Virgin Field Research Articles

Sex in history: A virgin field∗

Any investigator into past attitudes towards sex is struck with the fact that historians have been reluctant, exceedirlgly reluctant, to deal with such a delicate topic. It is not only sex in the biological sense that has been avoided but such aspects of sexual behavior as courtship, marriage, and child rearing have also been ignored. In this day of woman's liberation, it is even painful to realize the paucity of historical studies about women. J. P. V. D. Balsdon who published a study of Roman women about a decade ago stated that intriguing as ancient Roman women may have been, they are the subject of no single work of deep and learned scholarship in English or in any other language . . . A number of books have been written which give biographies of the most notable, or the most notorious, ladies of the imperial court but nobody, I think, has combined a historical account of Roman women, notable and notorious alike with a general description of woman's life in ancient Rome... (Balsdon, 1962).

The Chroniclers of Violence in Northern Ireland: The First Wave Interpreted

Perhaps the only undeniable blessing to evolve from the recent troubles in Northern Ireland has been miniboom in the publishing industry. Seldom have so many, written so quickly, on a subject understood by so few—and turning, one assumes, a decent profit for their effort. Traditionally contemporary modern Ireland has attracted the occasional coffee-table volume or the nearly annual The Irish, potted “sociology.” Until quite recently, few scholars have ventured into contemporary affairs—those events after the revolutionary years of 1916–1921—and almost none of the tools of social science have been put to use on Irish society. Thus the latest commentators found a truly virgin field, bereft of valid experts, congenial to anecdote, fashionably violent, amusingly Irish and if not fit for the coffee table certainly attractive in the market-place. The result has been a twofold outpouring: first of those who would chronicle in print what had been for the British audience nightly fare on the television and second of those more committed or more daring who would interpret, analyze, explain and predict. The former, however ill-prepared, sought to write history, however superficially, while the latter sought to make it by rearranging the past to buttress their vision of the future. Neither the observers nor the participants have in print as yet produced a single definitive work nor in fact a very satisfactory plain tale of events—much less a revelation into the nature of the conflict in Northern Ireland. The attempts of this first wave to date, however, offer some insights into the Northern Ireland problem, into the nature of Irish and British scholarship and, perhaps, into the future that awaits the most distressful Six-counties.

The Mechanical Behavior of Uncased Wellbores Situated in Elastic/Plastic Media Under Hydrostatic Stress

Abstract Analytical consideration is given to the elastic/perfectly plastic behavior of uncased wellbores that are situated in rock formations subjected to hydrostatic states of field stress. Plane strain is assumed, and the rock is supposed to be Plane strain is assumed, and the rock is supposed to be incompressible and to obey the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion of plastic yield. Using elasticity and plasticity theories, equations are developed to plasticity theories, equations are developed to permit calculation of the wellbore pressure required permit calculation of the wellbore pressure required to prevent plastic yielding of an uncased wellbore wall and of the magnitude of the wall deformation if plastic yielding does occur. The state of induced stress corresponding to the development of a plastic annulus of circular shape around the wellbore is obtained. From analytical results, plastic instability and collapse of a wellbore are discussed. In general, the calculations for the pressures required to prevent plastic yielding and potential instability of wellbores plastic yielding and potential instability of wellbores are quantitatively reasonable. Introduction The mechanical behavior of an uncased wellbore situated at depth in a highly deformable rock medium is an important topic. In the usual drilling situation, the mud column exerts a fluid pressure on the wall of the wellbore, while the undisturbed rock formation is subjected to an interstitial-fluid pore pressure and a natural state of field stress. As a consequence of the fluid pressures and the natural field stress, the state of induced stress in the rock formation immediately adjacent to the wellbore may be of sufficient magnitude to cause plastic yielding of rock. If deformation results in a noticeable contraction of the wellbore, the motion of the drill bit may be restricted, or the emplacement of the casing after drilling ceases may be hampered. If the deformation results in a large expansion of the wellbore, the rock formation may fracture and result in lost circulation. Ideally, knowing the range of drilling mud weights that could be utilized for particular depth-rock formation combinations particular depth-rock formation combinations without causing plastic deformation of the wellbore wall would represent an important contribution to drilling technology. The deformational behavior of underground openings has been of considerable interest to the mining industry. Fenner, Labasse and Morrison and Coates have obtained analytical solutions for the states of stress around vertical- and horizontal-cylindrical openings situated in elastic/perfectly plastic, cohensionless media that obey the Coulomb failure criterion. The analyses are generally extended to consider the influence of concrete or steel liners in the openings. Pasley and Coates have considered analytically the state of stress induced by the flow or interstitial pore fluid into a wellbore for the case in which pore fluid into a wellbore for the case in which the field stress is uniform and the rock obeys the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. The rock strength required to prevent the initiation of plastic failure is related to the formation pore pressure and the extent of plugging around the wellbore. The wellbore deformation problem is very complex in that the deformations are usually nonlinear and time-dependent, and the virgin field stresses are nonuniform. We considered the deformations to be large, but not time-dependent, and assumed the natural field stress to be of a hydrostatic nature. The rock is taken to be isotropic and homogeneous and to obey the linear Mohr-Coulomb criterion at yield. In the rock formation adjacent to the wellbore, the deformation parallel to the wellbore axis is assumed to be negligible as compared to the radial deformation of the wellbore wall. Under these assumptions, it is possible to determine the range of mud weights required to prevent the initiation of plastic yielding at the wellbore wall and to obtain a reasonable estimate of the magnitude of the wall deformation should yielding occur, as well as the extent of the plastic region around the wellbore. By utilizing the results of these considerations, the potential instability of a wellbore, involving collapse, can be discussed with some degree of competence.

Polospores from Jurassics of Rajasthan, India

RAJASTHAN (western India) provides almost a virgin field for palynological investigations. The results recorded here are based on samples from the two wells drilled by the Exploratory Tube-Well Organization in the Jaisalmer area. The first well (26° 54′ 30″ N.; 70° 57′ E.) reaching a depth of 1,257 ft. passed through the Jaisalmer Limestone Formation (Oxfordian–Callovian age), underlying the Lathi Formation (Lower–Middle Jurassic age). The other well (26° 51′ 30″ N.; 71° 11′ E.) reached a depth of 965 ft. and passed through the Lathi Formation only.

Some Aspects of the Geography of International Trade

I N recent years many geographers have come to appreciate how greatly regional understanding can be advanced by the study of man's functional organization of space. Nations are the most commonly recognized and among the most clearly defined units of man's spatial organization; they are connected economically by international trade. The geography of international trade, as the present writer sees it, focuses on the exchange of goods among nations and other territorial divisions for which international trade statistics are reported. The basic facts are the size of trade (in terms of value or quantity), its commodity composition, and its direction. By this definition the geography of international trade is virtually a virgin field of inquiry. In view of the great number of studies by American geographers dealing with the functional areal organization of commercial activities within nations it is surprising how little effort has been directed toward studying the commercial connections among nations.The geography of international trade deals with the most important aspect of the world's economic organization. Other aspects-such as the international exchange of shipping and insurance services, the transfer of capital, the mi-

Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War (review)

318civil war history original edition, so indicating when this has been done. The introduction is well written and informative, the footnotes are in good order, and the index of personal and place names is acceptable despite a few errors and omissions. In his preface Mr. Harwell states, ". . . the length of the narrative has required that explanatory notes be kept to a minimum." While conceding that this is a decision for the editor and his publisher, this reviewer regrets that such notes have been confined to the bare minimum. Miss Cumming 's diary is a versatile parade of names of both famous and unknown persons, as well as a catalogue of allusions to events, feuds, and controversies . Being the sort of person she was, she did not go into any lengthy discussion or explanation of what was so familiar at the time. Here the editor had the challenge to identify briefly and explain these so that one not well-versed in the history of the war might better comprehend what is being said. Certainly Surgeon-General Samuel Preston Moore merits identification in a work of this kind. The reviewer understands the difficulties involved in deciding where to draw the line, but she believes that the book would have been greatly improved had it been drawn beyond where it has been. The only other omission that is of major significance is a map or maps to indicate the location of Miss Cumming's assignments and the path of her journeys. Errors are few and in most cases are mere oversights. The title of Phoebe Yates Pember's volume should read A Southern Woman's Story (p. v), but it is correctly cited elsewhere. Several misspellings or typographical errors were noted. In the index, "Gen. Brown" would seem to be General John Calvin Brown, " Sen. Clement Comer Clay" should be Senator Clement Claiborne Clay, and "Gen. Philip Dole Roddy" should be General Philip Dale Roddey. Despite these and other minor errors and omissions, Mr. Harwell is to be congratulated on his many corrections and additions to the original edition of this valuable Civil War diary. Mary Elizabeth Massey Winthrop College Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War. By Ludwell H. Johnson. (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1958. Pp. 317. $5.00. ) very few of the hundreds of Civil War books published during the last two or three years have contributed anything of significance to the understanding of that four-year period of national tragedy. Professor Johnson's Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War is one of the worthwhile few. He has chosen an almost virgin field of study—the Trans-Mississippi West. The story of that ill-fated Federal campaign, which took place in Louisiana and Arkansas in the spring of 1864, is here explored fully for the first time. The basic strategy of the Red River Campaign is simple. Union General Nathaniel P. Banks and Admiral David D. Porter with some 30,000 troops and 60 ships were to advance up the Red River while General Frederick Steele's force of over 10,000 men was to move southward from Little Rock, Arkansas. Book Reviews319 The first major objective of both forces was Shreveport (near the junction of Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas), the heart of a rich cotton empire and the headquarters of Confederate General E. Kirby Smith. The ultimate goal was Texas. The author has handled the Louisiana phase of this two-pronged campaign with considerable skill. Porter's problems with the gunboats in the shallow waters of the Red make fascinating reading. The story of Banks's difficulties with the civilian cotton speculators, his defeat by Confederate General Richard Taylor at Sabine Crossroads, and his subsequent retreat and abandonment of the expedition is concise, clear, and colorful. An excellent set of maps has been furnished. Perhaps the most important contribution of Professor Johnson's book can be found in the first two chapters. It is here that he provides a most interesting example of how military operations during the Civil War were often "intimately interwoven with political, economic, and ideological factors which frequently determined the time and place of a Union offensive." He...

Studies of the Retrocerebral Complex in the Honey Bee: Part I: Anatomy and Histology

The corpora allata, corpora cardiaca, and structures associated with them can be appropriately termed the retrocerebral complex because of their location posterior to the insect brain. Since this complex has been studied only superficially in the honey bee, the following investigation was initiated to provide anatomical, histological and embryological bases for research in the almost virgin field of honey bee endocrinology. Anatomical and histological findings will be reported in this paper and the embryological development of the complex in a subsequent one.

III. The Pipe Rolls and the Historians, 1600–1883

It is a remarkable fact that the only continuous series of records which has survived from the twelfth century, the Great Rolls of the Pipe, was not completely available in print with adequate indexes until the thirties of the twentieth century. The search for an explanation takes one back to the beginnings of English medieval scholarship in the early seventeenth century. The great antiquaries of that day had not conceived the idea of printing adequately indexed editions of the records they used, for the medieval past, when books were patiently transcribed by hand for circulation, was too near. When scholars met to discuss their work it was of making copies by hand and passing them from one to another that they talked. They were concerned that the notes sent to them should be on ‘paper of the same size for bignesse as the sender first did use’. To them in the seventeenth century, the past was a virgin field in which they had no forerunners; and they themselves aimed at writing history which should stand for ever.

The Oxygen Requirements and Thermal Resistance of Chironomid Larvae from Flowing and from Still Waters

ABSTRACT Extensive surveys of the distribution of chironomid larvae have established the fact that the majority of species are strikingly restricted in their habitat: the causes of this specialization, however, remain largely undetermined. For a few species comprehensive ecological work has made it possible to deduce the factors important in determining distribution (Thienemann, 1923, 1928; Lenz, 1925), but an experimental attack on the physiology and behaviour of larval and adult chironomids in relation to their choice of habitat remains almost a virgin field.

Burmese Music

Burmese music is a virgin field for research. Nobody can bewail this virginity more than myself. To help me there does not seem to exist a single western work on Burmese music though there are such classics as Fox Strangways' on Indian and J. H. Levis' on Chinese music. Many writers on Burma have passed remarks, kind or humorous, on Burmese music. But few have attempted a technical study of it. Nothing Burmese escaped the notice of Sir James George Scott, of course. But I know of only two who left some technical remarks on Burmese music: Paul Edmonds, the author of Peacocks and Pagodas; and P. A. Mariano, in an appendix on Burmese music to that most lovingly produced book Burma by Max and Bertha Ferrars.

Hauran: Rise and Decline

THE visitor to Hauran finds on all sides numerous remains of ancient civilizations, ranging from dolmens-the handiwork of primitive man-to the magnificent buildings and sculptures of the Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Sassanid craftsmen. These ruins testify to the antiquity of man's habitation in this territory east of the Jordan-the Bashan of the Bible.! They reflect the ebb and flow of victory and defeat in the eternal struggle of man against nature, and of man against man. History lies written in the stones of the ruins scattered on Hauran's hillsides and valleys and visible to all passers-by. But apart from these surface remains, who can tell what a wealth of historical material lies hidden beneath the soil of Hauran, one of the least explored districts of Syria. The spade of the excavator has hardly touched Hauran which is still a virgin field for the archaeologist. The history of Hauran is the history of human civilization, wrote Professor Henrik Scharling, the nineteenth century Danish traveller and explorer. He described Hauran with its ruined temples, gateways and pillars as a second Pompeii, a Pompeii not below but above the ground. The difference between the two ,vas that the treasures of Pompeii were

Donegal Survivals

Recent articles in Antiquity have drawn attention to the rich sources of material for study in ethnology and archaeology which lie almost untapped in the dwellings of peasant Britain. For Ireland three papers by Åke Campbell1 break new ground in a virgin field and increase the heavy debt which Irish scientific studies owe to Scandinavia; and the interest roused has been fostered by a short statement on the need for enquiry into house-types issued by Colonel R. G. Berry. The Irish Folklore Commission has gathered much information on this and related topics, while a regional survey of the housetypes of north Kerry, clearly inspired by Campbell's work, has lately appeared. The participation of continental workers in this field is further illustrated in the ‘Contributions to the study of the tangible material culture of the Gaoltacht’ published by L. Mühlhausen.

Geologic Structure of St. George District Washington County, Utah

The structural history, geologic structure, and results of deep drilling in an area occupying a structural transition zone between the High Plateaus of Utah and the Basin and Range Province are described. Cambrian quartzite rests unconformably on pre-Cambrian igneous rocks, and is overlain by as much as 20,000 feet of strata, which record frequent oscillations during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic, a period of uplift and erosion just prior to the Cretaceous, a period of orogeny during the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary (Laramide revolution), and post-Laramide thrust and normal faulting down to rather recent time. Major north-trending normal faults, with the downthrow on the west, divide the district into five east-dipping monoclinal blocks. The normal faults are both strai ht and curved, terminate abruptly, vary in vertical displacement along any one fault surface, and have as much as 4,500 feet of observable stratigraphic displacement. Encouraged by the finding of oil in the small Virgin field 5 miles east and by the presence of anticlinal structure, six deep wells have been drilled in the district without discovering commercial quantities of oil or gas.

Notes on Some Vertebrates from the Pleistocene of Kansas

The occurrence of Mephitis mesomelas varians (Gray); Citellus elegans (Kennicott); Geomys lutescens (Merriam); and Camelops cf. kansanus Leidy in the Pleistocene of Kansas. In the past fifty years a large number of vertebrates have been taken at random from the Pleistocene of Kansas. Most of these are bones of elephants and mastodons; their size making them attractive. The beds yielding these bones have never been studied, and no effort has been made to correlate their age with that of other faunas from regions where the Pleistocene has been carefully worked. A study of the vertebrate fauna of the Pleistocene of Kansas still remains a virgin field for students of paleontology. The known deposits should be carefully worked and especial attention given to the search for small rodents. The small rodents will probably be the main key upon which the correlation of the beds may be determined. Most of the deposits contain rodent material, but they have been overlooked, due to their small size. During the past summer a few new forms have been added to the Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of Kansas. These are placed on record to show their distribution during the phases of the ice age. Mephitis mesomelas varians (Gray) (Fig. 1) In the collection of vertebrates made during the summer of 1936 by Dr. H. T. U. Smith of the Department of Geology and the Kansas Geological Survey, is a part of a right lower jaw No. 3946 K.U.M.V.P. containing M1, referable to Mephitis mesomelas varians. The specimen was compared with a large number of jaws of that species of skunk taken from Barton county and the surrounding region. No difference could be found to separate it from the living subspecies. It was sent to Dr. E. Raymond Hall who examined the specimen and considered it as that of the subspecies now existing in that area. The specimen was taken by Doctor Smith in Barton county, one mile south and two and one half miles west of Claflin, Kan., where it had been uncovered by the wind in an ancient sand dune. It was associated with invertebrate fossils of the same age. Citellus elegans (Kennicott) (Fig. 2) A left lower jaw, No. 3958 K.U.M.V.P., collected by Mrs. H. T. U. Smith, along an old terrace of the Arkansas river one mile east and three-quarters mile north of Garden City, Finney county, Kansas, belongs to this species. This is the first record of Citellus elegans from the Pleistocene of Kansas, thereby extending its range during the ice age considerably southward. The type of preservation and lack of wear by stream transportation indicates that the jaw was not washed into the region from the west. Citellus elegans was very abundant' in Nebraska during certain phases of the ice age, especially where it occurs from the late Sangamon throughout the Iowan age (Neb. Geol. 1. The study involving the description of this fauna has been forwarded by a grant from the University of Kansas Research Fund.

Structure of the Queen Maud Mountains, Antarctica

INTRODUCTION The Queen Maud Mountains form the extreme southern boundary of the Ross Senkungsfeld. Their geographical relationships to other features of the Ross Sea sector are illustrated in Figure 1. These mountains were discovered by Amundsen on his journey to the South Pole in the summer of 1910–1911, but no geological work was done by members of his party; they remained a virgin field for the geological staff of the Byrd expedition. Although the tops of the mountains and the gentler slopes are largely smothered with ice, making detailed exploration difficult and hazardous, the structure of the range as a whole is developed on such grand and yet such simple lines that its major features and relationships were revealed, even in the somewhat hurried reconnaissance we were able to undertake.1 GENERAL GEOLOGY MAJOR DIVISIONS As one approaches the mountains across the Ross Shelf ice from the north he is . . .

The Isoko Tribe

The Isoko country in the north-western corner of the Niger Delta, Southern Nigeria, is a virgin field for anthropologists. Beyond one or two brief and usually inaccurate references in accounts of the Delta, and a Government Intelligence Report, nothing has been collected about or written upon the Isoko people. The following notes were collected by me during a first tour of eighteen months, purely out of personal interest and curiosity, and in my spare time, without any previous training in anthropology.

Rubber Vibration Insulators. Some Characteristic Properties and Tests

Abstract Insulating of vibrating parts of engineering devices and structures is one of the vital problems of this age. The original purpose of carriage and automobile tires was, as indeed the major purpose of their use today still is, the suppression and elimination of shocks and vibrations during travel. This is true in spite of the importance of the “increased mileage” obtained by the use of rubber tires—a factor of no mean importance. This purpose is not so self-evident in the case of belting, hose, rubber-covered rolls, etc., where flexibility and/or elasticity are apparently prime requisites, but nevertheless the interception and safe-transmission of impulses or stresses with a minimum of vibration and noise are certainly of inestimable value. The use of rubber parts elsewhere in the automobile and general engineering field is unquestionably solely for the suppression or elimination of vibration. Recognition of the importance of rubber parts for such service came with the organization early in 1927, at the request of the Society of Automotive Engineers, of a committee to make a study of the most important characteristics of rubber necessary in such service and finally to set up standards of tests for these properties. This committee was formed by the American Society for Testing Materials and is composed of a number of the leading automotive engineers of the country and rubber technologists from the leading rubber companies. The S. A. E. also has an official representative. The scope of the work of this committee includes hardness testing, deflection under compression and compression-set (cold flow), resistance to cold, and dynamic fatigue, but to date its active efforts have been confined largely to the first two. The trend toward the use of rubber vibration insulators in railway work, both between ties and rails and in the cars themselves, is opening up a virgin field of enormous importance, and certainly shows the importance of these properties and the necessity for standardized tests. Of course, good aging qualities, resistance to abrasion, oil and heat, and relatively high tensile, shear, cutting and tearing strengths are important in the life of the part (but to varying degrees depending on the service intended). In addition, a standardized test for the adhesion of rubber to metal is now imperative. At present most specifications for motor supports in which rubber is bonded to metal require a direct pull, perpendicular to the metal-rubber interface, of 250 lbs. per sq. in. minimum, with actual values ranging up to over 1000 lbs. per sq. in.

NUTRITION OF THE DENTAL TISSUES

Nutrition of the dental tissues is still a virgin field, for few investigators admit its presence or necessity. All investigators realize the importance of a properly balanced diet during the period of formation of teeth, but the question of whether this continues to apply after the completion and eruption of the teeth is, as yet, under active discussion. Histologists generally do not believe this to be the case, for no system of channels joining the enamel with the vascular system of the body is believed to exist. To prove that such a system exists is my purpose in this paper. There has been much discussion in the literature concerning the effect of diet on the welfare of the teeth. An investigator who has contributed greatly to this subject is Dr. Percy R. Howe¹; he was able to develop dental decay in monkeys fed on deficient diets. Much more work

Embryonic Development of the Labrid Fish Oxyjulis californicus Gunther

F ISH embryology, descriptive as well as experimental, is practically a virgin field on the west coast of America. The coastal waters of California are, at all seasons, rich in pelagic fish eggs, the great majority of which at present defy any attempt at specific determination. Most of the eggs are, indeed, impossible to assign even to the proper family. The present paper makes no pretense at adding anything essentially new to the field of teleostean embryology. It is simply an attempt to cast light upon one of these many unknown eggs of the California coast, in order to make possible its future specific identification and a fairly accurate estimation of age at any stage until hatching. All observations were made upon living material.

Poisonous Fishes and Fish Poisonings, with Special Reference to Ciguatera in the West Indies

SummaryCertain poisonous fishes have developed spines for stinging or laceration, and in connection with these stings have developed glands secreting poisons. These are comparable to the fangs and poison glands of venomous snakes, and like them function as protective devices. Probably, also, these glands, like those of the snakes, have by a perversion of metabolism been developed out of what would normally have been perfectly harmless organs. Such fishes poison men only when they sting them. Comparable is the poisoning which comes from the injection of the blood serum of a fish into the blood stream of a mammal and, by inference, of a man. As indicated above this is an experimental operation, and does not concern us here.Finally there is the fish poisoning by ingestion of the muscular or other tissues of the fish, the Ciguatera of the West Indies. Here we have undoubtedly two forms of poisoning—that by ptomaines formed in the partially decomposed tissues of the fish, and that by toxins secreted in various organs but particularly in the ovaries and less notably in the testes at the breeding season. In the literature, as in ordinary medical practice, the two kinds of poisoning are almost hopelessly entangled.From what has been said, it is clear that in the disease called Ciguatera there is an interesting, and, so far as the West Indies are concerned, an almost virgin field for investigations by modern clinical and chemical procedure for the differentiation of these two kinds of poisoning and for putting the treatment on a sound scientific basis.The only region where any biochemical study of these toxins has been made is in Japan. In this great fish-eating country poisonous fishes of the family Tetrodontidae abound in harbors and bays having on them fisheries stations and universities with trained men and with laboratory facilities at hand for making such highly technical studies. In the whole of the West Indies there is but one such laboratory known to me. In Havana, Cuba, whose harbor abounds in fishes accused of causing Ciguatera, is the Laboratorio Finlay. Dr. W. H. Hoffmann, one of the workers in this, has interested himself in this disease and, on the basis of the data he has collected, has published two short papers. A series of such studies is necessary clearly to differentiate the two forms of poisoning from eating tropical fishes—that caused by ptomaines (products of bacterial decomposition), and that caused by the secretion of toxins (presumably toxalbumins) in the tissues, especially of the reproductive organs, at certain seasons of the year.