Violent Processes Research Articles

Procesos históricos de adaptación y transformación indígena en el Chaco argentino: del nomadismo al sedentarismo

Este artículo estima el invalorable aporte de la historia regional del Chaco para entender las condiciones actuales en que se encuentran los pueblos originarios en Argentina. Por lo tanto, el trabajo se refiere a los efectos que tuvieron los procesos de colonización en el Chaco argentino en relación con las sociedades originarias nómadas y su adaptación forzosa a la vida sedentaria. El trabajo explora los procesos históricos y violentos de transformación que sufrieron las sociedades indígenas del chaco, con especial atención en la adaptación al sedentarismo y el cambio que supuso en la dieta y la salud. Finalmente se indica que estos procesos históricos producidos por la dinámica de la colonización chaqueña forzaron a los pueblos originarios a adaptarse a otras formas de subsistencia que nos permite dar cuenta de la situación actual por la que atraviesan los pueblos indígenas del Chaco en el contexto nacional.

Rome-sacking and barebacking: longing, rhetoric, and revolution in Augustine and queer theory

ABSTRACT Augustine’s sermon on ‘The Sacking of the City of Rome’ appears to lack the pastoral rhetoric that readers of his Confessions are so familiar with. This paper recovers the pastoral dimension of Augustine’s discourse by reading it alongside recent reinterpretations of barebacking subculture in queer theory. Maia Kotrosits argues that the rhetorical turn in the categorization of HIV/AIDS produced senses of asynchrony, and that barebacking responds to these by rooting the individual in an irreversible timeline of HIV-positivity. Barebacking can therefore be read as ‘pastoral’ rhetoric that resolves the agony of uncertainty. Augustine’s sermon is pastoral in this sense; Augustine imposes an historical ending that resolves the temporal anxiety he and his contemporaries felt after the sack of Rome in 410. Nevertheless, writing an ending – pastoral as that may be – can be a violent process if it negates or replaces the revolutionary work of making history.

The influence of cycling on the functional state of young athletes 14-15 years old

At present, due to the constant growth of sports results and intensified competition at competitions of various levels in cycling (MTB), the problem of adaptation of the body to specific physical loads is becoming urgent As you know, the most violent processes in the body of a young man occur in the period from 13 to 15 years old, where all the functions and systems of a young body under the influence of physical exertion are of particular importance. Many works have shown that at a young age it is impossible to predict sports results in a chosen sport without taking into account functional characteristics. The article presents the indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body of young athletes 14-15 years old, who specialize in mountain bike. Under the influence of specific physical loads, changes in the functional state of young athletes of 14-15 years old in the basic, pre-competitive and restorative mesocycles were determined.
 The aim of the work was to determine the changes in the work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the organism of young athletes 14-15 years old, specializing in mountain bike. A significant difference was found in the indicators of heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption, vital capacity of the lungs in the recovery and maintenance microcycles of the recovery mesocycle. The statistical difference was determined in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (t=2.61; t=2.73; p<0.05), heart rate (t=2.51; p<0.05), vital capacity of the lungs (t=2.28; p<0.05) young athletes 14-15 years old in the recovery and maintenance microcycles of the recovery mesocycle relative to the primary data.

Notes on Monetary Institutions in State and Class Formation Processes

AbstractCharles Tilly emphasizes that state formation is a contingent and violent process: states develop as they extract resources, including currency, from a population. Neochartalist approaches to money challenge what I call the extractivist view of state formation because they see currencies as public institutions established by governments, not a resource to be seized from a population. At the same time, neochartalists rarely address how state institutions capable of establishing monetary institutions emerge. In this article, I propose a framework to analyze the entangled development of the institutions of money and state. I then showcase its usefulness by revisiting a series of crowd actions and militarized responses in eighteenth‐century Massachusetts and Pennsylvania today known as Shays’ Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion, focusing on the initially ad hoc and then routinized funding mechanism that enabled emerging state actors to deploy armed groups. In closing, I argue that despite the violence involved in the emergence of the institutions of state and money, citizens and inhabitants can begin to imagine democratic ways of institutionalizing money today.

Innovations in concepts and measurement for the study of peace and conflict

The observation, measurement, and analysis of violent and contentious processes are essential parts of the scientific study of peace and conflict. However, concepts such as the level of repression, the number of individuals killed during a civil war, or the perception of members of an out-group, are often by definition difficult to observe directly. This is because governments, non-state groups, NGOs, international organizations, monitoring organizations, and other actors are not incentivized to make information about their actions systematically observable to analysts. In this context, latent variable models can play a valuable role by aggregating various behavioral indicators and signals together to help measure latent concepts of interest that would not otherwise be directly observable. Each of the articles in this special issue uses some form of a latent variable model or related measurement model to bring together observable pieces of information and estimate a set of values for the underlying theoretical concept of interest. Each of the articles pays special attention to the processes that make the observation of peace and conflict processes so challenging. As we highlight throughout this introductory article, the unifying framework we present in this special issue is validation. Though the substantive content of each of the articles in this special issue varies, they represent the diversity of substantive interests that span the study of peace and conflict, broadly conceived. Overall, we hope that the special issue becomes a standard reference for scholars interested in developing and validating new measurement models for the study of peace and conflict.

Dynamical Properties of the New Ternary Fission in Collisions of 197Au+197Au at 15 MeV/Nucleon

The dynamical properties of the new ternary fission in heavy 197Au+197Au at 15 MeV/nucleon have been investigated by using the improved quantum molecular dynamics model. The dependencies of the production probability, lifetime, the time interval, and angular distribution on the impact parameter are carefully studied. The calculation results show that the characteristics of these are very different between the small and the large impact parameter. Comparing the theoretical results with the experimental data, one can obtain that the fast ternary breakup likely occurs at the impact parameter region b = 7 ‐ 9 fm. The nonisotropic of angular distribution and the short time interval among two fissions indicates that the fast ternary fission is a nonequilibrium and violent process.

MAGE-Targeted Gold Nanoparticles for Ultrasound Imaging-Guided Phototherapy in Melanoma.

Gold nanorods exhibit a wide variety of applications such as tumor molecular imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their tunable optical properties. Several studies have demonstrated that the combination of other therapeutic strategies may improve PTT efficiency. A method called optical droplet vaporization (ODV) was considered as another noninvasive imaging and therapy strategy. Via the ODV method, superheated perfluorocarbon droplets can be vaporized to a gas phase for enhancing ultrasound imaging; meanwhile, this violent process can cause damage to cells and tissue. In addition, active targeting through the functionalization with targeting ligands can effectively increase nanoprobe accumulation in the tumor area, improving the sensitivity and specificity of imaging and therapy. Our study prepared a nanoparticle loaded with gold nanorods and perfluorinated hexane and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody (MAGE-1 antibody) to melanoma-associated antigens (MAGE) targeting melanoma, investigated the synergistic effect of PTT/ODV therapy, and monitored the therapeutic effect using ultrasound. The prepared MAGE-Au-PFH-NPs achieved complete eradication of tumors. Meanwhile, the MAGE-Au-PFH-NPs also possess significant ultrasound imaging signal enhancement, which shows the potential for imaging-guided tumor therapy in the future.

Shamanic Tourism in the Peruvian Lowlands: Critical and Ethical Considerations

AbstractThis article examines the phenomenon of shamanic tourism, which began in Amazonia in the 1980s. The author has researched the phenomenon since the early 2000s—while it was still at its infancy—in Iquitos, Peru, which is today considered the mecca of shamanic tourism. Contemporary Amazonian shamanism emerged as a response to the violent and disruptive process of the rubber boom; however, in the context of tourism, it is viewed as the healing force for bodily and mental ailments that stem from what is perceived as the West's spiritual impoverishment. The article reviews the phenomenon of shamanic tourism and the challenges it presents in the 21st century, situating it within larger scholarly conversations on ethnic tourism and cultural appropriation. Finally, potential avenues for future research are presented.

Light this city: Allen Ginsberg, street art and urban intervention

This article argues that Beat poet Allen Ginsberg and unauthorized street artists perform a common function in regard to urban intervention. In the first place, they respond to a shared historical context, namely the ruthless shaping of the American urban landscape to obey the logic of capitalism. They also use similar artistic methods to critique this violent process, as I show through a comparative analysis of Ginsberg’s Moloch and the Obey figure designed by street artist Shepard Fairey. In both cases, a monstrous figure is placed within the city to show the urban landscape for what it really is. At the same time, the work of poets such as Ginsberg and various street artists suggests that the city can be redeemed from its fallen state, by representing it as a space where a vast number of potentially liberating behaviours are possible. Furthermore, I will argue that the common function performed by Ginsberg and unauthorized street artists can help explain the mutual reverence that exists between them.

Effects of loading rate on the compound dynamic disaster in deep underground coal mine under true triaxial stress

The compound dynamic disaster is an abrupt and violent energy-releasing process under the combined action of gas and geological tectonic stress in deep underground coal mines. To investigate the occurrence mechanism of compound dynamic disasters, a novel experimental approach was designed and the one free-face true triaxial tests with different loading rates were conducted. Results shown that the compound dynamic disaster can be classified into several stages: initial quiet period, local particles and fragments ejecting, mid-term quiet period, external coal plate bending accompanied by gas-emitting, dynamic disaster occurring process, and the final re-stabilized period. The presence of the gas can significantly facilitate the development of cracks and enhance the kinetic energy, thus increasing the probability of the compound dynamic disasters. Under the one free-face true triaxial engineering stress conditions, the mechanical properties (e.g. deformation and strength) of coal samples are obviously rate-dependent, and the peak stress exhibits an approximate logarithmically increase trend with increasing loading rate. After failure, several tensile-shear fractures approximately parallel to the intermediate principal stress direction and perpendicular to the free face are generated. And an arc-shaped coal-burst pit on the free face of coal sample is observed, and the pit volume increases with the increase of the loading rate. Moreover, the particle ejection kinetic energy increases gradually as the loading rate increased, suggesting a higher loading rate can enhance the intensity of the disaster. The findings may provide guidance for the prevention and control of the compound dynamic disasters in deep underground coal mines.

A Poetic of Beauty: Nature, Memory and Resilience in El Botón de Nacar/The Pearl Button (2015)

One of the pillars of the history of Latin American documentary filmmaking is undoubtedly the Chilean director Patricio Guzmán. During more than five decades of film production, he has given an account of Chile's political history, specifically dealing with the meaning of the Chilean dictatorship for the country's past, present and future, as well as its relevance in the Latin American context. His films undoubtedly represent one of the most relevant testimonies to the continent's history in the 20th century, with hundreds of hours of footage of the high points in the violent transition process between the Allende and Pinochet governments. His film proposal will take a radical turn in his last two productions: Nostalgia de la Luz ([2010] 2011) and El Botón de Nácar (2015), which are part of a trilogy - the latter film is currently in production. Its aesthetic proposal is revolutionary in the sense that it resignifies the relationship between memory and history by establishing a connection between nature, cosmology and historical memory. In this trilogy he deals separately in each film with the desert, the sea and the mountain, leading the viewer to a reflection that, through poetic language and a meditative tone, proposes a new look at history and memory. In this essay I analyze three elements that define his film El Botón de Nacar and that open the possibilities for a new type of theoretical reflection on the documentary genre: the relationship between nature, narration and history, history understood as genealogical memory and the new type of visual aesthetic that the director is proposing, which I call "poetry of beauty".

Is it easy to kill in war? Emotions and violence in the combat zones of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (1991-1995)

AbstractThe battlefields are spaces of death and destruction. In the combat zone soldiers fight and kill while witnessing the death of their comrades. These unprecedented life experiences are regularly shaped by strong emotional responses. In this paper I analyse the complex emotional dynamics of fighting and killing in the combat zone. I explore the war-time experiences of ordinary soldiers who fought in the 1991-1995 wars in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The paper is based on the interviews I conducted with the members of the Croatian Army and the Bosnian Serb Army who had direct experience of the battlefield. The focus is on the relationship between emotions and violence in the theatres of war with a spotlight on the personal experiences of fighting and killing. The paper challenges the existing interpretations of this phenomenon and argues that the killing in war is neither uniformly easy nor unvaryingly difficult but is context-dependent, variable and highly contingent. Furthermore, the acts of fighting and killing do not automatically trigger pre-existing and stable emotions but the violent processes themselves generate distinct emotional dynamics. Rather than simply following the violent actions emotions are in fact often made in the very acts of fighting and killing.

The Violence of Othering and (non-)Indigenous Revival: Aammton Alias’ The Last Bastion of Ingei: Imminent as Postcolonial Speculative Fiction of Brunei Darussalam

This paper examines an Anglophone Bruneian novel, The Last Bastion of Ingei (2016), by Aammton Alias, as postcolonial speculative fiction. Employing the double lines of enquiry provided by the Orientalist colonial gaze and ideology of progress, I discuss symbolic and materialist aspects of the violent processes of othering experienced within the Bruneian nation. The novel delineates the way that a colonial mindset undermines indigenous and minority identities. I contend that the hybridity of human-hantu relations functions as a strategy of resistance by collapsing demarcated boundaries between self and alien other. A further revival of the cultures of indigenous Malays, non-indigenous Ibans, and Penans within Brunei exhibits the extent to which the novel’s project of decolonization is promoted. Furthermore, a dystopian world of conflict is rejected in an ultimate desire for utopian peace and happiness as the novel calls for a suturing of social and racial divisions. To this end, a unified nation is yearned for via speculative scenes of reconciled relations of its family members. Hence, I argue that this novel offers a valuable critique of the conditions of postcolonial identity through contested powers, spaces and voices through its speculative narrative plot.

The characteristic and performance of reduced graphene oxide by marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF10-13

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted enormous interest because of its excellent physicochemical properties compared to graphene oxide (GO). However, rGO applications are greatly restricted by the aggregation of graphene sheets, risks of sophisticated violent processes, environmental concerns, and high costs of GO reduction. In this study, a mild, eco-friendly, and simplified method for rGO material preparation was developed via a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF10-13 (CF10-13) under facultative anaerobic conditions. Results showed that bacterial reduced graphene oxide (BRGO) had low oxygen content and decreased interlayer space (d-spacing 0.4 nm). The increased D band to G band ratio was 1.3 and a typical hexagonal crystal structure was observed. The prepared biocompatible three-dimensional hydrogel (BRGO balls) could decolorize both cationic dye (methyl blue) and azo dye (Congo red), with respective efficiencies of 87% and 92% and the equilibrium adsorptions were 72.5 mg/g and 76.0 mg/g at an initial dye concentration of 50 mg/L, respectively. This study provides one operable option for producing BRGO with better physicochemical properties with potential as a wastewater treatment method.

Representing Europe in Times of Crisis

This study focuses on the exploration of the political discourse regarding the voting of the three Memoranda in Greece, at a period characterized by the concept of "crisis", that triggered violent processes of redefining the social environment. As Greek society was under the strain of European stability, it was called upon to fully comply with the European imperatives of "development" and "competitiveness". In this context, the political discourse formed central representations and each political party tried to increase its sphere of influence. This study approaches the notion that the representations in the political discourse are formed under terms of strategic communication. Further, such representations aspire to influence four parallel audiences: the intra-party audience, the intra-parliamentary audience, the wider intrastate social audience and the international audience (European partners, main European political actors, international organizations, political actors and the media). To investigate the way in which the Greek political system constructs the representation of Europe in the context of the Memoranda, the official parliamentary transcripts regarding the voting of the first, second and third memoranda were analysed. The analysis was based on both the quantitative and the qualitative approach, using the Iramuteq open source software (Ratinaud, 2009). The central findings of this thesis underline the way in which the Greek political system established Greece's relationship with Europe in terms of dependence, how Greece gradually complied with European imperatives and internalized the concept of "Debt".

Indigeneity and Blackness: Partners in the Struggles of Settler-Colonialism

The North American continent, as it is known today, has experienced forced transformations over the past five hundred years. Through the hands of different European powers, what is known as Turtle Island by many was transformed into a radically different society. Colonizers built this territory through violent and unjust processes of dispossession and through the structural genocide of Indigenous people and the enslavement of African peoples. These processes are conceptualized as Settler-Colonialism and Trans-Atlantic Slavery. Through colonial violence, Indigenous identities have faced a barrage of Western values imposed on their everyday lives. Further, these impositions and shifts in societal structure have become internalised and therefore naturalized within Indigenous livelihood. For the descendants of slaves throughout the Americas, similar generational traumas have been enacted upon them by colonizing powers. Although the same perpetrators enacted these traumas, and in the same geographic space, they are kept separate within colonial rhetoric. However, I contest that these are not wholly separate entities, but processes that are in conversation with each other and hold strong similarities. Black and Indigenous communities are directly influenced by settler-colonial morality through the naturalization of heteropatriarchy and evangelical practises into community governance. This heteropatriarchy is then weaponized by the cis-gendered heterosexual (cishet) male population for their societal advancement and to regulate the actions of women and queer/two-spirit persons.

일제강점초기(1910~1915) 총독부재판소의 의병판결과 그 성격

Since Japan occupied Korea, they proclaimed ‘Joseon Criminal Order’ under the name of improvement of the Korean punishments which had been too strict compared to those in Japan. However, they retained some articles of ‘Criminal Law Statue’ with the rationale of the special characteristics of the Korean security situation. One of the typical articles was robbery rate. Japan assessed the old Korean law as the severe punishment while they utilized the robbery rate in ‘Criminal Law Statue’ which could oppress the remaining army raised in the cause of justice efficiently because the degree of punishment was harder than the Japanese one. With this, Japan could secure the legitimacy and treat them juridically. As a result, lots of the army were punished on charges of robbery. There were so many cases to be sentences as the robbery charges in most of the territories except for Choongchung Province. With respect to the distribution of sentences, the most common sentence was not more than 10 years of imprisonment followed by not more than 5 years of imprisonment. Death penalty which was the hardest sentence was not infrequent. To these charges by Japan, the generals of army raised in the cause of justice considered as unfair law enforcements and reacted them with a variety of ways such as legal battles to request to apply ‘rebellion’ charge rather than robbery or petty offenders since they were political group. Criminal law is enforced based on the punishment right of the nation to keep the public order and to realize public interests. Yet, Japan suppressed those who were against Japan using the criminal law by the jurisdiction they seized from the Korean occupation and used it as a tool to justify their reign, therefore, the sentences to the army raised in the cause of justice showed the violent colonization process without justification.

Violent extremism, mental health and substance abuse among adolescents: towards a trauma psychological perspective on violent radicalization and deradicalization

ABSTRACTMental health issues and psychopathologies have been looked at as potential explanations for violent extremist radicalization for a long time and caused significant debates among academic experts. While psychological or psychopathological determinants for entering extremist environments can mostly be discarded based on the available evidence (except certain personality traits and mental health issues of lone actors), this discourse has rarely focused on the mental health impacts, for example, through factors such as substance abuse and toxic stress, as the consequences of radicalization processes, membership in violent extremist milieus and for deradicalization as well as disengagement for children and adolescents. This article provides a theoretical assessment regarding the available evidence from multiple academic disciplines on mental health problems and associated issues such as substance misuse in young people who have been exposed to violent extremist ideologies or who underwent a violent radicalization process. It discusses the implications for intervention specialists and potential ways to address and manage the risks resulting from these multiple and complex issues. It is argued that the psychological mechanisms involved in violent radicalization have traumatic (i.e. toxic stress) and therapeutic components. Therefore, a trauma psychological perspective on this issue is warranted.

Structures, Stellar Population Properties, AGN Fractions, and Environments of Massive Compact Galaxies at 1 < z < 2 in 3D-HST/CANDELS

We present a study on structures and physical properties of massive (M* > 1010M☉) compact galaxies at 1.0 < z < 2.0 in five 3D-HST/CANDELS fields. Compared with the extended star-forming galaxies (eSFGs), compact star-forming galaxies (cSFGs) are found to have the lower level of star formation, and mainly distribute in the quiescent region of the UVJ diagram. The distributions of dust attenuation and Sérsic index support that the progenitors of cQGs are cSFGs, and cSFGs are at a transitional phase between eSFGs and cQGs. The prevalence of X-ray selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs) (∼28%) is confirmed in the cSFGs at 1 < z < 2 which indicates that the violent gas-rich processes such as merger and disk instability could drive the structure to be more compact, and trigger both star formation and black hole growth in the central regions. Our results support the “two-step” scenario that the cSFGs at 1 < z < 2 are the intermediate population after compaction but before a quick quenching. Our analysis of parametric and nonparametric morphologies shows that cQGs (eQGs) are more concentrated and have less substructures than cSFGs (eSFGs), and quenching and compactness should be associated with each other. The cSFGs at 1.5 < z < 2 (1 < z < 1.5) prefer to be in higher (lower) density environment, similar as cQGs (eSFGs). It suggests that merger or strong interaction might be the main driving mechanism of compaction at higher redshifts, whereas the disk instability of individual galaxies might play a more important role on the formation of cSFGs at lower redshifts.

The moral compass and life skills in navigating radicalization processes: Examining the interplay among life skills, moral disengagement, and extremism.

The present study investigated the interplay among deficient life skills, moral disengagement, and extremist attitude across two national contexts. Using a sample of young students in high school or college (N=686), the present study found significant indirect effects between deficient life skills (agency and structure) and various aspects of an extremist mindset through moral disengagement. These findings suggest that these two psychological concepts of life skills and moral disengagement are relevant for understanding and countering violent radicalization processes; that is to say that morality can direct the life skills toward either violent extremism or nonviolent, legal civil participation. Furthermore, the development and empowerment of life skills could enhance individual resilience to morally disengaging narratives and radicalized ideologies.