Hemorrhagic Fever Research Articles

Surveillance of Wildlife Viruses: Insights from South Australia's Monitoring of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus (RHDV GI.1 and GI.2).

Surveillance of wildlife virus impacts can be passive or active. Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses, especially regarding cost and knowledge that can be gained. Monitoring of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (GI.1 and GI.2) in South Australia has utilised both strategies and their methods and gained insights are discussed. Active strategies to monitor the continuing impact of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (GI.2) on susceptible lagomorphs in countries such as the USA, Mexico, South Africa, Spain, France and Portugal are encouraged to gain critical insights into the evolution, spread and impact of this virus. Furthermore, there are lessons here for the international monitoring of diseases in wildlife, particularly where there is a risk of them becoming zoonotic.

The Role of Nucleocapsid Protein (NP) in the Immunology of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV).

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an orthonairovirus from the Bunyavirales order that is widely distributed geographically and causes severe or fatal infections in humans. The viral genome consists of three segmented negative-sense RNA molecules. The CCHFV nucleocapsid protein (CCHFV NP) is encoded by the smallest segment of the virus. CCHFV NP, the primary function of which is the encapsidation of viral RNA molecules, plays a critical role in various mechanisms important for viral replication and pathogenesis. This review is an attempt to revisit the literature available on the highly immunogenic and highly conserved CCHFV NP, summarizing the multifunctional roles of this protein in the immunology of CCHFV. Specifically, the review addresses the impact of CCHFV NP on innate, humoral, and cellular immune responses, epitopes recognized by B and T cells that limit viral spread, and its role as a target for diagnostic tests and for vaccine design. Based on the extensive information generated by many research groups, it could be stated that NP constitutes a significant and critical player in the immunology of CCHFV.

Seroprevalence Of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle in Thi-qar Province, Iraq

Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever is a zoonotic disease that transmission by infected ticks bites and from animals that are main carrier host without clinical septum so the current study was aimed to serological detection antibodies of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHV) in cattle of Thi-qar province. Sera were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to CCHFV using the commercially available double-antigen ELISA kit. The study was conducted on 262 cases of cattle (87 male and 175 female) infected with CCHF based on Infected with ticks. Blood samples were collected from different part in Thi-qar province AL-Rifai, AL-Shatra, AL- Naser and Suq-ALshuhk. The wholly percentage of infected cattle with antibodies was 169(64.5%) positive from 262 cases. Highly prevalence record in Al-shatra positive from150 \115positive (76.66%) The prevalence of antibodies was higher in cattle at age 2 to 3 years old 55(73.33%) than in cattle aged less than 2 years 49 (58.33%). In addition, the percentage of cattle with antibodies in female was higher compare in male. These results suggest that is (CCHV) widespread in the cattle populations southern of Iraq.

Serological study of Crimean – Congo haemorrhagic fever in Sheep in Thi – Qar province

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes a lethal tick – borne zoonotic disease with severe clinical manifestation in humans but does not produce symptomatic disease in wild or domestic animals. It is endemic in a large region of the word. One of the main indicators that the disease is endemic in a region is the presence of antibodies specific to CCHFV in animal populations. The factors contributing to differential outcomes of infection between species are not understood. Serological studies have shown sheep are important to the survival of CCHFV in nature. Nevertheless, need for more studies on this subject in Iraq. Blood samples were taken from 200 sheep of different sex, variable age and physiological status. Only 100 samples used for physiological testes while 186 used for Microbiological test (ELISA) test. The present study was appeared a high level about (144)78.53% of positive carrier sheep while negative samples (42)21.46% in Thi – Qar province which include different regions such as Al-eakihah , Al- rifai and Al- garma region which recorded about 92.85% , 90% and 90 % respectively comparative with another region of thi qar province that appear low level of infected such as Al-fadhliya , Al-tar and Al- manar which recorded about 75%, 50% and 60.71% respectively. The current study focused on and attempted to connect the different physiological states, sex and age with infected animals. The male sex appears ahigh level of infected about 83.92% comparative with female was appeared low level of infected by CCHF virus about 74.61%, while recorded high infected in non – pregnant about 75% comparative with pregnant about 73,80 . Also, the present study was showed ahigh level of infected in age from 5 to nine years about 82.4% comparative with another age ranges which appeared about 71.11, 78.50 %.

Distribution of vectors and arboviruses, and healthcare workers' knowledge of vector-borne diseases in Armenia.

Armenia's favorable geographical and climatic conditions support mosquitoes, sandflies, and ticks that can transmit various diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these vectors and circulating arboviruses in Armenia and assess healthcare workers` knowledge of arboviral diseases. In 2021, we conducted fieldwork, combining morphological identification of vectors with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of pathogens to map the distribution of potential arbovirus vectors across Armenia. Our entomological surveys identified four mosquito genera-Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, and Culiseta-comprising 20 species; and 11 species of Ixodidae ticks. Culex pipiens was found in all 11 regions, while Culiseta spp. was absent in Ararat Province. PCR testing of mosquito and tick samples revealed Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) in 13 tick samples, but West Nile virus (WNV) was not detected in mosquitoes. Specifically, 13 out of 525 Ixodes tick pools tested positive for CCHFV; the positive samples originated from Hyalomma marginatum ticks in Syunik's Sisian region. None of the 11 pools that contained 473 Cx. pipiens mosquitoes tested positive for WNV. Analysis of questionnaires from 499 healthcare workers showed that epidemiologists, infectious disease specialists, and family doctors had greater awareness of arboviral diseases than other specialists. However, there was a low rate of sample submission for laboratory diagnosis and confirmation. The extensive presence of vectors combined with limited knowledge of arboviral diseases complicates disease understanding in Armenia. Strengthening the surveillance system through training and improved sample collection is essential for disease monitoring and public health interventions.

HuR (ELAVL1) regulates the CCHFV minigenome and HAZV replication by associating with viral genomic RNA.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne pathogen that causes severe acute fever disease in humans and requires a biosafety level 4 laboratory for handling. Hazara virus (HAZV), belonging to the same virus genus as CCHFV, does not exhibit pathogenesis in humans. To investigate host RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that regulate CCHFV replication, we generated a series of mutant RAW264.7 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 system and these cells were infected with HAZV. The viral titers in the supernatant of these cells was investigated, and HuR (ELAVL1) was identified. HuR KO RAW264.7 cells reduced HAZV replication. HuR is an RBP that enhances mRNA stability by binding to adenyl-uridine (AU)-rich regions in their 3' non-coding region (NCR). HuR regulates innate immune response by binding to host mRNAs of signaling molecules. The expression of cytokine genes such as Ifnb, Il6, and Tnf was reduced in HuR KO cells after HAZV infection. Although HuR supports the innate immune response during HAZV infection, we found that innate immune activation by HAZV infection did not affect its replication. We then investigated whether HuR regulates HAZV genome RNA stability. HAZV RNA genome was precipitated with an anti-HuR antibody, and HAZV genome RNA stability was lowered in HuR KO cells. We found that HuR associated with HAZV RNA and stabilized it to enhance HAZV replication. Furthermore, HuR-deficiency reduced CCHFV minigenome replication. CCHFV is a negative-strand RNA virus and positive-strand RNA is produced during replication. HuR was associated with positive-strand RNA rather than negative-strand RNA, and AU-rich region in 3'-NCR of S segment was responsible for immunoprecipitation with anti-HuR antibody and minigenome replication. Additionally, HuR inhibitor treatment reduced CCHFV minigenome replication. Our results indicate that HuR aids replication of the CCHFV minigenome by associating with the AU-rich region in the 3'-NCR.

Selection Pressure Profile Suggests Species Criteria among Tick-Borne Orthoflaviviruses.

Orthoflaviviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes or ticks and cause a range of significant human diseases. Among the most important tick-borne orthoflaviviruses (TBFVs) is tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which is endemic in Eurasia, and Powassan virus, which is endemic in Asia and North America. There is a significant controversy regarding species assignment in the tick-borne encephalitis virus complex due to the complex phylogenetic, serological, ecological, and pathogenetic properties of viruses. Comparing the rate of non-synonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) over the course of tick-borne orthoflavivirus diversification suggests that there is a very strong stabilizing selection (Nei-Gojobori dN/dS < 0.1) among tick-borne orthoflaviviruses that differ by less than 13.5% amino acid/21.4% nucleotide sequences, and discretely more rapid accumulation of non-synonymous substitutions (dN/dS > 0.13) among more divergent viruses that belong to distinct species. This pattern was similarly observed in genome regions encoding structural (E) and non-structural (NS3) proteins. Below this distance threshold, viruses appear fit and strongly tied to their ecological niche, whereas above the threshold, a greater degree of adaptation appears necessary. This species criterion suggests that all subtypes of TBEV, all related ovine/caprine encephalomyelitis viruses, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) together correspond to a single species. Within this species, viruses make up 11 subtypes that are reliably segregated by a 10% nucleotide distance cut-off suggested earlier for TBEV. The same 10% subtype cut-off suggests that Powassan virus includes two subtypes, Powassan and Deer Tick virus.

Seroprevalence of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle in Basrah Province, Iraq

Seroprevalence of Crimean–Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Cattle in Basrah Province, Iraq

Formation of a Credible Methodological Framework for Epidemiological Forecasting of the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Using Machine Learning Techniques

Formation of a Credible Methodological Framework for Epidemiological Forecasting of the Incidence of Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome Using Machine Learning Techniques

Investigation of the relationship between type I (α,β) interferon and viral load in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF)

In this study, type I interferon (IFN-α ve IFN-β) levels, viral load levels, the relationship between viral load and interferons, and the relationship between interferon levels and disease severity and mortality in patients with Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) were investigated. 100 patients diagnosed with CCHF between April-2010 and September-2011 and 74 healthy individuals were selected as control group. IFN-α ve in patient sera was analysed by IFN-β seviyeleri ELISA method and viral load levels were analysed by Real-Time PCR method. Individuals in the patient group were classified as severe (group1) and mild (group2) patients according to the criteria defined by Swanepoel et al. During the follow-up, 25 of the patients in the severe group died. Patients in the severe group who died were classified as group1a and patients who survived were classified as group1b. INF-α ve β düzeyleri CCHF patients in the control group, group1 patients in group2 and control group was found to be significantly higher than the group (p&lt;0.05). When the viral load levels detected in patients in group1 and group2 were compared, the statistical difference was found to be insignificant (p&gt;0.05). Viral load levels in group1a were statistically significant compared to group1b and group2 (p&lt;0.05). In the ROC analysis performed in terms of IFN-α düzeyleri detected in the first blood samples of the patients, the cut off value for predicting mortality was 25042 pg/ml. In this analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) of IFN-α için was 0.713 and statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). IFN-β için values were statistically insignificant (p&gt;0.05). The cut off value for viral load was 8445500 copies/ml, AUC was 0.870 and statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). There was a significant and positive correlation between IFN-α ile and IFN-β arasında in group1a (r=0.551, p&lt;0.05). In conclusion, we found high levels of interferon and viral load in CCHF patients in this study, suggesting that high levels of interferon are released in CCHF patients, but the secreted interferon cannot prevent viral replication adequately. It is likely that the CCHF virus has various evasion mechanisms to avoid the effect of interferon. Further studies are needed to clarify/confirm this situation.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Bali: Patient Demographics, Clinical Manifestations, and Laboratory Findings

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) remains a significant public health concern in tropical regions, including Bali, Indonesia. Understanding the patient demographics, clinical presentations, and laboratory findings associated with DHF is crucial for effective disease management and control. This study aimed to investigate these aspects in patients hospitalized with DHF at Wangaya Regional General Hospital in Bali. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing medical records of patients diagnosed with DHF between January and June 2024. Data collected included demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, disease severity, and hospital stay duration. Descriptive statistics and comparative analyses were performed. A total of 410 patients were included, with a male predominance (54.9%). The most affected age group was 18-25 years (43.2%). Common clinical manifestations included fever (100%), headache (83.6%), myalgia (74%), and nausea/vomiting (56.3%). Laboratory findings revealed thrombocytopenia (45.4% with platelet count &lt;50,000/µL), leukopenia (74.3%), and elevated hematocrit (29.6%). Most patients presented with DHF grade I (65.1%), followed by grade II (31.7%). The median hospital stay was 4 days. DHF in Bali predominantly affects young adults, with males being more susceptible. The clinical presentation is characterized by fever, headache, myalgia, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia are common laboratory findings. The majority of patients experience mild to moderate disease severity. These findings contribute to a better understanding of DHF in Bali and can inform targeted public health interventions.

Full-Length ASFV B646L Gene Sequencing by Nanopore Offers a Simple and Rapid Approach for Identifying ASFV Genotypes.

African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars. The disease is caused by African swine fever virus, a double stranded DNA virus of the Asfarviridae family. ASF can be classified into 25 different genotypes, based on a 478 bp fragment corresponding to the C-terminal sequence of the B646L gene, which is highly conserved among strains and encodes the major capsid protein p72. The C-terminal end of p72 has been used as a PCR target for quick diagnosis of ASF, and its characterization remains the first approach for epidemiological tracking and identification of the origin of ASF in outbreak investigations. Recently, a new classification of ASF, based on the complete sequence of p72, reduced the 25 genotypes into only six genotypes; therefore, it is necessary to have the capability to sequence the full-length B646L gene (p72) in a rapid manner for quick genotype characterization. Here, we evaluate the use of an amplicon approach targeting the whole B646L gene, coupled with nanopore sequencing in a multiplex format using Flongle flow cells, as an easy, low cost, and rapid method for the characterization and genotyping of ASF in real-time.

The ethanol extract of Sargassum duplicatum as an ovicidal agent against Aedes aegypti

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a major health concern in tropical and subtropical countries. Indonesia has DHF cases perennially every year. On the other hand, Indonesia is abundant with seaweed (Sargassum duplicatum), which can be found across its seashore. The macroalgae contains secondary metabolites with ovicidal activity; hence, it has the potential to be utilized in suppressing the Aedes aegypti. The aim of this study was to determine the ovicidal activity of S. duplicatum against the Ae. aegypti eggs. The algae were macerated with ethanol 70% before being subjected to qualitative phytochemical screenings. The ovicidal tests were conducted with an extract concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, and 1500 ppm, while distilled water was used as the control. The hatchability of Ae. aegypti was observed 24 hours a day for 4 days and the larval development was investigated under a microscope. Phytochemical screenings revealed that the extract was positive containing alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and phenols. The hatchability of Ae. aegypti eggs were significantly reduced following the S. duplicatum extract exposure for four days (p=0.000). The extract had LC50 of 828.653 ppm and LC50 of 1786.09 ppm for the ovicidal activity against Ae. aegypti eggs. The concentration of ethanol extract of S. duplicatum did not affect the mosquito development from larvae to adult stage (p=0.263). Further research is needed to explore the effect of specific compounds contained in the S. duplicatum and investigate their ovicidal potential.

Hyalomma marginatum - A silent stowaway after vacation at the Adriatic Sea

Hyalomma marginatum is an invasive tick species capable of transmitting pathogens that cause severe diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. In Austria, H. marginatum occurs sporadically, and migratory birds are believed to bring H. marginatum from distant regions. We report several incidents of H. marginatum imported by travelers in private cars from Croatia to Austria. One tick was positive for Rickettsia aeschlimannii. Tourist traffic may play a significant role in the northward expansion of this tick species aside from introduction by birds.

Addressing the Ripple Effect of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan and the Imminent Risk of a Global Health Crisis.

Addressing the Ripple Effect of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Pakistan and the Imminent Risk of a Global Health Crisis.

Sandfly Virus Infection in Adana, Türkiye.

We described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients infected by sandfly viruses between August and September 2008 in Adana, Türkiye. The immunofluorescence antibody test (EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Lübeck, Germany) was used for diagnosis. Antibodies of immunoglobulin M (IgM) type against Cyprus and Sicily species of phleboviruses were detected in 15 patients. In one patient, IgM antibodies against Naples and Tuscany species were found to be positive. The mean age of the patients was 28, and 47% was female. The most common symptoms were myalgia, fatigue, fever, and arthralgia. The mean duration of fever was four days, and the mean duration of the symptoms was 7-10 days. The median platelet count was 137,000/mL, the median white blood cell count was 3040/mL, the median aspartate transaminase (AST) was 57 (22-1251) IU/L, the median alanine transaminase (ALT) was 71 (17-1137) IU/L, the median creatinine kinase was 314 (33-4638) IU/L, and the median lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was 193 (111-490) IU/L. The sandfly virus infections should be differentiated from similar viral infectious diseases such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in the Zhambyl Region: Epidemiological Features of the Occurrence of Infection in 2023

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is an acute tick-borne viral infection with a high fatality rate. The main vector of the CCHF virus is ticks of the genus Hyalomma. Humans get infected through tick bites or by direct contact with the blood of infected humans or domestic animals. The endemic regions of CCHF in Kazakhstan are Kyzylorda, Turkestan, and Zhambyl. In the Zhambyl region, the first evidence of human cases was reported in 1982. In the following years, cases of CCHF were annually registered in two districts (Sarysu and Moiynkum) of the Zhambyl region. The study goal is twofold: 1) to provide a retrospective review of CCHF cases reported through the surveillance system in the Zhambyl region from 1991 to 2023 and 2) to analyze epidemiological features of CCHF cases in the Zhambyl region in 2023. Surveillance data on CCHF during the 1991–2023 period in the Zhambyl region were extracted from the “Report on selected infectious and parasitic diseases”. Incidence (per 100,000 population) was defined as the number of annual new cases divided by the total population each year. Descriptive analysis was performed on case characteristics, time, and place of CCHF cases in the Zhambyl region in 2023. In total, 216 cases of CCHF were reported from 1991 to 2023. The incidence increased sharply with peak activity in 1995 and has declined since 2002. The natural foci of the disease have shifted from the Sarysu and Moiynkum districts to the Shu, Bayzak, and Zhambyl districts. Overall, 12 cases of CCHF were reported in the Zhambyl region in 2023, mainly in nonendemic (Shu, Bayzak, Zhambyl) districts. An analysis of epidemiological data for 2023 showed that the first peak of CCHF incidence was in March-June, with another peak from October to November. We observed dynamic distribution of CCHF in the Zhambyl region from 1991 to 2023, wherein Sarysu and Moiynkum endemic districts foci tended to increase by expanding to the Shu, Bayzak, Zhambyl districts. The disease trend is seasonal, and the life cycle of ticks can indirectly influence morbidity rates. Additional research is needed to elucidate the environmental, meteorological, and social factors associated with CCHF incidence in different decades.

Cellular immunity to nucleoproteins (NP) of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) and Hazara Virus (HAZV).

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a globally significant vector-borne pathogen with no internationally-licensed preventative and therapeutic interventions. Hazara virus (HAZV), on the other hand, a related Orthonairovirus, has not been reported as a human pathogen. HAZV has been proposed as a surrogate model for studying CCHFV, bisosafety level 4 (BSL-4) agent. Previously, we investigated the humoral immune responses between NPs of these viruses and in this study, we extended the scrutiny to cellular immune responses elicited by NPs of CCHFV and HAZV. Here, mice were immunized with recombinant CCHFV NP and HAZV NP to evaluate the correlates of cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses were assessed by challenging immunized mice with CCHFV-rNP or HAZV-rNP on the footpad and lymphocyte proliferation assays (LPAs) were performed by stimulating splenocytes in vitro with CCHFV-rNP or HAZV-rNP to compare cellular immune responses. In all test groups, strong DTH and LPA responses were detected against homologous and heterologous challenging antigens. To assess the cytokine response, an RT-qPCR -specific for cytokine mRNAs was utilized. Interestingly, CCHFV NP stimulated groups exhibited a significantly elevated mRNA level of interleukin 17A (IL-17) compared to HAZV NP, indicating a notable difference in immune responses. This study presents comparison between CMI elicited by NPs of CCHFV and HAZV and contributes to the understanding of a highly pathogenic virus, particularly in the context of the declaration of CCHFV by World Health Organization's (WHO) as a major viral threat to the world.

A Lipid Nanoparticle-Formulated Self-Amplifying RNA Rift Valley Fever Vaccine Induces a Robust Humoral Immune Response in Mice.

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne viral zoonosis that causes high fetal and neonatal mortality rates in ruminants and sometimes severe to fatal complications like encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever in humans. There is no licensed RVF vaccine for human use while approved livestock vaccines have suboptimal safety or efficacy. We designed self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) RVF vaccines and assessed their humoral immunogenicity in mice. Plasmid DNA encoding the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) medium (M) segment consensus sequence (WT consensus) and its derivatives mutated to enhance cell membrane expression of the viral surface glycoproteins n (Gn) and c (Gc) were assessed for in vitro expression. The WT consensus and best-expressing derivative (furin-T2A) were cloned into a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) plasmid DNA replicon and in vitro transcribed into saRNA. The saRNA was formulated in lipid nanoparticles and its humoral immunogenicity in BALB/c mice was assessed. High quantities of dose-dependent RVFV Gn IgG antibodies were detected in the serum of all mice immunized with either WT consensus or furin-T2A saRNA RVF vaccines. Significant RVFV pseudovirus-neutralizing activity was induced in mice immunized with 1 µg or 10 µg of the WT consensus saRNA vaccine. The WT consensus saRNA RVF vaccine warrants further development.

The Association Between Level of Education and Source of Information with Community’s Optimal Prevention Measures Against Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever: A Cross-Sectional Study in The Coastal Area of Suli Village, Maluku, Indonesia

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and sources of information about dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and the level of DHF prevention measures in the coastal community of Suli Village, Maluku Province, Indonesia.Material and Methods: The data were derived from a survey conducted in December 2022 involving 217 participants living in the coastal area of Suli Village, Central Maluku District. The dependent variable was the level of DHF prevention measures (i.e., high if the score was 8 to 10 points and low if the score was 7 points or lower). The independent variables included respondents’ age, sex, occupation, education level, household income, and sources of information about DHF. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between sociodemographic factors and sources of information about DHF and levels of DHF prevention measures.Results: Only 31% of the respondents had high DHF prevention measures. The odds of having a high level of DHF prevention measures were lower in respondents with junior/senior high school education (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)=0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.09–0.57; p-value=0.002). The odds were also lower in respondents who received information about DHF from family/friends/neighbours compared to those who received the information from health workers (aOR=0.22; 95% CI: 0.07–0.71; p-value=0.011).Conclusion: Health workers play an important role as health educators. Future studies should consider using both qualitative and qualitative methods to explore motivations, beliefs, and various contextual factors that influence DHF prevention measures in a community.