As in the case of Virtual Reality based systems, in order to be useful and efficient, these serious games need to be validated ecologically. In this context, this paper addresses the use of ecological interactions for a mobile serious game. We exploit a wearable insole in order to let users interact with a virtual soccer game via real-world soccer movements. We analyzed the concept of ecological interactions. The system used for recognition of ecological gestures is also detailed. A primary study showed that proposed system can be exploited for real time gesture recognition on a mobile device.

Feasibility of Training Athletes for High-Pressure Situations Using Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) has been successfully applied to a broad range of training domains; however, to date there is little research investigating its benefits for sport psychology training. We hypothesized that using high-fidelity VR systems to display realistic 3D sport environments could trigger anxiety, allowing resilience-training systems to prepare athletes for real-world, highpressure situations. In this work we investigated the feasibility and usefulness of using VR for sport psychology training. We developed a virtual soccer goalkeeping application for the Virginia Tech Visionarium VisCube (a CAVE-like display system), in which users defend against simulated penalty kicks using their own bodies. Using the application, we ran a controlled, within-subjects experiment with three independent variables: known anxiety triggers, field of regard, and simulation fidelity. The results demonstrate that a VR sport-oriented system can induce increased anxiety (physiological and subjective measures) compared to a baseline condition. There were a number of main effects and interaction effects for all three independent variables in terms of the subjective measures of anxiety. Both known anxiety triggers and simulation fidelity had a direct relationship to anxiety, while field of regard had an inverse relationship. Overall, the results demonstrate great potential for VR sport psychology training systems; however, further research is needed to determine if training in a VR environment can lead to long-term reduction in sport-induced anxiety.

Mathematical programming as a tool for virtual soccer coaches: a case study of a fantasy sport game

AbstractGeneral awareness of the potential of mathematics to support sports decision making has been raised by the movie “Moneyball” through its portrayal of a real professional American baseball club that used mathematical tools to improve team performance. This article addresses the same challenge using as a test case a fantasy sport game organized by an Argentinian newspaper. Two mathematical programming models are presented that act as virtual coaches that choose a virtual team lineup for each round of the real Argentinian soccer league. The a priori design creates a competitive team for the game, while the a posteriori model determines what would have been its optimal lineup once the season is over and all the results are known. The a priori model was entered in the fantasy game, achieving results that positioned it among the highest scoring participants. Further development of such models would provide useful tools for supporting decision making by coaches or managers of real sports.

How information guides movement: Intercepting curved free kicks in soccer

Previous studies have shown that balls subjected to spin induce large errors in perceptual judgments (Craig, Berton, Rao, Fernandez, & Bootsma, 2006; Craig et al., 2009) due to the additional accelerative force that causes the ball’s flight path to deviate from a standard parabolic trajectory. A recent review however, has suggested that the findings from such experiments may be imprecise due to the decoupling of perception and action and the reliance on the ventral system (van der Kamp, Rivas, van Doorn, & Savelsbergh, 2008). The aim of this study was to present the same curved free kick trajectory simulations from the perception only studies (Craig et al., 2006, 2009) but this time allow participants to move to intercept the ball. By using immersive, interactive virtual reality technology participants were asked to control the movement of a virtual effector presented in a virtual soccer stadium so that it would make contact with a virtual soccer ball as it crossed the goal-line. As in the perception only studies the direction of spin had a significant effect on the participants’ responses with significantly fewer balls being intercepted in the spin conditions when compared to no-spin conditions. A significantly higher percentage of movement reversals for the spin conditions served to highlight the link between information specifying ball heading direction and subsequent movement. The coherence of the findings for both the perception and perception/action study are discussed in light of the dual systems model for visual processing.

ON THE REDEFINITION OF FAN OUT METRIC FOR HUMAN ROBOT INTERACTIONS WITH HUMANOID SOCCER ROBOTS

Fan out (FO) is adopted as a general index among human robot interaction researchers in predicting the maximum number of robots a single operator can handle simultaneously while maintaining performance at acceptable levels. Neglect tolerance model forms the basis for FO metric that assumes ideal conditions wherein the operator switches control between robots sequentially based on acceptable performance ignoring any false alarms due to erroneous interactions. In this article, we redefine the FO metric to account for any additional demands due to the occurrence of false alarms, as these additional demands could lead to task failure. Experiments with our virtual and real humanoid soccer robots across tele-operation and semi-autonomous modes of autonomy showed significant drop in FO predictions with inclusion of demands due to false alarms for all experimental cases.

Validating extended neglect tolerance model for human robot interactions in humanoid soccer robots

SUMMARYEstimating robot performance in human robot teams is a vital problem in human robot interaction community. In a previous work, we presented extended neglect tolerance model for estimation of robot performance, where the human operator switches control between robots sequentially based on acceptable performance levels, taking into account any false alarms in human robot interactions. Task complexity is a key parameter that directly impacts the robot performance as well as the false alarms occurrences. In this paper, we validate the extended neglect tolerance model for two robot tasks of varying complexity levels. We also present the impact of task complexity on robot performance estimations and false alarms demands. Experiments were performed with real and virtual humanoid soccer robots across tele-operated and semi-autonomous modes of autonomy. Measured false alarm demand and robot performances were largely consistent with the extended neglect tolerance model predictions for both real and virtual robot experiments. Experiments also showed that the task complexity is directly proportional to false alarm demands and inversely proportional to robot performance.

Video capture virtual reality: A decade of rehabilitation assessment and intervention

Background: Video capture virtual reality (VR) systems display the users on a TV or projected screen where they see themselves within a virtual environment (VE) and interact with the virtual stimuli by naturalistic movements without any encumbrance. This is one of the greatest assets of video capture VR systems, making it ideally suited as a tool for rehabilitation.Objective: To provide an overview of how single camera-based markerless video-capture technology has developed and been applied to rehabilitation over the past decade.Method: Short summaries are provided of the numerous studies that use video capture VR for motor and cognitive rehabilitation of clinical populations including stroke, spinal cord injury, traumatic brain injury, cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities.Results and conclusions: VEs running on video capture VR systems have been shown to be feasible for clinical use for a wide variety of patient populations. The summarised papers include reports of case studies, group comparisons and review articles. Most of the studies using video-capture VR systems were aimed at improving motor aspects of individuals with neurologic conditions but some also address cognitive impairment and motivation in populations with developmental disorders. The majority of the VEs are gaming environments (involving competitive games such as virtual soccer) but functional environments (e.g. street crossing, supermarket shopping) have also been developed. The VEs have been found to be sensitive to differences in motor and cognitive ability and appear to provide an enjoyable and motivating setting for implementing a wide variety of therapeutic goals.

Experimenting False Alarm Demand for Human Robot Interactions in Humanoid Soccer Robots

Performance of robots in human robot teams has always been a topic of interest for many researchers in human robot interaction community. Traditionally adopted neglect tolerance model for performance measurements assume ideal conditions in which the operator switches control between robots sequentially based on acceptable performance level for each robot ignoring any false alarms due to erroneous interactions. In this paper, we present the false alarm demand, a new metric for measuring effects of false alarms on human robot team performance and extend the neglect tolerance model to situations in which false positives and false negatives are prevalent. Experiments were performed with real and virtual humanoid soccer robots across tele-operated, and point to point modes of autonomy. Measured false alarm demand and robot performances were largely consistent with the proposed extended neglect tolerance model predictions for real and virtual experiments for both autonomy modes. Experiments also showed that extended neglect tolerance model offered better estimation of robot performances as compared to the traditionally adopted neglect tolerance model for situations wherein false alarms are prevalent.

TRACKING THE BALL AND PLAYERS FROM MULTIPLE FOOTBALL VIDEOS

This paper deals with tracking players and the ball in multiple soccer video sequences taken from fixed cameras located around the stadium. One of the major obstacle in player tracking occurs when occlusion between people results in insufficient observation information. If a player blob is not visible in some of the input videos due to occlusion, one solution is to check whether he is visible in others. This check is helped by the homography transformation induced by the play-ground because the players' positions can be represented on a virtual planar soccer field and can be mapped into any video image through a corresponding homography between the virtual field and the video image. Therefore, the position estimate of the player is exploited to predict and check the visibility in each of the video images. Measurements are taken from those visible images. On the other hand, before initiating tracking, we do a color correction in order to enhance the measurement and matching process because each of the video produces different RGB values for the same scene object due to different camera position and color sensor characteristics. After tracking players, ball tracking is carried out by eliminating the image blobs of players and accumulating the ideally ball-only images. We implemented our tracking algorithm, and experiments for sets of multiple real videos showed promising results.