Effects Of Violence Research Articles

Changes in Registered Nurse Employment Plans and Workplace Assessments

The US registered nurse (RN) workforce is in flux, with high rates of burnout, intention to leave, and vacancies. Rapid, repeated assessments of the nursing workforce can help hospital executives and policymakers enact effective recruitment and retention strategies. To identify changes in practicing RNs' employment plans and workplace assessments between the 2022 and 2023 surveys. This survey study compared data collected from the Michigan Nurses' Study at 2 time points: February 22 to March 1, 2022, and May 17 to June 1, 2023. Practicing RNs with an active, unrestricted license in Michigan and a valid individual email address were included. The primary outcome was nurses' intention to leave their current position within 1 year. In the 2023 survey, nurses who planned to leave were queried on their next career step and the primary reason for their planned departure. Workplace assessments included questions about abusive or violent workplace events, emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, the practice environment's delivery of high-quality care, and the clinical setting's safety rating. Regression analysis was used to examine workplace assessments and personal factors associated with planned departures. This study obtained data on 9150 nurses (6495 females [71.0%]) and 7059 nurses (5134 females [72.7%]) responding to the 2022 (response rate, 8.3%) and 2023 (response rate, 7.4%) surveys, respectively. In the 2023 survey, 32.0% (2259) of nurses planned to leave their position, compared with 39.1% (3576) in the 2022 survey. Of these nurses, 957 (41.8%) planned to leave their current employer but remain in nursing, with workloads as the most frequently cited reason (29.4% [672]). Compared with the 2022 cohort, nurses in the 2023 sample reported less workplace abuse or violence (4591 [50.2%] vs 3063 [43.4%]; P < .001), fewer understaffed shifts (4407 [48.2%] vs 2898 [41.0%]; P < .001), and less frequent use of mandatory overtime (1709 [18.7%] vs 824 [11.7%]; P < .001). Factors associated with increased likelihood for planned departures included workplace abuse or violence (odds ratio [OR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.05-1.82) and higher emotional exhaustion scores (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.38-3.91). Favorable practice environments (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22-0.62) and excellent clinical setting safety ratings (OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.14-0.56) were associated with lower likelihood of planned departure. Results of this study showed that nurses reported improved workplace conditions in the 2023 vs the 2022 survey; however, planned departure rates, abusive or violent events, and unsafe conditions remained high, and understaffing remained a primary concern for most nurses. Health system leaders and policymakers should prioritize initiatives that support nurse retention and reduce potential workforce instability.

To Remake the World: Frantz Fanon and Martin Luther King Jr. on Self-Emancipation

Martin Luther King Jr. and Frantz Fanon are often conceived as offering incompatible political strategies for liberation from the structures of white supremacy and colonization. While in 1958 King contended that the choice was not between “violence and nonviolence, but between nonviolence and nonexistence,” three years later Fanon would famously insist that “decolonization is always a violent event.” This essay refuses this apparent opposition by positioning King and Fanon as partners in a shared conversation, each grappling elements of a core dilemma: remaking the world requires new subjects not formed by domination, but these subjects must remake themselves while still enmeshed in them—must somehow act out of them. Reading with and against David Scott's (2004) conception of a “problem-space” shows how King and Fanon respond to the problem posed by the impossibility of a clean, emancipatory break with the past and present. Deploying Paul Gilroy's (1993) conception of antiphony, the essay stages a “call and response” that reveals not a romantic narrative of overcoming but a working-through of fragile, partial, and paradoxical political practices that yoke the self to a world-not-yet-made, cultivating nascent democratic publics who, as yet, lack a world in which they can survive.

Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma-Generated Dissociation in the personality of the protagonist of Hassan Blasim's The Nightmares of Carlos Fuente

The current research deals with the conceptualization of trauma-generated dissociation in the personality of the protagonist of Hassan Blasim's The Nightmares of Carlos Fuentes. The research adheres to the theory of trauma and dissociation of Sigmund Freud, Pierre Janet, and Cathy Caruth. It employs some of their psychological notions including identity fragmentation, pathogenetic reminiscences, traumatic neurosis, vehement emotions, speechless terror, latency period, and incubation to the personality of the protagonist of the story. The research concludes that traumatic events of war and violence in Iraq lead Salim (Carlos Fuentes), the protagonist of the story, to experience dissociative behavior that results in vehement emotions, identity fragmentation, and traumatic neurosis, leading to his tragic death.

Revisiting vision-based violence detection in videos: A critical analysis

An ever-increasing installation of surveillance cameras at different places for ensuring public safety, security and asset protection has triggered the need for intelligent video surveillance to monitor the people and their behavior. Violence detection is a prominent application of intelligent surveillance as it plays a vital role in public safety, behavior monitoring, and law enforcement. It deals with identifying whether the violent event or behavior occurred in video sequence or not. Various researchers have developed different techniques and features for the detection of violence in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to provide an expository study of various state-of-the-art approaches for detecting violence in videos. It is evident from the ongoing effort in this field and with the advancement in computer vision technology, previous approaches get surpassed and new methods and features always keep on developing. Therefore, in order to complement ongoing research, it is also imperative to conduct a comprehensive analysis of different works from time to time. In this survey, each work has been critically analyzed, along with its pros and cons. The violence detection techniques have been divided under three categories: handcrafted features based, deep learning and hybrid violence detection approaches that have been extensively reviewed in various sub-categories. The major challenges faced by researchers and the steps involved in the process of violence detection are also discussed. Moreover, unlike typical practices of comparing the performance of models within same datasets, we examined a few models for cross-dataset assessment and revealed their limited generalization. This emphasizes the crucial need for robust model generalization to ensure efficacy across varied real-world scenarios. Finally, the paper carried out a discussion of various research gaps in the current approaches and the possible solutions to be taken to resolve them, laying a solid foundation for future work in this area.

Understanding the Dynamics of Human Security, Terrorism and Sustainable Peace in Pakistan

Human security has been succeeded by national security, particularly in the interest of protecting the public, economy, food, health and environment and particularly due to the fear of terrorism. Questions of human security and terrorism trouble the Asian community enormously, particularly in the post-9/11 era. For those living in tribal areas of Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, may face events of violence, crime, brutality, terrorist attacks and insecurity any time. Nations like Pakistan, Afghanistan and India are always at unexpected hazard of conflict emerging to serious threats of terrorism and instability. While other states enjoy their peaceful environment. Therefore, weaker states have serious shortcomings that call for global investigation and commitment. Throughout history, when aggressive conflict took place, security became a dream. Similarly, Pakistanis have suffered a lot due to the events of terrorism. Human security may perform as a systematic and calculated type of protection for entire community that is basically connected with multiple areas of the individual’s security, security of groups and society in general as compare to previous methods for protection from external threats. The present article is based on content analysis and it addresses the practices of human security to promote sustainable peace and highlight the challenges posed by terrorism in Pakistan. The concept of human security is focused and discussed at different scales and with reference to emerging threats from it. Moving through from broader to narrower definitions, it can be treated as the security of individual, or as the security of community and society.

The Influences of Misinformation on Incidences of Politically Motivated Violence in Europe

Misinformation has become increasingly prevalent in online media. Transnational misinformation, in particular, poses an increasing threat to the security and stability of modern nation-states. To this end, at least some anecdotal evidence suggests a direct relationship between misinformation and domestic acts of politically motivated violence. Yet, such claims lack systematic empirical evidence, especially as it relates to transnational misinformation. To address this, this paper analyzes the effects of transnational misinformation on several distinct forms of domestic political violence across Europe, sharpening our empirical understanding of the purported association between misinformation and political violence. This is achieved through the fusion of a fine-grained spatial-temporal dataset of confirmed instances of news-based misinformation with daily event data on incidents of political conflict. These combined data are analyzed using a variety of statistical techniques for the period covering January 2016–May 2022. Findings imply a positive association between transnational misinformation and several forms of political violence in Europe. Furthermore, this association is more reliable for civilian-to-government violence events than for violence between civilian actors. Altogether this paper accordingly provides novel and nuanced empirical evidence for the pernicious effects of transnational misinformation on political violence.

Addressing the Issue of Potential Workplace Violence Events for Sonographers and Vascular Technologists

Workplace violence is considered the act or threat of violence, exemplified by verbal threats and or physical threats perpetrated to an employee in the workplace. As part of the ongoing survey research being conducted, workplace violence events (WVEs), specific to sonographers and vascular technologists, were explored. These threats were further categorized based on the four types of WVE proposed by the Injury Prevention Research Center in 2001. Qualitative analysis of this survey data and voluntary comments, provided by study participants, were identified as condescending behavior, and being bullied as major workplace concerns. Further qualitative assessment of the comments resulted in identifying the added risk of Customer/client (Type 2) and Worker-on-worker (Type 3) WVEs, which are considered forms of verbal abuse. This information needs to be considered by each sonographer and vascular technologist and whether it is an issue in their workplace. In addition, a comprehensive workplace violence prevention program is advocated to address workplace incivility and promote worker health, safety, and well-being. Providing annual training is not enough, as workers need to have policies and resources readily available to address WVEs when they occur. These policies and resources should specifically address WVEs perpetrated by patients and co-workers.

Mental Health Outcomes of Arab and Jewish Populations in Israel a Month after the Mass Trauma Events of October 7, 2023: A Cross-Sectional Survey of a Representative Sample

On October 7, 2023, a war erupted in Israel following a mass terror attack including mass shootings, violent events, civilian abductions, and numerous fatalities, ranking as the third most deadliest terror attack. This cross-sectional, population-based study evaluated the impact on the mental health and utilization of mental health services in the Arab and Jewish populations. Conducted through a virtual platform, the study compared demographic factors, exposure to war-related events, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress symptoms among 517 participants in a representative sample of the adult population in Israel (79.1% Jewish, 20.9% Arab). Jews reported higher exposure to war-related events, but a majority expressed a lack of interest in mental help. In contrast, more Arabs desired mental help but faced barriers like stigma and scarce resources. Arabs showed a greater preference for group therapy and medical treatment. Trust in official bodies was consistently higher among Jews. Both populations exhibited similar levels (12-15.4%) of probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study equips clinicians, researchers and policymakers with real-time insights into improving mental health support for the culturally diverse needs of Jewish and Arab communities following exposure to mass trauma.

A gendered security dispositif: Mobilizing gender in Mexico City

This article concerns the security governance of gender in Mexico City. It begins by juxtaposing the alleged rape of a 17-year-old female by security officials against the policy responses that ensued: policies designed to make it safer for women to navigate dangerous streets. The article explores this radical turnaround: how an episode in violent opposition to security governance would ultimately sustain its implementation. It does so through what is called a gendered security dispositif – a dispositif consistent with the original formulation of Michel Foucault, albeit configured to an official account of gender-based violence that is confined to women. A gendered security dispositif renders a violent event intelligible to government by locating it in existing statistical and surveillance technologies, thereby reducing the alleged rape to citywide rates of violence and areas of high risk. Policy initiatives then target these high-risk areas, as practices of subjectification turn on the behavior of female inhabitants. The result is an official appreciation of gender-based violence that reduces the very matter of a violent event and its female victim to an administrative plane. What began as an episode contrary to security governance opens onto the production of gender and security in a manner derivative of rule.

Post-traumatic stress disorder: the role of the amygdala and potential therapeutic interventions - a review.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder triggered by exposure to a life-threatening or sexually violent traumatic event, and is characterized by symptoms involving intrusive re-experiencing, persistent avoidance of associated stimuli, emotional and cognitive disturbances, and hyperarousal for long periods after the trauma has occurred. These debilitating symptoms induce occupational and social impairments that contribute to a significant clinical burden for PTSD patients, and substantial socioeconomic costs, reaching approximately $20,000 dollars per individual with PTSD each year in the US. Despite increased translational research focus in the field of PTSD, the development of novel, effective pharmacotherapies for its treatment remains an important unmet clinical need. In this review, we summarize the evidence implicating dysfunctional activity of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of PTSD. We identify the transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) ion channels as promising drug targets given their distribution in the amygdala, and evidence from animal studies demonstrating their role in fear response modulation. We discuss the evidence-based pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy treatment approaches for PTSD. In view of the prevalence and economic burden associated with PTSD, further investigation is warranted into novel treatment approaches based on our knowledge of the involvement of brain circuitry and the role of the amygdala in PTSD, as well as the potential added value of combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy to better manage PTSD symptoms.

How to Get Away with Treachery, or: Actor-Centered Perspectives on Entangled Conflicts and their Urban Protagonists in the Austrian Duchy, 1462/63

Abstract This article examines the involvement and interactions of Vienna's urban elites in the conflict of the early 1460s that marked the climax of the power struggle between the Habsburg brothers Emperor Frederick III and Duke Albert VI over rule in the Duchy of Austria. Vienna's role is addressed in two aspects: first, as a central stage for the conflict, and second, as an active participant as a political community that became increasingly integrated into the broader political networks of the duchy during the fifteenth century. Following an actor-centered approach and based on prosopographical groundwork, the study focuses on the actions of individual protagonists and various factions within Vienna's political elites. During the violent events, the urban representatives did not form a cohesive entity but interacted and allied in changing constellations with leading noble, courtly, and clerical actors in the duchy. Factors and conditions contributing to the formation of diverse interest groups among urban actors are closely examined, aiming to give a deeper insight into the dynamics and patterns of the entangled conflict.

Pedagogías de la memoria para usos educativos del pasado en Iberoamérica: Estado de la cuestión

The following text presents a state of the art of the field known in Ibero-America as “pedagogies of memory”, with the aim of highlighting some of the pedagogical and educational features involved in the work on social memory, drawing attention to the risks of abuse of the past and questioning the idea that memory is in itself liberating. The article is based on an analysis of academic publications produced in Ibero-American countries that have suffered violent and traumatic events in their recent past, such as Spain, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Brazil, among others. The results reveal interesting contributions in relation to the pedagogical perspectives and educational aims of the pedagogies of memory in the context analysed. Regarding pedagogical perspectives, critical pedagogy, social constructivism and an approach to the philosophy of education known as anamnetic narrative stand out. The educational aims include the teaching of recent history as a condition for learning about events that must not be repeated, citizenship training in human rights, and the formation of political subjectivities based on the principle of alterity. It is concluded that, despite the wealth of experiences in the works analysed, the field of pedagogies of memory is still developing and there are many precautions that we need to take in order to make use of the past for educational and emancipatory purposes.

Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Paediatric Patient: An Observational Study in the Context of National Regulations.

Introduction: Cardiac arrest results in a high death rate if cardiopulmonary resuscitation and early defibrillation are not performed. Mortality is strongly linked to regulations, in terms of prevention and emergency-urgency system organization. In Italy, training of lay rescuers and the presence of defibrillators were recently made mandatory in schools. Our analysis aims to analyze Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) events in pediatric patients (under 18 years old), to understand the epidemiology of this phenomenon and provide helpful evidence for policy-making. Methods: A retrospective observational analysis was conducted on the emergency databases of Lombardy Region, considering all pediatric OHCAs managed between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2019. The demographics of the patients and the logistics of the events were statistically analyzed. Results: The incidence in pediatric subjects is 4.5 (95% CI 3.6-5.6) per 100,000 of the population. School buildings and sports facilities have relatively few events (1.9% and 4.4%, respectively), while 39.4% of OHCAs are preventable, being due to violent accidents or trauma, mainly occurring on the streets (23.2%). Conclusions: Limiting violent events is necessary to reduce OHCA mortality in children. Raising awareness and giving practical training to citizens is a priority in general but specifically in schools.

Epidemiology of violence against young children in Jamaica

ABSTRACT Violence against young children is known to have detrimental short and long-term effects. Yet, few studies investigate the prevalence of violence against young children, particularly very young children under the age of 2 years. This paper reports on the prevalence of violence against young children in Jamaica using data obtained from the JA KIDS birth cohort study that undertook pre-enrolment of pregnant mothers in the antenatal period and followed full or sub-samples of parents and children at 9–12 months, 18–22 months and 4–5 years. Violence in pregnancy was experienced by 6.1% of pre-enrolled mothers. As many as 43.1% of Jamaican children ages 9–12 months were shouted at, and almost 30% were slapped. Physical and emotional violence increased with age, and by 4–5 years, approximately 90% of children experienced physical and emotional violence. Non-violent methods, primarily explaining and reasoning with children, were also reported by more than 95% of parents at 4–5 years. Corporal punishment was the most common form of violence experienced, but young children also witnessed hurtful physical and emotional violence between mothers and their partners and lived in communities in which there were violent events. Strategies to reduce young children’s experiences as victims and witnesses of violence are discussed.

Electron kinetic effects in back-stimulated Raman scattering bursts driven by broadband laser pulses

We examine electron kinetic effects in broadband-laser-driven back-stimulated Raman scattering (BSRS) bursts using particle-in-cell simulations. These bursts occur during the nonlinear stage, causing reflectivity spikes and generating large numbers of hot electrons. Long-duration simulations are performed to observe burst events, and a simplified model is developed to eliminate the interference of the broadband laser’s random intensity fluctuations. Using the simplified model, we isolate and characterize the spectrum of electron plasma waves. The spectrum changes from a sideband structure to a turbulence-like structure during the burst. A significant asymmetry in the spectrum is observed. This asymmetry is amplified and transferred to electron phase space by high-intensity broadband laser pulses, leading to violent vortex-merging and generation of hot electrons. The proportion of hot electrons increases from 6.76% to 14.7% during a single violent burst event. We demonstrate that kinetic effects profoundly influence the BSRS evolution driven by broadband lasers.

A novel multi-scale violence and public gathering dataset for crowd behavior classification

Dependable utilization of computer vision applications, such as smart surveillance, requires training deep learning networks on datasets that sufficiently represent the classes of interest. However, the bottleneck in many computer vision applications lies in the limited availability of adequate datasets. One particular application that is of great importance for the safety of cities and crowded areas is smart surveillance. Conventional surveillance methods are reactive and often ineffective in enable real-time action. However, smart surveillance is a key component of smart and proactive security in a smart city. Motivated by a smart city application which aims at the automatic identification of concerning events for alerting law-enforcement and governmental agencies, we craft a large video dataset that focuses on the distinction between small-scale violence, large-scale violence, peaceful gatherings, and natural events. This dataset classifies public events along two axes, the size of the crowd observed and the level of perceived violence in the crowd. We name this newly-built dataset the Multi-Scale Violence and Public Gathering (MSV-PG) dataset. The videos in the dataset go through several pre-processing steps to prepare them to be fed into a deep learning architecture. We conduct several experiments on the MSV-PG datasets using a ResNet3D, a Swin Transformer and an R(2 + 1)D architecture. The results achieved by these models when trained on the MSV-PG dataset, 88.37%, 89.76%, and 89.3%, respectively, indicate that the dataset is well-labeled and is rich enough to train deep learning models for automatic smart surveillance for diverse scenarios.

Political alignment and organized violence: Evidence from Nigeria

Does the alignment of local politicians with the ruling party affect organized violence? Applying a regression discontinuity design to closely contested constituencies in the 2011 Nigerian House of Representatives election, we show that the number of violent events, resulting deaths, and the incidence of displacement are lower in areas where the ruling-party candidates win a close election. We show that the effect of political alignment on violence is driven by violence initiated by extremist groups against civilians and conflicts involving the government and extremist groups, suggesting extremist groups react differently to the election of aligned and non-aligned local politicians. We posit several hypotheses and empirically test those to explain the potential mechanisms.

Factors in Community Adaptation for Climate Change Mitigation in Thailand

This study reflects the experiences of communities who have adapted to climate change in three different geological locations in the country of Thailand: by the riverside, coast, and in the mountains. The communities presented the lessons learned and identified key adaptation factors. The study used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, with results showing that the community’s learning and adaptation to climate change were at a high level. The results broaden understanding of climate change in these locations and provide information for resource management approaches. Among the seven factors, five factors illustrated that they were highly adapted, including: (1) applying knowledge about nature, ecosystems, and traditional wisdom; (2) management that allowed the use of adaptations; (3) a shared vision of success; (4) collaboration; and (5) having a variety of options and approaches. Two factors that illustated that the community was only moderately adapted included: (1) learning about violent events and disasters; and (2) following government guidelines. It was found that a lack of information about the ecosystems and environmental resources they required for large-scale infrastructure construction caused issues. This is a problem, and the government must consult with local communities when setting long-term plans and assessing needs, because communities have diverse livelihoods and depend on natural resources. Hence, future studies should include climate change awareness and understanding of what is required by adding community needs linked to climate change adaptation into state development plans as well as utilizing the wisdom and traditional knowledge involving ecology held by these communities into sustainability plans.

Real-time violence detection and localization through subgroup analysis

Real-time violence detection and localization through subgroup analysis

Time-varying double-peaked emission lines following the sudden ignition of the dormant galactic nucleus AT2017bcc

ABSTRACT We present a pan-chromatic study of AT2017bcc, a nuclear transient that was discovered in 2017 within the skymap of a reported burst-like gravitational-wave candidate, G274296. It was initially classified as a superluminous supernova, and then reclassified as a candidate tidal disruption event. Its optical light curve has since shown ongoing variability with a structure function consistent with that of an active galactic nucleus, however, earlier data show no variability for at least 10 yr prior to the outburst in 2017. The spectrum shows complex profiles in the broad Balmer lines: a central component with a broad-blue wing, and a boxy component with time-variable blue and red shoulders. The H α emission profile is well modelled using a circular accretion disc component, and a blue-shifted double Gaussian which may indicate a partially obscured outflow. Weak narrow lines, together with the previously flat light curve, suggest that this object represents a dormant galactic nucleus which has recently been re-activated. Our time-series modelling of the Balmer lines suggests that this is connected to a disturbance in the disc morphology, and we speculate this could involve a sudden violent event such as a tidal disruption event involving the central supermassive black hole, though this cannot be confirmed, and given an estimated black hole mass of ≳ 107–108 M⊙ instabilities in an existing disc may be more likely. Although we find that the redshifts of AT2017bcc (z = 0.13) and G274296 (z &amp;gt; 0.42) are inconsistent, this event adds to the growing diversity of both nuclear transients and multimessenger contaminants.