Virus Vaccine Research Articles

Determination of T cell response against XBB variants in adults who received either monovalent wild type inactivated whole virus or mRNA vaccine or bivalent WT/BA.4-5 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine as the additional booster

ObjectivesAs the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves more rapidly than vaccines are updated, T cell immunity potentially confers protection against disease progression and death from new variants. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the current boosting vaccination schemes offer sufficient T cell protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Methods. 292 adults who had received the second booster of either monovalent wild type vaccines (inactivated virus or mRNA) (cohort 1) or the second/third booster of bivalent WT/BA.4-5 mRNA vaccine (cohort 2) were recruited in Hong Kong. All participants showed no serological evidence of recent infection of SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples of each participant were collected before and one-month after receiving the booster. T cell and antibody responses were determined by flow cytometry and neutralization test respectively. Results. Among all vaccination strategies, only the adults who had received the bivalent vaccine as the third booster dose significantly elicited T cell responses to the XBB variant. Either monovalent or bivalent mRNA but not inactivated virus vaccine as the second/third booster induced antibody against different XBB variants. Conclusions. Receiving bivalent mRNA vaccine as the third booster is preferrable to induce both T cell and antibody responses against XBB.

Immunization against COVID-19: A Comprehensive Review on the Leading Vaccines

Abstract: The global impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has prompted researchers and scientists to develop effective vaccines to contain the spread of the pandemic. This has led to the deployment of a range of vaccines from different pharmaceutical companies across the globe in a very short span of time. The current article provides a comprehensive record of all the vaccines developed against coronavirus with a specific focus on the mode of action and administration of the vaccines. The article also dwells on the composition, possible side effects and criteria for the choice of individuals for the administration of the vaccines. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been broadly categorized as mRNA vaccines, adenoviral vector-based vaccines and inactivated vaccines. Among the mRNA vaccines, the Pfizer vaccine and Moderna vaccines gained significant popularity. The Oxford Astro Zeneca vaccine and Sputnik V were the most effective viral vector vaccines. Inactivated vaccines such as Covaxin and Sinovac were also significant contributions to contain the pandemic. The review discusses the efficiency of vaccines against the variants of SARS CoV2. The review will provide a clear-cut idea about all kinds of exciting vaccines against COVID-19. At present, where the immediate crisis of the pandemic has been successfully contained, this article acts as a resource for future public health endeavors, policy makers, health care professionals and the general public to understand the diversity of COVID-19 vaccines.

Precision Meets Repurposing: Innovative Approaches in Human Papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven Cancer Therapy

Viral malignancies represent a distinct entity among cancers. Oncoviruses like the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) and the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) are highly potent inducers of oncogenic transformation leading to tumor development. HPV and EBV are known to be increasingly involved in the pathogenesis of various classes of cancers like cervical, head and neck, colorectal, breast, oral and anogenitial. Therapeutic vaccines directed at such oncoviruses, often fail to unleash the desired immune response against the tumor. This is largely due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the virus-induced tumors. Consequently, metronomic chemotherapies administered in conjunction with therapeutic viral vaccines have considerably enhanced the antitumor activity of these vaccines. Moreover, given the unique attributes of HPV and EBV-associated cancers, therapeutic agents directly targeting the oncoproteins of these viruses are still obscure. In this light, an increasing number of reports have evidenced the repurposing of drugs for therapeutic benefits in such cancers. This work delineates the significance and implications of metronomic chemotherapy and drug repurposing in HPV and EBV-associated cancers.

A mini-review on the side-effects of COVID-19 vaccines on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS)

In May 2024, the well-known pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca admitted that its COVID - 19 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine can cause the rare side effect of Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS), involving blood clots along with a low platelet count. This is a potentially severe condition, with a fatality rate up to 44%. Several studies indicate a link between different COVID-19 vaccines and TTS or VITT (Vaccine Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia), however, a majority of such cases have been reported after the vaccines ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, manufactured by AstraZeneca and Oxford University, and Ad26.COV2.S, made by Johnson and Johnson. Both these vaccines use the same mechanism: modified adenovirus vectors. In these viral vector vaccines, some researchers have theorized that an immune response could be triggered where the body produces antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4), a protein involved in blood clotting. Another theory suspects endothelial cells and receptors to have an inflammatory response, causing VITT. Though the exact cause remains unknown, an association between some vaccines and thrombotic events can definitely be discerned by past research, so this article will evaluate different vaccines and their connections with such events.

Placental Histopathological Changes and the Level of Anti-Spike Antibody After Covid-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy: A Case Series

Background: COVID-19 infection during pregnancy could be associated with placental histopathological changes such as vascular diseases and malperfusion. There are studies showing that mRNA vaccines are not associated with significant placental pathological changes. Our objective was to evaluate the placental histopathology in pregnant women who received Sinopharm, an inactivated virus vaccine, during pregnancy. Case Presentation: The study included placental samples collected from mothers who gave birth of living singletons through elective cesarean sections performed between March 2022 and May 2022 at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex. The study included women who had no history of positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for COVID-19 during pregnancy, and had received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine during their pregnancy. Humoral levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG were measured in both the mothers and neonates. Results: The study included 20 mother-neonate pairs. The mean maternal age was 34±3.6 years, and all mothers received Sinopharm vaccine as their first and second doses. The last vaccine dose was administered during pregnancy, with 3 mothers receiving it in the first trimester, 9 in the second trimester, and 8 in the third trimester. The histopathological findings in the placental samples included decidual vasculopathy, subchorionic thrombosis, and chronic histiocytic intervillositis. All mothers and neonates, except one pair, were positive for anti-spike antibody. Conclusion: Multiple abnormal histopathological findings were reported in placenta of vaccinated mothers. However, similar to previous studies, these placental findings are considered mild lesions and have been observed in both vaccinated and unvaccinated mothers.

Identification of potential antigenic proteins and epitopes for the development of a monkeypox virus vaccine: an in silico approach.

Virus assembly, budding, or surface proteins play important roles such as viral attachment to cells, fusion, and entry into cells. The present study aimed to identify potential antigenic proteins and epitopes that could be used to develop a vaccine or diagnostic assay against the Monkeypox virus (MPXV) which may cause a potential epidemic. To do this, 39 MPXV proteins (including assembly, budding, and surface proteins) were analyzed using an in silico approach. Of these 39 proteins, the F5L virus protein was found to be the best vaccine candidate due to its signal peptide properties, negative GRAVY value, low transmembrane helix content, moderate aliphatic index, large molecular weight, long-estimated half-life, beta wrap motifs, and being stable, soluble, and containing non-allergic features. Moreover, the F5L protein exhibited alpha-helical secondary structures, making it a potential "structural antigen" recognized by antibodies. The other viral protein candidates were A9 and A43, but A9 lacked beta wrap motifs, while A43 had a positive GRAVY value and was insoluble. These two proteins were not as suitable candidates as the F5L protein. The KRVNISLTCL epitope from the F5L protein demonstrated the highest antigen score (2.4684) for MHC-I, while the GRFGYVPYVGYKCI epitope from the A9 protein exhibited the highest antigenicity (1.754) for MHC-II. Both epitopes met the criteria for high antigenicity, non-toxicity, solubility, non-allergenicity, and the presence of cleavage sites. Molecular docking and dynamics (MD) simulations further validated their potential, revealing stable and energetically favorable interactions with MHC molecules. The immunogenicity assessment showed that GRFGYVPYVGYKCI could strongly induce immune responses through both IFN-γ and IL-4 pathways, suggesting its capacity to provoke a balanced Th1 and Th2 response. In contrast, KRVNISLTCL exhibited limited immunostimulatory potential. Overall, these findings lay the groundwork for future vaccine development, indicating that F5L, particularly the GRFGYVPYVGYKCI epitope, may serve as an effective candidate for peptide-based vaccine design against MPXV.

Astragalus polysaccharide enhances maternal mucosal immunity against PEDV.

This study highlights the limitations of current porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccines in inducing sufficient maternal milk IgA, which is crucial for protecting neonatal piglets. By supplementing Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) into the vaccination regimen, we demonstrated a significant enhancement in milk PEDV-specific IgA levels, as well as improved cellular immune responses. APS also bolstered intestinal immune function and homeostasis in piglets. These findings suggest that APS supplementation could serve as an immune booster to enhance maternal immunity, offering a promising approach to better protect piglets against PEDV.

Infectivity and immunogenicity of live-attenuated respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in HIV-exposed uninfected children

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory illness among young children. HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children experience a higher burden of RSV disease and have immune abnormalities that may influence their responses to live-attenuated RSV vaccines. Methods In a pooled analysis of clinical trials of seven live-attenuated, intranasal RSV vaccines conducted by the IMPAACT Network among children 6 to <25 months of age with serum RSV-neutralizing titers of <1:40, the infectivity and immunogenicity of these vaccines were compared among HEU and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) children. Nasal washes were collected during the first 28 days after vaccination. Serum RSV-neutralizing and anti-RSV F glycoprotein IgG antibodies were measured prior to and 56 days after vaccination, and before and after the following winter season. Results Of 156 children, 90 (58%) were HUU and 66 (42%) were HEU. Seventy-six (84%) HUU and 63 (95%) HEU participants were infected with vaccine (shed vaccine virus and/or had a ≥4-fold rise in serum RSV antibodies at 56 days after vaccination). HUU children had higher serum RSV-neutralizing and anti-RSV F IgG titers prior to vaccination. Compared to HEU children, lower percentages of HUU children had ≥4-fold rises in RSV-neutralizing (67% vs. 88%) and anti-RSV F IgG (70% vs. 89%) titers at 56 days after vaccination. Conclusions Live-attenuated RSV vaccines are highly immunogenic in HEU children. Given their increased burden of RSV disease and higher early-childhood mortality in some settings, HEU children should be prioritized for vaccination against RSV as these vaccines become available.

Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines: Advances and Challenges

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory infections, particularly in children and the elderly. This virus primarily infects ciliated epithelial cells and activates alveolar macrophages and dendritic cells, triggering an innate antiviral response that releases pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, immunity generated by infection is limited, often leading to reinfection throughout life. This review focuses on the immune response elicited by newly developed and approved vaccines against RSV. A comprehensive search of clinical studies on RSV vaccine candidates conducted between 2013 and 2024 was performed. There are three primary target groups for RSV vaccines: pediatric populations, infants through maternal immunization, and the elderly. Different vaccine approaches address these groups, including subunit, live attenuated or chimeric, vector-based, and mRNA vaccines. To date, subunit RSV vaccines and the mRNA vaccine have been approved using the pre-fusion conformation of the F protein, which has been shown to induce strong immune responses. Nevertheless, several other vaccine candidates face challenges, such as modest increases in antibody production, highlighting the need for further research. Despite the success of the approved vaccines for adults older than 60 years and pregnant women, there remains a critical need for vaccines that can protect children older than six months, who are still highly vulnerable to RSV infections.

Phase II study on the safety and immunogenicity of single-dose intramuscular or intranasal administration of the AVX/COVID-12 “Patria” recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine as a heterologous booster against COVID-19 in Mexico

BackgroundThe global inequity in the distribution of COVID-19 vaccines underscores the urgent need for innovative and cost-effective vaccine technologies to address access disparities and implement local manufacturing capabilities. This is essential for achieving and sustaining widespread immunity, and for ensuring timely protection of vulnerable populations during future booster campaigns in lower- middle income countries (LMICs). MethodsTo address this need, we conducted a phase II clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the locally manufactured AVX/COVID-12 “Patria” (AVX) vaccine as a booster dose. The vaccine was administered either intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) to participants who had previously completed a vaccination regimen for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using adenoviral vector, inactivated virus, or mRNA-based vaccines. Participants with initial anti-spike IgG titers below 1,200 U/mL were included, allowing us to observe the booster effect induced by vaccination. ResultsBoth IM and IN immunization with AVX were found to be safe and well-tolerated. The vaccine induced a significant (>2.5-fold) increase in neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral Wuhan strain and variants of concern (VOCs), including Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2 and BA.5). This immune response was further supported by increased cellular production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), demonstrating a robust and multifaceted immune reaction. ConclusionsThe administration of AVX as a booster dose, whether through IM or IN routes, was safe and well-tolerated. The vaccine extended immune responses not only against the ancestral Wuhan-1 strain but also against various VOCs. Its ability to enhance preexisting immune responses suggests a potential contribution to expanding and sustaining herd immunity within the population.

Perceptions and Practices of Sanitary Workers toward Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Vaccination in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Rawalpindi: A Cross Sectional Analytical Study

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the sanitary staff at selected tertiary care hospitals of Rawalpindi. Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: study was conducted from Nov 2021 to May 2022. In four Tertiary Care Hospitals in Rawalpindi Pakistan. Methodology: The sample size of 200 was calculated as per the reference study. Convenience sampling technique was used.Hospital cleaners over the age of 18 who worked daily in all clinical units and were involved in cleaning, waste collection and disposal. Results: In this study majority of the participants were males 178(89%) and majority 75(38%) were of age group 35-44 years and 45-54 years 69(35%). More than two third 156(78%) were married. Almost equal proportion of participants had middle 83(42%) and primary 77(39%) education There was significant association of gender with knowledge of Hepatitis-B (pvalue=0.004), knowledge of cure (p-value=0.001) and symptoms (p-value=00.02), transmission through blood transfusion (pvalue=0.027). There was also significant association between age group and provision of HBV vaccination to the staff (pvalue=0.009), knowledge of availability of HBV vaccination at hospital (p-value=0.001), screening for HBV (p-value=0.025),handling of sharps carefully (p-value=0.000), vaccination status for HBV (p-value=0.010), wearing gloves during work (pvalue=0.017). Conclusion: the study offers helpful information into potential idiosyncrasies of sanitary workers and hospital cleaners that may serve as the foundation for future, more extensive studies.

Hyper-Interferon Sensitive influenza induces adaptive immune responses and overcomes resistance to anti-PD-1 in murine non-small cell lung cancer.

Despite recent advances in immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) fail to respond or develop resistance after an initial response. In situ vaccination (ISV) with engineered viruses has emerged as a promising antigen-agnostic strategy that can both condition the tumor microenvironment (TME) and augment anti-tumor T cell responses to overcome immune resistance. We engineered a live attenuated viral vaccine, Hyper-Interferon Sensitive virus (HIS), by conducting a genome-wide functional screening and introducing eight interferon (IFN)-sensitive mutations in the influenza genome. Compared to wild-type (WT) influenza, HIS replication was attenuated in immunocompetent hosts, enhancing its potential as a safe option for cancer therapy. HIS ISV elicited robust yet transient type I IFN responses in murine NSCLCs, leading to an enrichment of polyfunctional effector Th1 CD4 and cytotoxic CD8 T cells into the tumor. HIS ISV demonstrated enhanced anti-tumor efficacy compared to WT in multiple syngeneic murine models of NSCLC with distinct driver mutations and varying mutational burden. This efficacy was dependent on host type 1 IFN responses and T lymphocytes. HIS ISV overcame resistance to anti-PD-1 in LKB-1 deficient murine NSCLC, resulting in improved overall survival and enduring systemic tumor-specific immunity. These studies provide compelling evidence to support further clinical evaluation of HIS as a novel 'off-the-shelf' ISV strategy for patients with NSCLC refractory to ICI.

Content Analysis of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine-Related Videos on YouTube in Japan

This study aimed to describe the YouTube content on Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccines by analyzing the related Japanese videos in context of the account characteristics, attitude toward the vaccine, and thumbnail characteristics. Relevant videos with keywords “HPV vaccine” and “cervical cancer vaccine” uploaded before November 11, 2021 were collected and coded. The findings showed that as of November 11, 2021, positive and negative attitude videos regarding HPV vaccines accounted for approximately 44% of Japanese YouTube videos. In the year 2013, an increase in negative videos was observed, while from 2019 onwards, majority of the videos uploaded showed positive attitudes toward the vaccine. Videos with negative tones generally used the term "cervical cancer vaccines.” Most negative videos were uploaded by individual accounts, whereas all videos uploaded by medical workers were positive or neutral. Only four videos mentioned side effect compensation. The most frequently used thumbnails were photographs of people who appeared in the videos. Compared to English YouTube, there are fewer anti-vaccine videos in Japan, and there is also a lack of videos uploaded by credible authorities. Future research focusing on other platforms and the accuracy of video content should be included.

Risk for Facial Palsy after COVID-19 Vaccination, South Korea, 2021-2022.

We conducted a self-controlled case series study to investigate the association between COVID-19 vaccination and facial palsy (FP) in South Korea. We used a large immunization registry linked with the national health information database. We included 44,564,345 patients >18 years of age who received >1 dose of COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or Ad.26.COV2.S) and had an FP diagnosis and corticosteroid prescription within 240 days postvaccination. We compared FP incidence in a risk window (days 1-28) with a control window (the remainder of the 240-day observation period, excluding any risk windows). We found 5,211 patients experienced FP within the risk window and 10,531 experienced FP within the control window. FP risk increased within 28 days postvaccination, primarily after first and second doses and was observed for both mRNA and viral vaccines. Clinicians should carefully assess the FP risk-benefit profile associated with the COVID-19 vaccines and monitor neurologic signs after vaccination.

Dicer-2 mutations in Aedes aegypti cells lead to a diminished antiviral function against Rift Valley fever virus and Bunyamwera virus infection.

Mosquitoes are known to transmit different arthropod-borne viruses belonging to various virus families. The exogenous small interfering RNA pathway plays an important role in the mosquito defence against such virus infections, with Dicer-2 (Dcr2) as one of the key proteins that initiates the cleavage of viral dsRNAs into 21 nt long virus-derived small interfering RNAs. Previous data identified the importance of various motifs in Dcr2 for its small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated antiviral activity. However, all these data focus on positive-strand RNA viruses, although negative-strand RNA viruses, like Bunyaviricetes, include several important mosquito-borne viruses. Here, we aim to investigate the importance of different domains of Dcr2 for antiviral activity against viruses of the Bunyaviricetes. For this, we used the Aedes aegypti-derived Dcr2 knock-out cell line Aag2-AF319 to study the importance of the helicase, RNase III and PIWI-Argonaute-Zwille domains of Dcr2 on the antiviral activity of two viruses belonging to different families of the Bunyaviricetes: the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vaccine strain MP12 (Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus) and the Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus (BUNV; Peribunyaviridae, Orthobunyavirus). All three domains were determined to be critical for the antiviral activity against both RVFV and BUNV. Interestingly, one specific mutation in the helicase domain (KN) did not result in a loss of antiviral activity for RVFV, but for BUNV, despite losing the ability to produce 21 nt siRNAs.

Novel intercellular spread mode of respiratory syncytial virus contributes to neutralization escape

Developing widely used respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines remains a significant challenge, despite the recent authorization of two pre-F vaccines for elderly adults. Previous reports have suggested that even when vaccine-induced immunity generates high titers of potent neutralizing antibodies targeting the pre-F protein, it may not fully inhibit breakthrough of RSV infections. This incomplete inhibition of RSV breakthrough infections can lead to an increased risk of enhanced respiratory disease (ERD) in vaccinated individuals. The reasons why potent neutralizing antibodies cannot fully prevent RSV breakthrough infections are not yet clear. In an attempt to explain this phenomenon, we investigated the effect of potent neutralizing antibodies on the intercellular spread of RSV. Our findings indicated that a specific titer of potent neutralizing antibodies, such as 5C4, could block certain modes of intercellular spread, such as the diffusion of cell-free virions and the delivery of virions through filopodia. However, these antibodies did not fully inhibit the entire process of intercellular spread. Through the use of super-resolution imaging techniques, we observed a novel and efficient spread mode called the transition of viral materials through intercellular nanotubes (TVMIN), independent of virions and insensitive to the presence of antibodies. TVMIN allowed RSV-infected cells to directly transfer viral materials to neighboring cells via intercellular nanotubes that are rich in microfilaments. TVMIN began as early as 5 h post-infection (h.p.i.) and rapidly initiated infection in recipient cells. Our data provided new insights into the intercellular spread of RSV and might help explain the occurrence of breakthrough infections.

Development and Evaluation of a Novel Chimeric Genotype VII Newcastle Disease Vaccine: Overcoming Maternal Antibody Interference and Spray Administration

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) poses a significant threat to the poultry industry, with the emergence of genotype VII NDV leading to extensive outbreaks and economic losses. Vaccination is the primary means of controlling NDV, but the presence of maternal antibodies (MDAs) can interfere with the immunological effect of live virus vaccines. Thus, we constructed a chimeric NDV live virus vaccine, LX-OAI4S, by replacing the extracellular regions of the F and HN genes of the NDV LX strain with the corresponding regions of the A-VII vaccine strain. The chimeric vaccine LX-OAI4S demonstrated high genetic stability, good safety, and strong reproductive capacity in chicken embryos. The LX-OAI4S vaccine induced rapid antibody production in specific pathogen-free (SPF) and commercial chickens via the intranasal and intraocular (IN/IO) routes, with hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers reaching 4.71 ± 1.03 log2 at 7 days post-vaccination (dpv), significantly higher than those of the two classical vaccine strains La Sota and VG/GA. The LX-OAI4S vaccine group provided effective protection against the challenge of genotype VII NDV virulent strain JS2/06 and inhibited viral shedding. When administered via spray, the LX-OAI4S vaccine elicited high systemic immunity against NDV in both SPF and commercial chickens, effectively protecting against clinical disease and reducing viral shedding. The chickens were exposed to high-dose vaccine for spray vaccination, and no adverse reactions were observed after vaccination. Despite the presence of anti-NDV MDAs in chickens, the NDV-specific antibody titers were significantly greater in the vaccinated groups than in the unvaccinated group. The vaccine exhibited high immunogenicity and the potential to overcome maternal antibody interference. The LX-OAI4S vaccine is a promising candidate for an ND vaccine. Its administration via spray can effectively prevent the occurrence of ND, making it a valuable tool for the poultry industry.

Analysis of immunological and biochemical parameters after booster dose vaccination using protein-based and inactivated virus vaccine for safety

IntroductionHeterologous vaccines enhance the immune response to new variants and allow flexibility in booster administration when the original vaccine is unavailable. Studies show that heterologous boosters can generate comparable or superior antibody responses compared to homologous boosters. Considering rare side effects is essential in evaluating COVID-19 vaccines, especially those associated with ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca) and Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), including blood clotting and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Severe side effects, such as myocarditis and pericarditis, may occur after Pfizer or Moderna boosters but are rare. MethodsThis study administered two vaccines: the Sinopharm inactivated virus vaccine and the Razi-CoV-Pars (RCP) booster. Various evaluations included biochemical markers, coagulation factors, autoimmune antibodies, and antibodies against concerning variants. ResultsAll 90 participants exhibited a notable rise in antibody levels against the variant of concern (VOC). Participants receiving the Razi-CoV-Pars booster after Sinopharm/BBIBP-CorV showed significantly higher antibody levels (Wuhan ∼ 3.25 times, Delta ∼4 times, Omicron ∼ 14 times) compared to those receiving Sinopharm's homologous vaccine. No significant changes (P: <0.05) were found in LDH, CPK, CK-MB, ANA, and Anti-CCP levels. However, individuals receiving Sinopharm's booster after two doses showed a significant increase (4 cases) in D-Dimer levels. ConclusionThe Razi-CoV-Pars vaccine demonstrates a favorable safety profile and promising potential as an effective booster against current variants, particularly due to its significant protective titer against Omicron.

The relationship between the recurrence rate of genital warts and administration of quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccine in women

The relationship between the recurrence rate of genital warts and administration of quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccine in women

Determinants of maternal acceptance of respiratory syncytial virus vaccination: knowledge gaps and influence of healthcare professionals

Determinants of maternal acceptance of respiratory syncytial virus vaccination: knowledge gaps and influence of healthcare professionals