Violent Reaction Research Articles

Thermochemical reactions in tea drying shape the flavor of tea: A review

Drying is the final and essential step in tea processing. It contributes a lot to the formation of tea flavor quality by a series of complicated and violent thermochemical reactions, such as degradation reaction, Maillard reaction, redox reaction, isomerization reaction, etc. However, the mechanism of specific thermochemical reaction is unclear. Here, by comprehensively summarizing the thermochemical reactions of the main chemicals, including polyphenols, lipids, amino acids and carbohydrates, etc., during tea drying with particularly focus on their contributions of thermal drying on the flavor including color, aroma, and taste, we found that thermal degradation is the dominant thermochemical reaction, directly affecting the taste and color of tea, and thermal oxidation of lipids and Maillard reaction mainly contribute to form tea aroma. More interesting was that high temperature enhanced nucleophilicity of phenolics, allowing them to easily trap carbonyl substances to form small molecular adducts (i.e. EPSFs) or polymers, which could interfere other thermochemical reactions, and then alter the flavor quality of tea. Over all, this review provides updated scientific evidence for in-depth exploration of thermochemical reactions towards tea precision processing.

Self-exothermic reaction behavior and pore structures of Ni-Al intermetallics with more than 70% porosity

Abstract In this study, high-porosity Ni-Al alloys with complete shape and controllable pore structures were prepared by combining the self-exothermic reaction with the space holder method. The observations show that porous Ni-Al sintered discs appeared to melt and deform after a violent reaction without adding space holder particles. The link between the volume content of urea particles and macroscopic morphology, combustion behavior, phase composition and pore structures of porous Ni-Al compounds were studied. The space holder pores acts as a heat absorber, greatly increasing the open porosity to 76.0% when adding 50 vol% urea particles. This leachable space holder method can be an effective strategy to regulate the sample shape and pore characteristics of porous Al-containing intermetallics.

Ammonium perchlorate catalyzed with novel n-Al modified on ZIF-67 with silane coupling agent: Superior catalytic activity, advanced decomposition kinetics and mechanisms

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is commonly utilized as an oxidizer in composite solid propellants (CSPs), and the thermal decomposition of AP has a significant impact on the combustion behaviour of CSPs. Aluminum nanoparticles (n-Al) as a prospective metal fuel have received a lot of interest, however properly extracting energy from n-Al remains a great challenge. Native oxide layer limits the energetic performance of n-Al by impeding sufficient combustion and slowing down mass/heat transport. Development of the high energy storage based on metastable intermolecular composite (MIC) is always a desirable way. This group of hybrid materials uses zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) as the precursors of the metal oxides as the oxidizers in conventional nanothermite. Coating n-Al on the surface of ZIF-67 with a silane coupling agent to erase or disturb the oxide layer on the n-Al surface improves n-Al combustion. n-Al@ZIF-67 was synthesized and integrated into AP matrix. The catalytic activity of n-Al@ZIF-67 on AP decomposition was assessed via DSC and TGA/DTG. Whereas n-Al@ZIF-67/AP nanocomposite demonstrated decomposition enthalpy of 2350 J/g; pure AP demonstrated 836 J/g, ZIF-67/AP demonstrated 1680 J/g, and n-Al/AP demonstrated 1170 J/g. While Al@ZIF-67/AP nanocomposite demonstrated one decomposition temperature at 327 oC; pure AP decompose at two decomposition stages at 298 oC, and 453 oC. n-Al@ZIF-67/AP showed a violent reaction with high intensity of flame, and micro-explosion occurred due to rapidly disrupted oxide layer that covered Al core. Decomposition kinetics was investigated. n-Al@ZIF-67/AP demonstrated apparent activation energy of 125.3 ± 1.23 kJ/mol compared with 173.16 ± 1.95 kJ/mol for pure AP. Co3O4 NPs as the combustion product from ZIF-67 can expose active surface sites; the ability of adsorption of released NH3 gas, which inhibition AP from decomposition, offering efficient combustion. This work provides a new strategy for advanced CSPs by introducing ZIF-67 to construct bifunctional properties for AP decomposition, and n-Al combustion.

Bifunctional heterostructured nitrogen-doped carbon-layer-loaded NiSe2-FeSe2 electrocatalyst for efficient water splitting

Developing high-performance, eco-friendly bifunctional electrocatalysts is crucial to popularizing water electrolysis for hydrogen production, but it still presents major challenges. Here, we develop a composite material with NiSe2-FeSe2 heterostructure loaded on N-doped carbon layers by utilizing the metal-organic framework as a sacrificial template (NiSe2-FeSe2/NC). According to microstructural studies, direct contact between NiSe2 and FeSe2 induces charge transfer and enhances conductivity, while sensible arraying of NiSe2-FeSe2/NC nanosheets fully exposes active sites and protects catalysts from violent reaction processes. The NiSe2-FeSe2/NC heterostructured catalysts show excellent bifunctional catalytic activity for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, with overpotentials of 54 and 232 mV at 10 mA cm−2, respectively. Moreover, NiSe2-FeSe2/NC also retains superiority in a two-electrode system, needing lower voltage to drive the overall water splitting at 10 mA cm−2 (1.53 V) than Pt/C||RuO2 as well as long-term stability. This work introduces a novel concept for developing state-of-the-art non-noble metal catalysts for hydrogen production and new insights into interface engineering.

Collagen‐Mediated Solvent Sheathing and Derived Interfacial Manipulation Toward Ultrahigh‐Rate Zn Anodes

AbstractThe zinc (Zn) anode in zinc‐ion batteries suffers from potential defects such as wild dendrite growth, severe Zn corrosion, and violent hydrogen evolution reaction, inducing erratic interfacial charge transfer kinetics, which eventually leads to electrochemical failure. Here, collagen, a biomacromolecule, is added to achieve the reconstruction of the electrolyte hydrogen‐bonding network and the modification of the derived Zn interface. Benefiting from the electronegativity advantage of amino groups (‐NH2) in collagen, the Zn (002) crystal plane is preferentially exposed and the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) rich in ZnF2 and Zn3N2 promotes the rapid charge transfer of Zn anode. Thence, an impressive cumulative capacity of 7,500 mAh cm−2 at 30 mA cm−2 is achieved and the assembled Zn|VO2 cell exhibited robust cycle reversibility even when subject to a maximum current of 100 A g−1 and an ultra‐long cycle life of 20,000 cycles at 50 A g−1, with a single‐cycle capacity loss as low as 0.0021%. Such a convenient strategy of solvent sheathing regulation and derived interfacial manipulation opening up a promising universal approach toward long‐life and high‐rate Zn anodes.

Research on Impact of Investor Sentiment on Chinese Stock Market: Review and Prospect

Over time, investor behavior has become more complicated due to the unpredictability of the Chinese stock market. Major research has found that investor sentiment swings have a huge impact on the market. Therefore, investors need to observe and understand how investor sentiment affects the market in the right way. Much of the past literature has used textual data mining and event analysis to measure the impact of investor sentiment and its impact on stock market returns, pricing, and volatility. Several articles have concluded that investor sentiment is highly responsive to the Chinese stock market. Another phenomenon that has emerged on various forums and social media is that people's fear of the stock market is spreading. The results of event analysis can prove that the impact of events such as the lifting of the ban on restricted shares and the listing of companies will be very obvious and have an impact on investor sentiment. An important implication of this study is that in addition to the dominant role of Granger causality in the causality that produces negative returns, negative investor sentiment is the main factor determining the overall behavior of the stock market. When bad news breaks, investors release their pent-up emotions for a short period, resulting in a violent reaction. In addition, market sentiment can also affect trading volumes and stock prices. This has put pressure on the market. In the end, this paper expands the future research direction from the two aspects of communication mechanism and quantitative analysis.

A novel non-crystallizing Na2O-K2O-TiO2 silicate glass sealant for protonic ceramic fuel cell applications

Sealants play an indispensable role in the fabrication of proton ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) stacks. A TiO2-containing silicate glass, primarily composed of Na2O-K2O-TiO2-SiO2, was developed for sealing BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3-δ (BZCYYb) electrolyte and Crofer 22 H interconnect. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass sealant is 11.6 × 10−6 K−1, and its glass transition temperature and softening temperature are 566 °C and 601 °C, respectively. The structure of the glass was investigated by XRD, Raman and FT-IR, indicating that it is not sensitive to high temperatures up to 800 °C. The wettability of the glass on BZCYYb and Crofer 22 H substrates was tested. An intact and defect-free BZCYYb/Crofer 22 H joint was sealed by the glass sealant at 750 °C for 30 min. The elemental distribution demonstrates that no violent reaction or diffusion of elements occurs at the interface, indicating that the Na2O-K2O-TiO2-SiO2 glass is capable of sealing PCFC stacks.

Lithiation: A Pathway to Strengthen Sodiophilic Metal Interlayer of 3D Metallic Skeleton for High-Performance Sodium Metal Anodes.

Constructing a three-dimensional (3D) skeleton with a sodiophilic-modified layer (SML) has been proven to be an effective strategy to alleviate excessive volumetric deformation and continuous dendrite growth for sodium (Na) metal anodes. However, the weak binding force and violent reaction between the SML and the 3D skeleton lead to numerous cracks/defects and even pulverization of the SML during repeated Na plating/stripping. Herein, a lithiation pathway is presented to construct a sodiophilic Li-Sn alloy layer onto a 3D copper mesh to strengthen the SML for stable Na metal anodes. The lithiation 3D skeleton exhibits superior sodiophilicity, higher charge-transfer efficiency, and lower ion-diffusion barrier, contributing to the homogenization of ion-electronic flux and Na deposition. Simultaneously, the dense Li-Sn alloy is more stable than the monometal Sn-layer, which effectively prevents damage to the SML and enhances the stability of the SML. As a result, the asymmetrical cell exhibits great performance with a negligible nucleation overpotential and a high average Coulombic efficiency of 99.4%. Moreover, the full cell assembled with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode delivers superior capacity retention of 91.3% after 1000 cycles at a current of 3C.

Effects of different doses of alfentanil on cardiovascular response to rapid sequence intubation in elderly patients: a parallel-controlled randomized trial

BackgroundRapid sequence intubation (RSI) have been shown to be effective in preventing reflux aspiration in patients with a full stomach during anaesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation. However, there is currently no standardized operation protocol or anaesthesia induction drug standard for RSI. Furthermore, there is a lack of evidence regarding the use of RSI in patients older than 65. In this study, we aimed to investigate the cardiovascular effects of different doses of alfentanil combined with propofol and etomidate during RSI in elderly patients aged 65–80 years.MethodsA total of 96 patients aged 65–80 years who underwent general anaesthesia with tracheal intubation were selected for this study. The patients were randomly assigned to one of four groups using a random number table. Group A patients received an induction dose of 10 µg/kg alfentanil, group B patients received 15 µg/kg alfentanil, group C patients received 20 µg/kg alfentanil, and group D patients received 25 µg/kg alfentanil. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI), and ejection fraction (EF) were measured at three time points: 5 min before anaesthesia induction (T0), 1 min after endotracheal intubation (T1), and 5 min after endotracheal intubation (T2). Concurrently, 4 ml of arterial blood was collected from patients at three time points, and the concentrations of norepinephrine (NE) and cortisol (Cor) in plasma were detected. Occurrences of hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia and tachycardia during anesthesia induction to 5 min after tracheal intubation were noted.ResultsCompared with T0, the HR, MAP, NE and Cor concentrations in group A and group B were increased at the T1 and T2 time points, CI and EF values were decreased (P < 0.05). HR and MAP in groups C and D were increased at the T1 time point, while they were decreased at the T2 time point in group D (P < 0.05). The changes in CI and EF values, concentrations of NE and Cor, were not significant at T1 and T2 time points in group C (P > 0.05). Additionally, they were not significant in group D at the T1 time point (P > 0.05), but decreased at the T2 time point (P < 0.05). Compared with group A, the HR, MAP, NE and Cor concentrations in groups C and D were decreased at T1 and T2 time points (P < 0.05). The CI and EF values of groups C and D were increased at T1 time point but decreased at T2 time point in group D (P < 0.05). The incidence of hypertension and tachycardia in group A was significantly higher than that in group C and group D (P < 0.05), and the incidence of hypotension and bradycardia in group D was significantly higher than that in group A and group B (P < 0.05).ConclusionAlfentanil 20 µg/kg for RSI in elderly patients, can effectively inhibit the violent cardiovascular reaction caused by intubation, and avoid the inhibition of cardiovascular system caused by large dose, hemodynamics more stable.Trial registrationChiCTR2200062034 (www.chictr.org.cn).

Kinetic, thermodynamic and artificial neural network prediction studies on co-pyrolysis of the agricultural waste and algae

The thermal decomposition behaviors of Maize straw (MS), algae (AL), and their blends were studied in a thermogravimetric analyzer to evaluate the bio-energy potential in this research. The blends neutralized violent reactions of each other at the second pyrolysis stage, and S and CPI respectively achieved the lowest points at 40%MS-60%AL and 60%MS-40%AL. The average Eα calculated by OFW, KAS, Starink and Friedman methods changed from 6.94 to 68.03 kJ/mol, 14.61–85.76 kJ/mol, 14.31–85.12 kJ/mol, respectively. When α was in range of 0.2–0.6, the Coats-Redfern method was calculated within 19.39 kJ/mol. KAS and Starink methods seemed more reliable. Reaction mechanism analyzed by Criado method show that AL was significantly different from that of MS. In addition, thermal degradation input by biomass types, heating rate and temperature were well predicted by artificial neural network (ANN). ANN 19 modal (3-5-15-1) was obtained the best (MSE = 0.0978 and R2 = 0.9999). The modal was utilized to predict the thermogravimetric curve without experiment, DTGmax of 70%MS-30%AL was the highest. While overfitting occurred in the high-temperature ranges (>700 °C). This study proves the potential of ANN modeling for producing derived energy from co-pyrolysis of biomass and other residues.

Upholding social hierarchies: Social dominance orientation moderates the link between (intergroup) conspiracy exposure and violent extremism

Across two experimental studies, we explored whether exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories can increase violent reactions towards targeted groups. We also examined how ideological attitudes may moderate the effect. In Study 1 ( N = 160, preregistered), we found that exposure to immigrant conspiracy theories (vs. control) increased the willingness to use violence for those who reported higher social dominance orientation (SDO) and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA). Study 2 ( N = 211, preregistered) sought to extend these results by focusing on a specific target: Muslim immigrants. Exposure to Muslim immigrant conspiracy theories (vs. control) increased motivation and willingness to use violence for those with higher SDO (but not RWA). These findings showcase how exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories and violent reactions are conditional on specific ideological attitudes. Thus, when considering interventions, we argue that it is crucial to consider the role of ideological worldviews when seeking to combat conspiracy-inspired violence.

Constructing thermo-responsive polysiloxane shields via lithium initiation to inhibit thermal runaway of lithium metal batteries

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have unparalleled high-energy-density, yet the threat of safety issues is significantly severe due to the potential high energy release of violent reactions between lithium metal and electrolyte under abusing conditions. Effective methods to mitigate the parasitic reactions are lacking. Here, we propose a synergistically driven construction of a stable passivation layer by lithium and thermal to inhibit the reactions to ensure the safe of LMBs. It is shown that at elevated temperature, lithium induces tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) to undergo polycondensation and form thermally stable polymer networks, resulting in passivation of lithium metal anode. At the same time, (1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine) PFPN functions as nonflammable component to empower the electrolyte with flame retardancy and cycling stability. The designed electrolyte is referred to as TEOS/PFPN. As a result, the formulated electrolyte enhances the safety of Li/NCM pouch cells against fire and explosion during nail penetration. Meanwhile, the TEOS/PFPN raises the thermal runaway (TR) trigger temperature from 160.4 to 252.7 °C. Furthermore, the maximum temperatures during TR are reduced from 1188.7 to 723.0 °C. Finally, the TEOS/PFPN demonstrates excellent compatibility with lithium metal anodes and Ni-rich layered cathode. This study presents a promising way to develop high-safety electrolytes for LMBs and offers valuable insights into strategies for mitigating TR.

The influences of Ag nanoparticles on voids growth and solderability about Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu solder joint

Although Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu solder (SAC305) has higher reliability, there are a large number of harmful voids in solder joints. Larger voids can reduce thermal conductivity of solder joints. However, as a microstructure growth inhibitor, the influences of Ag nanoparticles on voids growth are not clear at present. Herein, we prove that Ag nanoparticles can increase SAC305 solderability, but promote voids growth. Ag nanoparticles and SAC305 solder paste were mixed by mechanical stirring for 0.5 h. Next, SAC305-xAgP (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 wt%) was obtained. The results indicated that solder solderability was improved increasingly with Ag nanoparticles addition. The lower the amount of nanoparticles added, the greater the final loss. After being aged at 100 °C for 150 h, the voids stopped growing. Due to the violent reaction between Ag nanoparticles and flux, the final voids growth rate became faster, and the average voids size changed from 14.34% to 24.91%.

Water Catchers within Sub-Nano Channels Promote Step-by-Step Zinc-Ion Dehydration Enable Highly Efficient Aqueous Zinc-Metal Batteries.

Zinc metal suffers from violent and long-lasting water-induced side reactions and uncontrollable dendritic Zn growth, which seriously reduce the coulombic efficiency (CE) and lifespan of aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZMBs). To suppress the corresponding harmful effects of the highly active water, a stable zirconium-based metal-organic framework with water catchers decorated inside its sub-nano channels is used to protect Zn-metal. Water catchers within narrow channels can constantly trap water molecules from the solvated Zn-ions and facilitate step-by-step desolvation/dehydration, thereby promoting the formation of an aggregative electrolyte configuration, which consequently eliminates water-induced corrosion and side reactions. More importantly, the functionalized sub-nano channels also act as ion rectifiers and promote fast but even Zn-ions transport, thereby leading to a dendrite-free Zn metal. As a result, the protected Zn metal demonstrates an unprecedented cycling stability of more than 10000 h and an ultra-high average CE of 99.92% during 4000 cycles. More inspiringly, a practical NH4V4O10//Zn pouch-cell is fabricated and delivers a capacity of 98 mAh (under high cathode mass loading of 25.7mg cm-2) and preserves 86.2% capacity retention after 150 cycles. This new strategy in promoting highly reversible Zn metal anodes would spur the practical utilization of AZMBs.

Study on the electrical-thermal properties of lithium-ion battery materials in the NCM622/graphite system.

The phenomenon of fire or even explosion caused by thermal runaway of lithium-ion power batteries poses a serious threat to the safety of electric vehicles. An in-depth study of the core-material thermal runaway reaction mechanism and reaction chain is a prerequisite for proposing a mechanism to prevent battery thermal runaway and enhance battery safety. In this study, based on a 24 Ah commercial Li(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)O2/graphite soft pack battery, the heat production characteristics of different state of charge (SOC) cathode and anode materials, the separator, the electrolyte, and their combinations of the battery were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the reaction between the negative electrode and the electrolyte is the main mode of heat accumulation in the early stage of thermal runaway, and when the heat accumulation causes the temperature to reach a certain critical value, the violent reaction between the positive electrode and the electrolyte is triggered. The extent and timing of the heat production behaviour of the battery host material is closely related to the SOC, and with limited electrolyte content, there is a competitive relationship between the positive and negative electrodes and the electrolyte reaction, leading to different SOC batteries exhibiting different heat production characteristics. In addition, the above findings are correlated with the battery failure mechanisms through heating experiments of the battery monomer. The study of the electro-thermal properties of the main materials in this paper provides a strategy for achieving early warning and suppression of thermal runaway in batteries.

Controlling Interfacial Amidation Reaction Rate to Regulate Crystal Growth toward High-Performance FAPbBr3-Based Inverted Light-Emitting Diodes.

Controlling interfacial reactions is critical for zinc oxide (ZnO)-based inverted perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), boosting the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the near-infrared device to above 20%. However, violent interfacial reactions between the bromine-based perovskites and ZnO-based films severely limit the performance of inverted green PeLEDs, whose efficiency and stability lag far behind those of their near-infrared counterparts. Here, a controllable interfacial amidation between the bromine-based perovskites and magnesium-doped ZnO (ZnMgO) film utilizing caprylyl sulfobetaine (SFB) is realized. The SFB molecules strongly interact with formamidinium bromide, decelerating the amidation reaction between formamidinium and carboxylate groups on the ZnMgO film, thus regulating the crystallization of FAPbBr3. Combined with the passivation of benzylamine, a FAPbBr3 bulk film directly deposited on a ZnMgO substrate with single-crystal characteristics is obtained, exhibiting a high photoluminescence quantum yield of above 80%. The resultant PeLEDs demonstrate a peak EQE of exceeding 20% at a high luminance of 120,000 cd m-2 and a half lifetime of 26 min at 11,000 cd m-2, representing the state-of-the-art inverted green electroluminescence. This work resolves the crucial issues of violent interfacial reactions and provides a strategy toward inverted green PeLEDs with outstanding performance.

Wetting Behavior of High Alumina Slags on the Fused Magnesia under Different Atmospheres and Low Static Magnetic Field

With the growing demand for high‐aluminum steel, there is an urgent need to enhance the slag resistance of magnesia‐based refractories. The wettability of high‐alumina slag on magnesia‐based refractories serves as a crucial indicator of the refractory's slag resistance. In this study, the influence of atmosphere and magnetic flux density on the wetting behavior between the slags with different basicity (CaO wt%/SiO2 wt%) and fused magnesia is explored using a high‐temperature visualization device with a controllable static magnetic field. Compared to air and argon atmospheres, the apparent contact angle of the slag on the fused magnesia decreases significantly in a vacuum environment as the violent interfacial radical reaction. The static magnetic field of 0.5 mT can regulate the spin state of a single electron in the free radical pair, resulting in an increase of the apparent contact angle by 21.1% in a vacuum atmosphere. It provides new thoughts on the development of external field protection technology for the corrosion resistance of magnesia‐based refractories.

L‐ascorbyl palmitate and endogenous micronutrients in vegetable oils provide synergistic antioxidant activities: Micronutrient species and concentration

AbstractIn the present study, antioxidant impacts of L‐ascorbyl palmitate (L‐AP) on 14 kinds of typical vegetable oils were studied, whose ratios of C18:1 to C18:2 ranged from 0.15 to 9.57. Regression analyses between vegetable oils and their micronutrient‐free counterparts revealed that the antioxidant capacity of L‐AP was closely related to concentrations of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherols instead of fatty acid compositions. Binary mixtures consisting of L‐AP and α‐, γ‐, or δ‐tocopherols exhibited desirable synergistic antioxidant effects in comparison with individual species. The optimal synergistic effects were found at ratios of L‐AP to α‐, γ‐, δ‐tocopherols, being 1:2–1:4. Further EPR spin trapping test figured out that the combined antioxidants reduced the total amount of spin adducts significantly during lipid oxidation, which were contributed by regenerating tocopherols from L‐AP. The results will highlight the application of L‐AP in protecting packed cooking oils after opening and during cooking.Practical applications: Vegetable oils packaged in 4–5 L bottles are one of the most important forms for home cooking. Although deoxygenation techniques are applied to increase their shelf life during storage, they will experience a more violent oxidation reaction after opening. The oils are typically oxidized to rancidity before ending up in consumption. L‐AP was therefore involved into the vegetable oils to prevent them from oxidation during uses. The results of study can help companies to select the optimal L‐AP addition amount according to different endogenous tocopherol types and contents in the target oil in order to extend the use life of the vegetable oil.

Microplastic separation and enrichment in microchannels under derivative electric field gradient by bipolar electrode reactions

The decomposed plastic products in the natural environment evolve into tiny plastic particles with characteristics such as small size, lightweight, and difficulty in removal, resulting in a significant pollution issue in aquatic environments. Significant progress has been made in microplastic separation technology benefiting from microfluidic chips in recent years. Based on the mechanisms of microfluidic control technology, this study investigates the enrichment and separation mechanisms of polystyrene particles in an unbuffered solution. The Faraday reaction caused by the bipolar electrodes changes the electric field gradient and improves the separation efficiency. We also propose an evaluation scheme to measure the separation efficiency. Finite element simulations are conducted to parametrically analyze the influence of applied voltages, channel geometry, and size of electrodes on plastic particle separation. The numerical cases indicate that the electrode-installed microfluidic channels separate microplastic particles effectively and precisely. The electrodes play an important role in local electric field distribution and trigger violent chemical reactions. By optimizing the microchannel structure, applied voltages, and separation channel angle, an optimal solution for separating microplastic particles can be found. This study could supply some references to control microplastic pollution in the future.

Communicative Behavior of Mass Culture Icon Villain and the Influence on Destructive Behavior in Youth. Joker’s Case

This article examines the potential influence of iconic characters—villains of mass culture—on destructive and aggressive youth behavior. The cultivation of certain societal groups and individual media characters can lead to the normalization of hostility and violence. This study analyzes the communication styles, intelligence, motives, aggression levels, and violent actions of famous villains from films, television, and literature. Particular attention is paid to the Joker’s communicative behavior, dialogues, and language, examining how he psychologically manipulates others and conveys his destructive views through unconventional techniques. Using textual examples from comic books and films, it analyzes how the Joker’s language choices and performative style reflect his background and moral-anarchic worldview. His rhetoric provokes violent reactions from allies and enemies alike, highlighting his ability to destabilize situations. The presented portrait reveals a multi-layered understanding of this legendary creation in different epochs and contexts. The findings indicate certain villain traits that could potentially encourage impressionable youth to engage in harmful behavior. Overall, provocative fiction has a double-edged significance as it can both shape and mislead developing minds. Recommendations are made to reduce the negative effects of glamorizing villains in entertainment media.