Abstract
ObjectivesAs the SARS-CoV-2 virus evolves more rapidly than vaccines are updated, T cell immunity potentially confers protection against disease progression and death from new variants. In this study, we aimed to assess whether the current boosting vaccination schemes offer sufficient T cell protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Methods. 292 adults who had received the second booster of either monovalent wild type vaccines (inactivated virus or mRNA) (cohort 1) or the second/third booster of bivalent WT/BA.4-5 mRNA vaccine (cohort 2) were recruited in Hong Kong. All participants showed no serological evidence of recent infection of SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples of each participant were collected before and one-month after receiving the booster. T cell and antibody responses were determined by flow cytometry and neutralization test respectively. Results. Among all vaccination strategies, only the adults who had received the bivalent vaccine as the third booster dose significantly elicited T cell responses to the XBB variant. Either monovalent or bivalent mRNA but not inactivated virus vaccine as the second/third booster induced antibody against different XBB variants. Conclusions. Receiving bivalent mRNA vaccine as the third booster is preferrable to induce both T cell and antibody responses against XBB.
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