Incidence Of Virus Disease Research Articles

Mapping the Hidden Terrain of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Exploring Regional Differences in Incidence and Mortality across Two Decades by Using the Largest US Datasets.

Background: There is an observed variation in the burden of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) across different US populations. Our study aims to comprehensively assess variations in HCC incidence and mortality rates across different regions of the US. Understanding these geographical differences is crucial, given prior evidence indicating variations in the incidence of viral hepatitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and varying access to curative HCC treatment among states. Methods: HCC age-adjusted incidence rates between 2001 and 2021 were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) database (which covers approximately 98% of the US population). HCC age-adjusted mortality rates between 2000 and 2022 were obtained from the National Center of Health Statistics (NCHS) database (covering approximately 100% of the US population). The rates were categorized by US geographical region into West, Midwest, Northeast, and South. Incidence rates were also categorized by race/ethnicity. Time trends [annual percentage change (APC) and average APC (AAPC)] were estimated by using Joinpoint Regression via the weighted Bayesian Information Criteria (p < 0.05). Results: Between 2001 and 2021, there were 491,039 patients diagnosed with HCC in the US (74.2% males). The highest incidence rate per 100,000 population was noted in the West (7.38), followed by the South (6.85). Overall incidence rates increased between 2001 and 2015 and then significantly decreased until 2021 (APC = -2.29). Most cases were in the South (38.8%), which also had the greatest increase in incidence (AAPC = 2.74). All four geographical regions exhibited an overall similar trend with an increase in incidence over the first 10-15 years followed by stable or decreasing rates. While stratification of the trends by race/ethnicity showed slight variations among the regions and groups, the findings are largely similar to all race/ethnic groups combined. Between 2000 and 2022, there were 370,450 patients whose death was attributed to HCC in the US (71.6% males). The highest mortality rate per 100,000 population was noted in the South (5.02), followed by the West (4.99). Overall mortality rates significantly increased between 2000 and 2013 (APC = 1.90), then stabilized between 2013 and 2016, and then significantly decreased till 2022 (APC = -1.59). Most deaths occurred in the South (35.8%), which also had the greatest increase in mortality (AAPC = 1.33). All four geographical regions followed an overall similar trend, with an increase in mortality over the first 10-15 years, followed by stable or decreasing rates. Conclusions: Our analysis, capturing about 98% of the US population, demonstrates an increase in HCC incidence and mortality rates in all geographical regions from 2000 to around 2014-2016, followed by stabilizing and decreasing incidence and mortality rates. We observed regional variations, with the highest incidence and mortality rates noted in the West and South regions and the fastest increase in both incidence and mortality noted in the South. Our findings are likely attributable to the introduction of antiviral therapy. Furthermore, demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid variability across geographical regions in the US might also play a role in the observed trends. We provide important epidemiologic data for HCC in the US, prompting further studies to investigate the underlying factors responsible for the observed regional variations in HCC incidence and mortality.

Effect of Chemical Pesticides on the Growth and Yield of Two Industrial Potato Varieties (Asterix and Courage) in Bangladesh

Experiments were conducted to find out suitable disease management practices to produce quality potato seeds in processing the varieties of Asterix and Courage in Bangladesh. A set of two field experiments was conducted in two different Agroecological zones of Bangladesh. A Factorial Randomized Completely Block Design with 2 potato varieties, 4 treatments, and 4 replications for each were used. A significant difference was found in the plant height and number of tubers per hill. In contrast, days to tuberization and the number of stems per hill of both varieties in response to pesticide application were insignificant. The highest tuber yield and better A and B-grade tubers were recorded, in which fungicides and insecticides were applied. The primary viral infection had been identified in the control and fungicide-treated plots only while there was no viral disease incidence was observed in the insecticide-treated plots. The incidence of post-harvest disease and disorder was found to be negligible. J. Bio-Sci. 32(2): 13-22, 2024

Incidence of major viral diseases and associated insect vectors in major tomato growing tehsils of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra during Kharif 2023

Incidence of major viral diseases and associated insect vectors in major tomato growing tehsils of Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra during Kharif 2023

Climate, demography, immunology, and virology combine to drive two decades of dengue virus dynamics in Cambodia

The incidence of dengue virus disease has increased globally across the past half-century, with highest number of cases ever reported in 2019 and again in 2023. We analyzed climatological, epidemiological, and phylogenomic data to investigate drivers of two decades of dengue in Cambodia, an understudied endemic setting. Using epidemiological models fit to a 19-y dataset, we first demonstrate that climate-driven transmission alone is insufficient to explain three epidemics across the time series. We then use wavelet decomposition to highlight enhanced annual and multiannual synchronicity in dengue cycles between provinces in epidemic years, suggesting a role for climate in homogenizing dynamics across space and time. Assuming reported cases correspond to symptomatic secondary infections, we next use an age-structured catalytic model to estimate a declining force of infection for dengue through time, which elevates the mean age of reported cases in Cambodia. Reported cases in >70-y-old individuals in the 2019 epidemic are best explained when also allowing for waning multitypic immunity and repeat symptomatic infections in older patients. We support this work with phylogenetic analysis of 192 dengue virus (DENV) genomes that we sequenced between 2019 and 2022, which document emergence of DENV-2 Cosmopolitan Genotype-II into Cambodia. This lineage demonstrates phylogenetic homogeneity across wide geographic areas, consistent with invasion behavior and in contrast to high phylogenetic diversity exhibited by endemic DENV-1. Finally, we simulate an age-structured, mechanistic model of dengue dynamics to demonstrate how expansion of an antigenically distinct lineage that evades preexisting multitypic immunity effectively reproduces the older-age infections witnessed in our data.

Study the Performance of High Yielding Tomato Hybrids in Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an economically important vegetable crop in the globe and affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses to which the plants were exposed during growth. In this study, three tomato hybrids viz., Arka Abeth, CoTH4 4 and Sivam were evaluated the resistant to pest and diseases including biochemical analysis and yield assessment. The experiment results revealed that highest average yield was recorded in Arka Abeth (712.7 q/ha) followed by CoTH4 4 (650.01 q/ha) and lowest in Sivam (574.58 q/ha). Regarding pest and disease, Pin worm was recorded 21.8 % to 41.6% and leaf miner damage was recorded 8.25 % to 12.80 %, Leaf curl virus disease incidence was 0.40 % to 0.61% and wilt incidence was 7.30% to 13.65%. Among the three tomato cultivars arka abeth was performed higher in the biochemical parameters such as ascorbic acid (38.2 mg/ 100g) and lycopene (3.01 mg/100g).

Deciphering the antiviral nature of endophytic Bacillus spp. against groundnut bud necrosis virus in cowpea and tomato.

Tomato, the important vegetable crop, is severely affected by Orthotospovirus arachinecrosis which impacts heavy economic losses. The application of insecticide to manage viral diseases is not an environmentally safe approach. In view of these issues, we investigated the antiviral efficacy of 21 bacterial endophytes against GBNV in local lesion host (Cowpea-VBN3). Based on the reduction in lesion number and virus titer as estimated through both DAC ELISA and qPCR in cowpea, the bacterial endophytes viz., Bacillus licheniformis Soya1, Bacillus tequilensis NBL6, and Bacillus velezensis VB7 were selected and further tested in tomato. The study revealed the well-defined antiviral efficacy of these endophytes against GBNV. The percentage of disease incidence ranged from 16 to 24% in endophyte-treated tomato plants compared with untreated plants (88%). In addition, symptom severity was reduced, and the application of endophytes also in promotion of the growth compared with untreated control. DAC ELISA revealed that the tomato plants treated with bacterial endophytes challenged with GBNV showed reduction in the virus titer (0.26-0.39 @ OD 405 nm) at different days of interval after inoculation (0, 5, and 10 days) compared with untreated control (3.475 @ OD 405 nm). Additionally, reduction in the viral copy number in bacterial endophyte-treated plants was evident by real-time PCR. Furthermore, tomato plants bacterized with endophytes depicted significant correlation and reduction in viral load and disease incidence as revealed by the principal-component biplot analysis. Thus, the application of bacterial endophytes has a potential role in reducing the disease incidence, severity, and titer value of GBNV, which will be the promising management approach in future to mitigate the virus infection in tomato plants.

Dysregulation of the Immune System in a Natural History Study of 1299 Individuals with Down Syndrome.

Dysregulation of the immune system in individuals with Down syndrome is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of many clinical presentations. This natural history of disease study took a comprehensive evaluation of the prevalence of different immune related diagnoses in a cohort of 1299 patients with Down syndrome compared to a 2605 patient control cohort at the Mount Sinai Health System in New York, NY over the past 18 years. We conducted a stepwise analysis of the odds of receiving a diagnosis at the Chapter, Sub-chapter and Diagnosis level of the ICD-CM-10 code system. Individuals in our Down syndrome cohort had higher odds of a diagnosis with inflammatory and autoimmune presentations such as Alopecia areata (OR 6.06, p = 0.01), Other sepsis (OR 4.79, p < 0.001, Purpura and other hemorrhagic conditions (OR 2.31, p < 0.001), and Rosacea (OR 3.11, p < 0.001). They also presented with lower odds of a diagnosis of Herpesviral infection (OR 0.42, p = 0.01), and Viral warts (OR 0.51, p = 0.04). We posit that dysregulation of the immune system in individuals with Down syndrome has impact on infectious diseases, including lowering the incidence of viral disease and increasing its severity. Our data also suggests inflammation and autoimmune mediated diseases, in particular of the skin, are exacerbated in individuals with Down syndrome. Finally, there may be a need for greater clinical attention to non-emergent conditions within the Down syndrome patient population as those can also greatly affect quality of life.

Serological and RT-PCR evaluation of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich) Harms) accessions to viral resistance under field condition

African yam bean (AYB) (Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst ex. A. Rich.) harms) an underutilized legume that produces nutritionally healthy seeds and tubers in some variety. The low yield of the crop is attributed to production constraints such as attacks by pest and disease-causing organisms such as fungi, bacteria and viruses. In this study, one hundred AYB accessions were evaluated for resistance to viral infection. The AYB accessions were planted using a randomized complete block design on the experimental field at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria. Viral disease severity was assessed at 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after planting (WAP) based on disease symptoms using disease severity index on visual scale of 1–5. Antigen–coated plate enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to index diseased leaf samples collected from the field. Result from five virus species (Cowpea mild mottle virus, Cowpea mottle virus, Southern bean mosaic virus, Cowpea mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic virus) were detected in few accessions while mixed infections were observed in some accessions. TSs-552, TSs-577, TSs-580, TSs-560 and TSs-600 were devoid of viruses and could be resistant. There were no significant differences at p < 0.05 in the mean disease incidence (DI) of viral diseases. However, at 18 weeks after planting, TSs-604 had the highest (100%) mean DI while TSs-584 had the lowest (13.33%) mean DI. Cluster analysis based on the AUDPC produced 6 main clusters, the clusters revealed grouping patterns in which AYB lines with similar resistance ratings were shown to form unique clusters. The information generated from this study will contribute to the development of strategies in the management of virus diseases infecting AYB.

Incidence of canine viral diseases and prevalence of virus neutralization antibodies of canine distemper virus, adenovirus type 2, parvovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 5 in Korean dogs

Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), canine parvovirus (CPV), and canine parainfluenza virus 5 (CPIV-5) are the major viral pathogens in dogs. Despite the availability of vaccines for dogs against these four viral pathogens, investigations of antibodies against these pathogens have rarely been reported in South Korea. In this study, we investigated the recent incidence of viral diseases in dogs and conducted sero-surveillance for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 in Korean dogs. The most frequently diagnosed canine viral disease in Korean dog samples from 2000 to 2022 was CPV infection, which accounted for 48.7% (464/953) of the cases. A total of 400 dog serum samples collected between 2019 and 2022 were screened for the presence of virus-neutralizing antibodies against CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5. The overall seropositivity rates for CDV, CAV-2, CPV, and CPIV-5 were 83.8%, 77.8%, 99.3%, and 82.0%, respectively. The protection rate against CPV was the highest (98.3%) and that against CAV-2 was the lowest (44.8%) in dog sera. Male and female dogs showed no significant differences in seropositivity rates. CDV and CPIV-5 seropositivity increased with age in dogs, and the highest incidence and seropositivity rates of CPV indicated that Korean dogs have been continuously exposed to wild CPV, and that CPV is a pathogen that urgently requires attention among canine viral diseases.

Study of yellow leaf virus disease on eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) in West Sumatra

Yellow leaf virus disease, accompanied by vector insect attacks, was the leading cause of the current decline in eggplant production. Yellow leaf virus disease spreads more quickly due to the influence of insect vectors. The research aims to determine the type of insect vector that spreads yellow leaf virus disease and the incidence and severity of yellow leaf virus disease on eggplants in West Sumatra. This research method uses a survey method for five months in 2023. The sample was taken diagonally with five observation points. At each point, five plant samples were taken randomly. Observations were carried out three times at four locations representing the centers of eggplant production areas in West Sumatra, namely in Kuranji District, Pauh District, Batang Anai District, and Sitoga District. Five different vector insect species were discovered, along with their corresponding population sizes, according to the observations: Bemisia tabaci (5846 individuals), Amrasca sp. (1199 individuals), Thrips sp. (176 individuals), Paracoccus sp. (43 individuals), and Aphids gosypii (34 individuals). The incidence of the disease reached 90% with the severity of the disease being 42.45% in Sitoga District. The highest disease severity was 43.94% in Kuranji District, with an incidence of the disease of 70%. This research helps implement strategies to control yellow leaf virus disease by determining the threshold for the influence of the number of vector insect populations in increasing the incidence and severity of yellow leaf virus disease in eggplants.

The effect of the biopreparation Avatar-2 Zahyst application on seed potato productivity and viral diseases infestation in condition of southwestern Forest Steppe part of Ukraine

Goal. To establish the effect of a multicomponent preparation of biologic origin on seed potato productivity and viral diseases infestation in condition of southwestern Forest Steppe of Ukraine.&#x0D; Methods. Field method — the trial plots were set in selection-seed production rotation of Bukovinian state agricultural research station of Carpathian region Institute of agriculture NAAS. Laboratory-field method — determining crop capacity and tubers structure in a yield. Visual method — plants infestation assessment. Comparative-calculated method — to determine the potato stands productivity and viral diseases infestation degree.&#x0D; Results. Avatar-2 Zahyst is a system-contact preparation of virulicidal, fungicidal, and antibacterial action. It is recommended for use on grain, technical, vegetable-, and fruit crops. The preparation is used for pre-sowing seed treatment, as well as for vegetating plants treatment. When determining the seed potato productivity depending on the biopreparation Avatar-2 Zahyst implementation, no significant difference in tubers yield was established; on the variety Slauta it stayed within 34.5—36.3 t/ hа, and on the variety Kimmeria 36.7—37.4 t/ hа. No any significant difference was established also in quantity and tubers mass per one bush, as well as in one tuber average mass, and tubers fractional composition in a harvest. When determining plants infestation with viral diseases, it was established, that the biopreparation Avatar 2 Zahyst application has influenced the decrease of seed potato stands infestation. The variety Slauta damage on the variant with seed poisoning and three-times spraying during vegetation made 2.5%, which is by 2—3% lower than on the control variant. The infestation of plants where only seed poisoning was implemented made 3—4%, when of those where three-times preparation application was carried out during vegetation — 2.0—4.0%, which is by 0.5—2.5 and 1.5—2.5% lower than the control variant, respectively. The same tendency was observed during the variety Kimmeria investigation.&#x0D; Conclusions. The use of the biological product Avatar-2 Zahyst does not give a significant difference in the yield of tubers. The introduction of the biological product Avatar 2 Zahyst influenced the reduction of the incidence of viral diseases in potato seed plantations.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory viral infections in the Arkhangelsk region

In recent years, the incidence of acute respiratory viral diseases (ARVI) in Russia has increased significantly. The Arkhangelsk region is a territory where the incidence of SARS is also increasing. Having considered the data for the last five years, at first there was a decrease in the incidence in 2018– 2019 in the Arkhangelsk region, namely, the incidence of SARS per 100 thousand population in 2018 amounted to 36,211.0, and in 2019–33,275.8. So, in comparison with 2018. The incidence of SARS decreased by 8.1 %, while the incidence increased over the next three years, namely SARS in 2020. This figure was 38,681.9, in 2021–44,643.2, and in 2022–46,566.1. In comparison with the previous year, the incidence of SARS in 2022 increased by 4.3 %. The incidence of SARS in the Arkhangelsk region is 1.6 times higher than in the Russian Federation (28,797.29). According to the state report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation in 2022», SARS exceed the long-term average (SMP) and amount to 29,059.21 cases per 100,000 population in 2022 against SMP 20,753.87 cases, which determines the epidemiological significance of this infection and reflects the urgency of the problem. Only for 2022. In the Russian Federation, 42.4 million cases of acute upper respiratory tract infections of multiple and unspecified localization (ARVI) were registered, the incidence rate was 29,059.21 per 100,000 population, which exceeds the long — term average incidence rate by 40 % (SMP — 20,753.87 per 100,000 population). In comparison with 2021, there was an increase in the incidence of SARS by 10.7 %. In 2022, 29.1 % of the country's population had SARS (2021–26.25 %) [4–9].

Real-World Analysis of Obinutuzumab-Based Immunochemotherapy in Follicular Lymphoma in Chinese Population

Background Obinutuzumab is a first-in-class glycoengineered humanized type II anti-CD20 antibody. Immunochemotherapy based on obinutuzumab has demonstrated an advantage in prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) in pts with follicular lymphoma(FL) in a number of clinical trials(Marcus R, et al. N Engl J Med. 2017; Cheson BD, et al. J Clin Oncol. 2018). In Jun, 2021, obinutuzumab came into the market of China. However, few studies have investigated the efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy aiming at Chinese population. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the data of Chinese pts with treatment-naïve(TN) or relapsed/refractory(R/R) follicular lymphoma who received obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy in our center, hoping to provide treatment reference for Chinese pts. Methods Eligible pts were age ≥18 years with histologically documented, CD20-positive follicular lymphoma (grade 1 to 3a, stage III/IV or stage II with tumor ≥7 cm in the greatest dimension), and at least 2 cycles of obinutuzumab-based treatment. Efficacy was assessed by objective response rate (ORR) and best of response (BOR), with toxicity evaluated based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) (The 5th Edition). In addition, we recorded the incidence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection according to Scheme for Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 (The 10th Trial Edition). Results Between Nov 1, 2021 and Apr 1, 2023, the data of 27 pts with TN FL who received G-CHOP (obinutuzumab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) regimen and 7 R/R pts treated with GB (Obinutuzumab, bendamustine) regimen was collected. The demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline were shown in Table 1. The median age of TN pts was 52 years, and 63.0% were female. The efficacy evaluation of TN pts was displayed in Figure 1. All of 27 pts achieved partial response (PR) after 2 cycles of GCHOP regimen. Eventually, 21 patiens completed 6 cycles of treatment, with 95.5% (21/22) assessed as complete response (CR) and 4.5% (1/21) maintaining PR. Three pts discontinued treatment due to COVID-19 infection and 2 for severe infections of other reasons. The end of treatment (EOT) ORR was 100% and the BOR of 96.3% (26/27) pts was assessed as CR. In 7 R/R pts, 5, 1 and 1 pts received 1, 2 and 3 lines of previous treatment regimens, respectively. The median age of this subgroup was 56 years. Totally, 6 pts achieved CR with an ORR of 85.7%, except for one pt who was evaluated as SD after 2 cycles of GB regimen and switched to another regimen. Two pts continued with maintenance therapy of obinutuzumab, and the rest 5 pts went on with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. By the end of follow-up, no pts showed progressive disease (PD) except for one who died of COVID-19 infection. All these pts in this study were infected with COVID-19 during the pandemic in China. For TN pts, mild, ordinary, severe and critical cases accounted for 14.8%, 44.4%, 29.6% and 11.1% respectively, and no pt died of COVID-19 infection. The median duration of COVID-19 infection was 23 (14-68) days, and over half of them were tested positive for more than 3 weeks. Of the R/R pts, 57.1% (4/7) presented severe, 14.3% (1/7) was critical and finally died of respiratory failure. The median duration of positive was 26 (21-95) days. Among pts treated wih GCHOP regimen, common grade 3-5 adverse events included infection (excluding COVID-19 infection) (25.9%) and hematological adverse events consisting of neutropenia (51.8%), thrombocytopenia (22.2%). Grade 3 infection, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia were observed in 14.3% (1/7) R/R pt each. The median follow-up time of TN pts and R/R pts was 8.9 (12.1-13.7) months and 11.7 (11.2-14.0) months, respectively. The median PFS of both was not achieved, 1-year PFS rate was 100% and 85.7% in TN and RR pts, respectively. Conclusions This real-world analysis with small sample size indicates that similar efficacy and toxicity was observed in Chinese patients with FL who were treated with obinutuzumab-based immunochemotherapy to that reported in literature. However, it is noteworthy that long-lasting immunosuppression may result in higher incidence and severity of COVID-19 infection in these patients compared to the general population.

Effect of Thermophysical Seed Treatments on Plant Growth, Yield and Diseases Incidence in Bell Pepper

The experiment was conducted to extrapolate the effect of different thermophysical seed treatments on plant growth, yield and disease incidence in bell pepper cv. Solan Bharpur. Ten treatments based on temperature-duration combinations of different thermophysical seed treatments viz., hot water seed treatment (49°C/45 min, 49°C/60 min and 50°C/60 min), hot air seed treatment (72°C/24 h, 72°C/36 h and 74°C/48 h) and microwave seed treatment (5 s, 10 s and 15 s at 900 Micro power level) along with untreated (control) were used for raising nursery and field transplantation. Under field conditions, the maximum values w.r.t. plant height, avg. fruit weight, no. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per plant, fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per ha, harvest duration and minimum values w.r.t. days to first marketable picking, incidence of diseases like Anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot and Phytophthora rot were recorded in hot water seed treatment at 50°C/60 min. The incidence of virus diseases was recorded lowest in hot air seed treatment at 74°C/48 h in bell pepper cv. Solan Bharpur.

Assessing the Performance of Latest Greengram Varieties under Improved production Packages in Thiruppur, Tamil Nadu, India

On Farm Testing (OFT) in Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) resistant and high yielding greengram varieties was conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tirupur in farmers field during kharif 2020. Totally 15 farmers each with one acre were selected in three villages of Pongalur Block in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu. Critical input viz., seeds of greengram varieties CO 8 and DGG 1 were distributed to the farmers and the varietal performance were assessed along with the existing variety under cultivation VBN 2. The plant physiological parameters viz., plant height, number of nodules / plant and yield attributing parameters such as number of pods / plants, number of branches/plant, Mung bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) disease incidence (%), yield (q ha-1) and B:C ratio were recorded. The results revealed that, among the three varieties, Greengram CO 8 was recorded more number of pods (42) and minimum incidence of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) disease incidence of 3.2 per cent resulting in the highest yield of 9.5 q ha-1 followed by DDG 1 with 34 pods/plant, MYMV disease incidence of 7.3 per cent and yield of 8.4 q ha-1 compared to the existing variety VBN 2, which recorded the lowest number of pods (31 Nos.), yield (7.6 q ha-1) with the highest MYMV disease incidence (12.5%). The highest B:C ratio was recorded in greengram variety CO 8 (2.92) which was followed by DDG 1 (2.58). It was concluded that, farmers of Tirupur district in Tamil Nadu were satisfied with cultivation of greengram CO 8 variety due to the lowest disease incidence, higher yield and Benefit Cost Ratio.

A hybrid simulation framework for predicting virus impacts on Chinese cabbage yields

AbstractSustainable production of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.) is essential for the economy and food security in South Korea. However, climate change poses significant threats to its growth and quality. Changes in precipitation patterns, such as drought and heavy rain, can affect the development of crop, leading to stunted growth or disease. This can lead to significant losses in crop yield. In this study, a hybrid modeling system was developed to predict the incidence of viral disease and evaluate impacts of combination of virus infection and environmental variabilities (including climate and location) on marketable cabbage yields. The crop growth model was successfully developed using a limited number (n = 7) of previous studies (root mean square error 0.25–0.33 Mg ha−1, R2 = 0.87–0.99). The developed hybrid modeling system was composed of a virus incident model and a crop growth model. According to simulated results, all study locations had around 20% incidence rates. However, based on the simulation results, the rates of viral disease incidence varied depending on the climate of each year. Among several climatic factors, precipitation had the greatest effect on virus outbreaks. Jeju Island, which had relatively high rainfall, had a higher disease incidence rate than other provinces. According to shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs), in SSP245 (an intermediate development pathway), the yield of 1.58 Mg ha−1 was reduced to 1.26 Mg ha−1 due to a 25% viral disease outbreak. In SSP585 (a high development pathway), with an incidence of 23%, the yield was reduced by 0.2 Mg ha−1. These results will be useful for efficiently cultivating crops under various climatic conditions and seeking management methods to minimize damage from viral disease.

Linkage between Airborne Particulate Matter and Viral Pandemic COVID-19 in Bucharest.

The long-distance spreading and transport of airborne particulate matter (PM) of biogenic or chemical compounds, which are thought to be possible carriers of SARS-CoV-2 virions, can have a negative impact on the incidence and severity of COVID-19 viral disease. Considering the total Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm (AOD) as an atmospheric aerosol loading variable, inhalable fine PM with a diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) or coarse PM with a diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) during 26 February 2020-31 March 2022, and COVID-19's five waves in Romania, the current study investigates the impact of outdoor PM on the COVID-19 pandemic in Bucharest city. Through descriptive statistics analysis applied to average daily time series in situ and satellite data of PM2.5, PM10, and climate parameters, this study found decreased trends of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations of 24.58% and 18.9%, respectively compared to the pre-pandemic period (2015-2019). Exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particles was positively correlated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality. The derived average PM2.5/PM10 ratios during the entire pandemic period are relatively low (<0.44), indicating a dominance of coarse traffic-related particles' fraction. Significant reductions of the averaged AOD levels over Bucharest were recorded during the first and third waves of COVID-19 pandemic and their associated lockdowns (~28.2% and ~16.4%, respectively) compared to pre-pandemic period (2015-2019) average AOD levels. The findings of this research are important for decision-makers implementing COVID-19 safety controls and health measures during viral infections.

Effects of Natural Virus Infection on Field-Grown Eight Tomato Genotypes (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Tomato is the leading fruit vegetable in the world with over 177.04 metric tons of world production on a yearly basis but the production is generally more hindered by diseases than pests, as it is grown all through the world. This study evaluated the effects of natural virus infection on eight tomato genotypes, carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of Federal University Oye-Ekiti. The eight tomato genotypes were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Data collected were averaged and analyzed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 9.4) and significant means separated by the Tukey test. The results showed that a percentage increase in disease incidence among the genotypes was directly associated with decreasing yield but was not significant. Therefore, the viral disease incidence is associated with a reduction in the fruit yield of tomatoes but some tomato genotypes like; F1 COBRA26 and “TIWANTIWA” with high seedling vigor had significant fruit yield under natural virus infection on the field.

Natural infectivity of Dalbulus maidis populations and incidence of corn stunt and virus diseases in maize over time

Natural infectivity of Dalbulus maidis populations and incidence of corn stunt and virus diseases in maize over time

Impact of Lockdown on COVID-19 Affected People-Analysis in Pakistan by the Year 2020

Objective: The study has been carried to find impact of lockdown on spread of COVID-19 by evaluating number of affected cases in lockdown and post-lockdown period. The study was conducted to analyse whether lockdown has limited spread of disease or otherwise.&#x0D; Methods: The study has been conducted retrospectively between 23rd March 2020 to 12th November 2020 on number of affected cases reported in Daily Jang Newspaper of Pakistan. Since lockdown period was 47 days, therefore data was collected in multiple of 47 days to evaluate results in lockdown and post lock down period.&#x0D; Results: Immediately after lockdown data has shown an increase in percentage (47.04), increase of affected cases (531.46), growth factor (6.31) and frequency of distribution (164244). Lower incidence was observed in lockdown with a number of 26010 bearing percentage of 7.45.&#x0D; Conclusion: The lockdown has limited spread of new viral disease (SARS-CoV-2) with reduced number of affected cases and huge increase in number of cases were observed immediately after lockdown. The number of affected cases were found to be subsequently reduced unless start of second phase of pandemic. On removing limitations due to lock down growth factor and frequency of distribution also indicate higher incidence of new viral disease.