Virtual Reality Scene Research Articles

Exploring the effect of virtual reality relaxation environment on white coat hypertension in blood pressure measurement

A phenomenon called White Coat Hypertension (WCH) often occurs when measuring blood pressure (BP) in a real medical environment. Utilizing virtual reality (VR) technology to present appropriate relaxation scenes can isolate the real medical environments and may provide a new method to avoid WCH and improve the accuracy of BP measurement. In this study, we designed four immersive VR relaxation scenes and conducted an experiment to explore the role of VR scenes in eliminating/detecting WCH in BP measurement. Results from the current sample showed that both systolic BP and diastolic BP measured in the simulated medical environment were significantly higher than the baseline level and the VR scene condition, while there were no significant differences between the BPs measured in VR scenes and the baseline level. It can be concluded that VR provides an effective approach to avoid WCH in BP measurement by visually and aurally isolating the real environment and assisting relaxation and provides a new approach to detect the occurrence of WCH by the comparison of BPs measured in the VR scene condition and real medical environments.

Tunnel vision optimization method for VR flood scenes based on Gaussian blur

ABSTRACT The visualization of flood disasters in virtual reality (VR) scenes is useful for the representation and sharing of disaster knowledge and can effectively improve users’ cognitive efficiency in comprehending disaster information. However, the existing VR methods of visualizing flood disaster scenes have some shortcomings, such as low rendering efficiency and poor user experience. In this paper, a tunnel vision optimization method for VR flood scenes based on Gaussian blur is proposed. The key techniques are studied, such as region of interest (ROI) calculation and tunnel vision optimization considering the characteristics of the human visual system. A prototype system has been developed and used to carry out an experimental case analysis. The experimental results show that the number of triangles drawn in a flood VR scene is reduced by approximately 30%–40% using this method and that the average frame rate is stable at approximately 90 frames per second (fps), significantly improving the efficiency of scene rendering and reducing motion sickness.

An improved optimal algorithm for collision detection of hybrid hierarchical bounding box

Collision detection is currently a hot issue in virtual reality and other fields. The efficiency and accuracy of collision detection directly affect the real-time update effect of the virtual reality environment, and it is also an important indicator that affects the user's interactive experience. In a complex virtual reality scene, if the traditional collision detection algorithm (Sphere-OBB) is adopted and the tree structure traversal is used to realize the bounding box traversal detection, the accuracy remains unchanged, but the detection complexity is reduced. If the RAPID collision detection algorithm is used, the separated axis test method and the two-layer hybrid hierarchical surrounding tree structure are used, although the amount of calculation is large, the detection efficiency is improved. Using the separation axis (SAT) algorithm and using the separation axis theorem to determine the vector axis can save a lot of calculation time. The purpose of this research is to propose an improved hybrid-level bounding box collision detection optimization algorithm (ASO) based on the traditional hybrid-level bounding box collision detection algorithm. Firstly, based on the spatio-temporal correlation theory, the hybrid hierarchical bounding box hierarchical tree structure is improved to AABB and OBB from top to bottom. The synchronous descent rule is used to realize the traversal of nodes, and then the triangle area weighting method is used to improve the calculation method of the bottom OBB bounding box node center, solve the bounding box vertex covariance matrix, and improve the efficiency and accuracy of collision detection. The experimental results show that the algorithm proposed in this paper is 35.6% faster than the RAPID detection speed and 29.9% faster than the separation axis (SAT) detection speed under the same accuracy. In the multi-object collision detection, compared with the latest research, the algorithm in this paper shortens the intersection detection time, improves the collision detection efficiency, and meets the real-time update requirements of complex virtual reality scenes.

Visual Fatigue Alleviating in Stereo Imaging of Anaglyphs by Reducing Retinal Rivalry and Color Distortion Based on Mobile Virtual Reality Technology

Stereoscopic display is the means of showing scenes in Virtual Reality (VR). As a type of stereo images, anaglyphs can be displayed not only on the screen, but are currently the only solution of stereo images that can be displayed on paper. However, its deficiencies, like retinal rivalry and color distortion, could cause visual fatigue. To address this issue, an algorithm is proposed for anaglyph generation. Unlike previous studies only considering one aspect, it considers both retinal rivalry and color distortion at the same time. The algorithm works in the CIE L∗a∗b∗ color space and focuses on matching the perceptual color attributes especially the hue, rather than directly minimizes the sum of the distances between the perceived anaglyph color and the stereo image pair. In addition, the paper builds a relatively complete framework to generate anaglyphs so that it is more controllable to adjust the parameters and choose the appropriate process. The subjective tests are conducted to compare the results with several techniques which generate anaglyphs including empirical methods and computing methods. Results show that the proposed algorithm has a good performance.

Retracted] Multivisual Animation Character 3D Model Design Method Based on VR Technology

For VR systems, one of its core parts is to present people with a real and immersive 3D simulation environment. This paper uses real‐time computer graphics technology, three‐dimensional modeling technology, and binocular stereo vision technology to study the multivisual animation character objects in virtual reality technology; designs a binocular stereo vision animation system; designs and produces a three‐dimensional model; and develops a virtual multivisual animation scene application. The main research content and work performed in the text include the research of the basic graphics rendering pipeline process and the analysis and research of each stage of the rendering pipeline. It mainly analyzes the 3D graphics algorithm used in the three‐dimensional geometric transformation of computer graphics and studies the basic texture technology, basic lighting model, and other image output processes used in the fragment processing stage. Combined with the development needs of the subject, the principles of 3D animation rendering production software and 3D graphics modeling are studied, and the solid 3D model displayed in the virtual reality scene is designed and produced. This article also reflects the application of virtual reality in multivisual animation character design from the side, so it has realistic value and application prospects.

Design and implementation of typical dynamic traffic scenes based on virtual reality technology

It is of great significance to simulate dangerous traffic environment with vehicle driving simulator for reducing and preventing road traffic accidents. Firstly, a typical dynamic traffic scene was obtained and designed by using genetic algorithm, then a chaotic algorithm based on computer virtual reality scene was proposed. Finally, a dynamic scene in urban road scene was taken as an example, of which the simulation was designed and implemented by using virtual reality technology. The results show that the virtual operating environment of driver micro-traffic simulation can be effectively constructed with the combination of virtual reality technology and dynamic traffic scene.

RETRACTED: Animation virtual reality scene modeling based on complex embedded system and FPGA

Animation visualization method investigation of the FPGA for pre-service kindergarten Embedded System the confidence and ability to teach Animation influences. Specifically, the survey sought to determine the completion of Animation visualization methods have participants’ self-efficacy teach Animation after significant changes. IN the FPGA pre-service Embedded System, by examining young images, researchers visualize whether the source of self-efficacy within the range of visualization methods like Animation instructor illuminates the confidence and ability to teach the environmental impact of Animation and introspection. Quantitative exploratory design implemented in the FPGA, paradigm Embedded System. Focus on the quantitative collection and analysis, and small narrative ingredients are used to elaborate quantitative results. The Embedded systems are used in the creation, use, and advantageous virtual reality Animation visualization method for early review of pre-service Embedded systems of images. The data collection tool was adapted from previous research and development and a sense of self-efficacy to reflect early Animation Embedded System education settings' distinctive characteristics. Whether it is Animation and Animation background checks, virtual reality self-efficacy questionnaire obtained mainly quantitative data. Simultaneously, the open end of the opinion, students' thinking and focus group interviews caused narrative data. According to self-efficacy, perceived change in self-efficacy for each source was revealed. The results showed that the students' self-efficacy scores over time a significant overall increase. The most influential source of self-efficacy beliefs is inactive master experience.

A method of VR-EEG scene cognitive rehabilitation training.

Virtual reality technology can intuitively provide patients of neuropsychological diseases with an almost real environment for cognitive rehabilitation training . In this paper, virtual reality technology is used to construct specific scenes that are universal and related to MCI patients to restore and train patients' scene memory cognitive ability to help patients strengthen or gradually restore scene memory cognitive ability. The construction of virtual reality scenes with different contents such as life, environment, transportation and tourism, real-time detection is carried out in combination with EEG signals of patients in different scenes. The experimental results of the analysis of EEG signals of patients shows that memory rehabilitation training is strengthened by using specific stimulation scenes.

Relationship between perceived room brightness and light source appearance mode in different media: reality, virtual reality and 2D images

The appearance mode of an object, whether it appears selfluminous or reflective, depends on its luminance and its surrounding. This research aims to verify whether the appearance mode of a spherical lamp ("on" / "off") and perceived room brightness is influenced by the presentation medium: real 3D scenes (R-3D), rendered virtual 3D scenes (VR-3D) presented on a head-mounted-display (HMD) and 2D scenes presented on a regular display (D-2D). Twenty observers evaluated the lamp's appearance mode when presented in different luminance values and rated the apparent room brightness of the scene under four viewing conditions: R3D and D-2D with warm-white scene lighting, and D-2D and VR-3D with cool-white scene lighting. Threshold luminance, defined as the luminance corresponding to a 50-50 chance of perceiving a lamp as switched on, showed large observer variability, which might originate from the diversity of the observers' understanding of the lamp material and their strategy to judge the appearance mode. Respectively, threshold luminance and room brightness were significantly lower and significantly higher for the virtual reality scene than for the other conditions. However, no evidence was found that the appearance mode of a spherical lamp can relevantly predict room brightness.

Eye-head coordination during exploration of 360-degree scenes in virtual reality

Eye-head coordination during exploration of 360-degree scenes in virtual reality

Optimal Design of Virtual Reality Visualization Interface Based on Kansei Engineering Image Space Research

To effectively organize design elements in virtual reality (VR) scene design and provide evaluation methods for the design process, we built a user image space cognitive model. This involved perceptual engineering methods and optimization of the VR interface. First, we studied the coupling of user cognition and design features in the VR system via the Kansei Engineering (KE) method. The quantitative theory I and KE model regression analysis were used to analyze the design elements of the VR system’s human–computer interaction interface. Combined with the complex network method, we summarized the relationship between design features and analyzed the important design features that affect users’ perceptual imagery. Then, based on the characteristics of machine learning, we used a convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict and analyze the user’s perceptual imagery in the VR system, to provide assistance for the design optimization of the VR system design. Finally, we verified the validity and feasibility of the solution by combining it with the human–machine interface design of the VR system. We conducted a feasibility analysis of the KE model, in which the similarity between the multivariate regression analysis of the VR intention space and the experimental test was approximately 97% and the error was very small; thus, the VR intention space model was well correlated. The Mean Square Error (MSE) of the convolutional neural network (CNN) prediction model was calculated with a measured value of 0.0074, and the MSE value was less than 0.01. The results show that this method can improve the effectiveness and feasibility of the design scheme. Designers use important design feature elements to assist in VR system optimization design and use CNN machine learning methods to predict user image values in VR systems and improve the design efficiency. Facing the same design task requirements in VR system interfaces, the traditional design scheme was compared with the scheme optimized by this method. The results showed that the design scheme optimized by this method better fits the user’s perceptual imagery index, and thus the user’s task operation experience was better.

Eyewitness identifications after witnessing threatening and non-threatening scenes in 360-degree virtual reality (or 2D) from first and third person perspectives.

In eyewitness research the frequent use of video playback presented on a computer screen (i.e., 2D videos) in laboratory-based research is problematic due to the low realism of this method when presenting, for example, threatening (and non-threatening) first-person (and third-person) scenarios. However, in contrast to 2D videos, 360-degree videos presented in virtual reality (VR) presents the opportunity of achieving more realistic and immersive scenarios that might be better suited to mimic real-life incidents, as for example, in the case of a threatening first-person robbery. In the present study, we asked 37 participants to watch eight pre-recorded threatening or non-threatening 2D and VR videos, viewed from either a first- or third-person perspective. After each video, participants assessed the observed target’s appearance and were then presented with either a target present (TP) or target absent (TA) six-person photograph line-up. We expected that VR would result in higher degrees of accuracy in both TP and TA line-ups compared with 2D and that the differences between manipulations would be more pronounced within VR compared with 2D. We found that TP (but not TA) accuracy was higher in 2D compared with VR videos (91 vs. 66%), that there was no main effect of perspective, and that threatening scenes increased TP (but not TA) accuracy compared to non-threatening scenes (86 vs. 70%). Furthermore, in VR (but not in 2D), threatening scenes increased TP (but not TA) accuracy compared with non-threatening scenes (85 vs. 40%). The results go against the expected increased accuracy in VR (vs. 2D) videos but support the notion that threatening (vs. non-threatening) scenes can increase identification accuracy in VR but not necessarily in 2D.

Combining brain-computer interface and virtual reality for rehabilitation in neurological diseases: A narrative review.

The traditional rehabilitation for neurological diseases lacks the active participation of patients, its process is monotonous and tedious, and the effects need to be improved. Therefore, a new type of rehabilitation technology with more active participation combining brain-computer interface (BCI) with virtual reality (VR) has developed rapidly in recent years and has been used in rehabilitation in neurological diseases. This narrative review analyzed and characterized the development and application of the new training system (BCI-VR) in rehabilitation of neurological diseases from the perspective of the BCI paradigm, to provide a pathway for future research in this field. The review involved a search of the Web of Science-Science Citation Index/Social Sciences Citation Index and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases; 39 papers were selected. Advantages and challenges of BCI-VR-based neurological rehabilitation were analyzed in detail. Most BCI-VR studies included could be classified by 3 major BCI paradigms: motor imagery, P300, and steady-state visual-evoked potential. Integrating VR scenes into BCI systems could effectively promote the recovery process from nervous system injuries as compared with traditional methods. As compared with rehabilitation based on traditional BCI, rehabilitation based on BCI-VR can provide better feedback information for patients and promote the recovery of brain function. By solving the challenges and continual development, the BCI-VR system can be broadly applied to the clinical treatment of various neurological diseases.

Auto-fit two movable projections into a single 3D display screen for virtual and augmented reality scenes

Auto-fit two movable projections into a single 3D display screen for virtual and augmented reality scenes

The effect of concert hall color on preference and auditory perception

Going to a concert involves both visual and auditory senses, which have been found to influence each other in many ways. The visual design of a concert hall contributes to the visual experience of seeing a concert, and color is one of the most obvious elements of the visual design. While some studies have reported that color affects vehicle loudness, the influence of concert hall color on the auditory experience of seeing a concert has been little-studied. In this study 30 volunteers evaluated loudness, reverberance, and their visual and auditory preference for multiple virtual reality scenes of a concert hall with various colors and with a music excerpt of various levels of gain and reverberation time. Results show that color has little or no effect on loudness and reverberance compared to changing gain or reverberation time. However, color does affect visual and auditory preference, and these are positively correlated and mutually influential. Of the five colors tested, red is the most-liked color for the selected concert hall, followed by neutral, blue, and yellow, while green is the least liked color. The color preference is related to the commonly used color styles of existing halls.

VIRTUAL REALITY IN ENGLISH VOCABULARY TEACHING: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON AFFECT IN THE USE OF TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT The evaluative studies of hypermedia effects on second language acquisition have been mostly applied to interfaces whose user’s input is limited to clicks, typed texts, and voice. Nonetheless, virtual reality (VR) technology expanded user’s interactions with a data processing machine since it explores a sense of presence through body language, 360-degrees images, and tactile techniques. It is in this context that this paper approaches VR to explore its potential for foreign language vocabulary teaching and learning, considering mainly the appraisal mechanisms novelty and pleasantness proposed by Schumann (1999). This exploratory research presents the preparation and the results of a study applied to sixteen undergraduate English students at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Brazil, as well as to nine students from the author’s one private course. The technology used in this study were three Google products: Cardboard™, as the VR headset; Expeditions, for the narrative; and Polly, for the building of the VR scenes. The following methodological actions were addressed to the participants of the study: an English placement test; vocabulary tests; exposure to the virtual environment, a guided visit to Museo Frida Kahlo, in Mexico; and a questionnaire on the evaluation of the experience. At the theoretical level, the present study is based on the assumptions of the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (MAYER, 2001) and in the role of affect in language learning (SCHUMANN, 1997; 1999). The results of vocabulary tests, the questionnaire, and limitations of the technology are discussed, giving a basis for the conclusion that VR can significantly contribute to foreign language vocabulary teaching and learning since the technology has the potential to motivate students and immerse them into real-life-like scenarios.

Implementation and Optimization of Particle Effects based on Unreal Engine 4

The wide application of virtual reality and augmented reality makes the engine of developing virtual reality develop towards more realistic rendering, more convenient operation and better performance. In the realization of virtual reality scene, the three-dimensional particle effects play an excellent performance, and enhance the immersion of the experiencer. However, the production and optimization of three-dimensional particle effects have always been a complicated task for developers. Based on the visual blueprint script of Unreal Engine 4 and the modular particle editor, the author elaborates the method of making particle effects in detail, calculates the cost of particle system in real time by using the console of Unreal Engine 4, and then analyses the reasons that affect the performance of particle effects according to the data. Three methods, GPU launcher, material instruction reduction and LOD application, are used to optimize the performance of particle effects, and data are used to show the results of optimization.

The Development of Virtual Reality as a Tool to Investigate Eating Behavior

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to a) determine the feasibility of eating in virtual reality (VR) environment while wearing a head mounted display (HMD) and b) determine the effect of eating in a virtual restaurant on food intake, sensory evaluation of the test food and masticatory parameters. Methods Fifteen adults were asked to report to the laboratory on two occasions, separated by at least one week, at their usual lunchtime. On reporting to the laboratory, surface electrodes were attached to the left and right masseter muscles to measure masticatory activity and a wristband placed on the non-dominant wrist to collect physiological data. The participant sat quietly for 5 minutes before a VR (HMD) was placed on their head. The HMD displayed either a virtual restaurant (pizzeria) or a blank scene (consisting of a white background and a table). The participant's hand movements were captured using an infrared camera mounted on the HMD so when the participant moved their hands this was represented by computer generated model hands in the VR scene. The test foods (pizza bites) were represented in VR using a 3D model of pizza bites. The test foods were arranged so that when the participant touched the test food model in the VR scene they touched the test food in real life allowing them to locate and pick up the test food. The participant was instructed to eat the test food until they felt comfortably full. When the participant finished eating the equipment was removed and they completed questionnaires regarding their feelings of presence and experiences in the VR environment and their ratings of the test food attributes. Results Participants were able to successfully locate and eat the pizza rolls while in the VR environment. The participants feeling of presence was higher in the restaurant scene compared to the blank scene (P < 0.05). Heart rate and skin temperature were higher in the restaurant scene (P < 0.05). Differences in masticatory parameters were found with participants using fewer masticatory cycles before swallowing in the restaurant scene (P < 0.05). There were no differences between scenes regarding the sensory evaluation of the test foods. There was no difference in food intake between the treatments. Conclusions Eating in VR is feasible and may provide a new method to understand eating behavior in different contexts. Funding Sources None.

Do Users Behave Similarly in VR? Investigation of the User Influence on the System Design

With the overarching goal of developing user-centric Virtual Reality (VR) systems, a new wave of studies focused on understanding how users interact in VR environments has recently emerged. Despite the intense efforts, however, current literature still does not provide the right framework to fully interpret and predict users’ trajectories while navigating in VR scenes. This work advances the state-of-the-art on both the study of users’ behaviour in VR and the user-centric system design. In more detail, we complement current datasets by presenting a publicly available dataset that provides navigation trajectories acquired for heterogeneous omnidirectional videos and different viewing platforms—namely, head-mounted display, tablet, and laptop. We then present an exhaustive analysis on the collected data to better understand navigation in VR across users, content, and, for the first time, across viewing platforms. The novelty lies in the user-affinity metric, proposed in this work to investigate users’ similarities when navigating within the content. The analysis reveals useful insights on the effect of device and content on the navigation, which could be precious considerations from the system design perspective. As a case study of the importance of studying users’ behaviour when designing VR systems, we finally propose a user-centric server optimisation. We formulate an integer linear program that seeks the best stored set of omnidirectional content that minimises encoding and storage cost while maximising the user’s experience. This is posed while taking into account network dynamics, type of video content, and also user population interactivity. Experimental results prove that our solution outperforms common company recommendations in terms of experienced quality but also in terms of encoding and storage, achieving a savings up to 70%. More importantly, we highlight a strong correlation between the storage cost and the user-affinity metric, showing the impact of the latter in the system architecture design.

Effects of synchronised engine sound and vibration presentation on visually induced motion sickness

Driving simulator usage is often accompanied by motion sickness, and techniques for its prevention are not yet established. To reduce visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), we investigated the effects of synchronised presentation of engine sounds and motorcycle vibration on VIMS. A total of 80 participants experienced a driving scene with a head-mounted display for 5 minutes with or without synchronised presentation of engine sound and vibration. The results showed that VIMS scores, as measured by the Fast Motion Sickness scale, were significantly lower in participants who experienced the driving scene with sounds and vibration than in those who experienced the scene with sounds only, vibration only, or neither. Multiple regression analyses revealed that susceptibility to VIMS consistently explained the severity of VIMS to some extent but not with perceived realism of the virtual reality (VR) scene, sex, and experiences about VR devices and vehicles. This study demonstrated that simultaneous presentation of engine sounds and vibration, which were synchronous to each other and tightly coupled with the visual flow speed, effectively reduces VIMS while experiencing motorcycling simulators. The findings not only improve practical knowledge for reducing VIMS in driving simulators but also provide evidence for understanding the mechanisms of VIMS.